The appeal of the Commissioner of Motor Yehicles presents for decision the question whether the record that the petitioner in a local court in Pasquotank County had entered a plea of nolo contendere to the charge of driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor was alone satisfactory evidence in a hearing before the Commissioner under G.S. 20-16, and authorized the Commissioner to .suspend his driver’s license and to deny his plea for its return.

The statutes regulating the operation of motor vehicles on the highways created the Department of Motor Vehicles and gave to this department the exclusive power to suspend or revoke driver’s license for the causes set out in the statutes. S. v. Warren, 230 N.C. 299, 52 S.E. 2d 879.

Section 20-16 of the General Statutes provides that the Department of Motor Vehicles “shall have authority to suspend the license of any operator or chauffeur without preliminary hearing upon a showing by its records or other satisfactory evidence that the licensee . . . has committed an offense for which mandatory revocation of license is required upon conviction.”

By subsection (c) of this section (G.S. 20-16) it is provided that upon suspending the license of any person as authorized by this section, the department shall notify the licensee, and upon his request shall afford him a hearing. Upon such hearing the duly authorized agent of the department may administer oaths, issue subpoenas and hear evidence, and may rescind or extend the order of suspension. The effect of this subsection is that all suspensions and revocations of driving licenses under this section (G.S. 20-16), made in the discretion of the department, are reviewable by the method prescribed. In re Wright, 228 N.C. 584, 46 S.E. 2d 696. The hearing under this section is de novo. In re Wright, 228 N.C. 301, 45 S.E. 2d 370.

Section 20-24 of the General Statutes provides in subsection (b) that every court having jurisdiction of offenses committed in violation of laws *193relating to the operation of motor vehicles on the highways shall forward to the Department a record of the conviction of any person thereunder.

Section 20-17 of the General Statutes, which is codified under the heading “Mandatory revocation of license by Department,” provides that the Department of Motor Yehicles “shall forthwith revoke the license of any operator or chauffeur upon receiving a record of such operator’s or chauffeur’s conviction for . . . driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or a narcotic drug.”

G.S. 20-25 provides for right of appeal to the courts in all cases where license has been denied, suspended or revoked, “except where such cancellation is mandatory under the provisions of this article,” and prescribes the machinery for the exercise of the right of appeal by filing petition for hearing in the Superior Court or before the resident judge of the District, and thereupon the court or judge is vested with jurisdiction to hear and determine the question.

Thus it would seem that the mandatory revocation prescribed by G.S. 20-17 in consequence of conviction for driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor is not reviewable under G.S. 20-25. In re Wright, supra.

But, in this case, it expressly appears from the record that the respondent proceeded under G.S. 20-16, and that the record before him showed that the petitioner had entered a plea of nolo contendere to the charge in the Pasquotank County Court. It was also admitted that the petitioner’s request for a hearing was granted and that on the hearing respondent acted solely on the record furnished him by the Pasquotank Court and upon that denied petitioner’s plea.

Judge Bone was of opinion that the ruling of respondent in the proceeding before him, based on the showing of a plea of nolo contendere in the Trial Court of Pasquotank County, was erroneous, and entered judgment accordingly.

The respondent’s appeal brings the case here for review.

Unquestionably under the statute quoted the department had authority to suspend the petitioner’s license to operate a motor vehicle without preliminary hearing upon a showing by its record or other satisfactory evidence that he had been convicted of the offense with which he was charged in the Pasquotank Court. G.S. 20-16 (a) 1. The department, however, proceeded upon notice, in accordance with the statute, G.S. 20-16, in view of the record of petitioner’s plea in the Trial Court, and granted him a hearing. Petition to the resident judge of his District was in the nature of an appeal from an adverse ruling on that hearing. This raised the question whether in this proceeding the fact that he had pleaded nolo contendere in the criminal action in Pasquotank County could be used against him. We observe that the record which was agreed *194to by tbe State denominates tbis proceeding as a “civil action.” Certainly it was a different, proceeding in another forum. The established rule in this jurisdiction is that a plea of nolo contendere does not estop the defendant to deny his guilt in a civil action based on the same facts. S. v. Burnett, 174 N.C. 796, 93 S.E. 473. Nor can this plea be used against him as an admission in an action in the nature of a civil action, or as an admission in any other criminal action. S. v. Thomas, 236 N.C. 196, 72 S.E. 2d 525; In re Stiers, 204 N.C. 48, 167 S.E. 382. Hence it would seem that petitioner’s objection to the use in this proceeding of his plea in the criminal case in Pasquotank County should have been sustained, and the respondent’s conclusion based solely thereon was without legal foundation.

However, it is urged by the respondent that under the statutes G.S. 20-16 and G.S. 20-17 the offense of driving an automobile on the highway while under the influence of intoxicating liquor is one “for which mandatory revocation of license is required upon conviction,” and that the provisions for review of the order of the Commissioner under G.S. 20-25 expressly excludes cases where revocation is mandatory upon conviction. In such case the action of the Commissioner is not reviewable under G.S. 20-25. In re Wright, supra. But the record states the proceedings were under G.S. 20-16, which provides for a review. In such rehearing the plea of nolo contendere is not equivalent to a conviction or a confession of guilt. In re Stiers, 204 N.C. 48, 167 S.E. 382.

The statute G.S. 20-16 declares that the authority of the depártment to suspend or revoke an operator’s license must be based upon showing by the record or other satisfactory evidence that the licensee has committed an offense which upon conviction requires mandatory revocation of license. The statute uses the phrase “satisfactory evidence.” Satisfactory evidence is such as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. It is equivalent to sufficient evidence, which is defined “to be such evidence as in amount is adequate to justify the court or jury in adopting the conclusion in support of which it was adduced.” 32 C.J.S. 1043.

The plea of nolo contendere to a criminal charge or indictment is one which has long been recognized by the courts of this State. It means “I will not contest it.” Black’s Law Dictionary; 66 C.J.S. 598. By it the defendant says merely, “I do not wish to contend with the State.” S. v. Cooper, 238 N.C. 241, 77 S.E. 2d 695. When accepted by the prosecution and approved by the Court it ends the case and subjects the defendant to the judgment of the court as if guilt had been confessed. But this plea has a double implication. So far as the court is concerned, in that court and in that particular case, it authorizes judgment as upon conviction by verdict or plea of guilt. S. v. Cooper, 238 N.C. 241, 77 S.E. 2d 695. *195But so far as tbe defendant is concerned, be is at liberty in all other proceedings, civil and criminal, to assert bis innocence, and bis plea may not be considered as an admission of guilt. In re Stiers, supra,; S. v. Thomas, supra. So it would seem to be tbe established rule that it requires more than tbe record of a plea of nolo contendere to constitute conviction in all respects in so far as tbe pleader is concerned.

In this connection we think it proper to call attention to tbe fact that it is not required of tbe solicitor or other prosecuting officer, or tbe Trial Court, to accept tbe proffered plea of nolo contendere. Tbe plea cannot be entered as a matter of right but is pleadable only by leave of tbe court. S. v. McIntyre, 238 N.C. 305, 77 S.E. 2d 698. Both tbe court and tbe prosecuting attorney may well decline to accept such plea in cases where tbe due administration of justice might be improperly affected, for when tbe plea is accepted it is accepted with all tbe implications and reservations which under tbe law and accurate pleading appertain to that plea. It may be noted in this connection that there is authority for bolding that a defendant may be impeached by cross-examination in another proceeding by being asked if be bad not pleaded nolo contendere to a criminal charge (58 A.J. 397); and that tbe plea may be regarded as such a conviction as would warrant severer punishment as a second offense. 25 A.J. 265.

Tbe reasoning upon which tbe decisions in In re Stiers and S. v. Thomas were made to rest would seem to be decisive of the question of tbe effect of an accepted plea of nolo contendere.

In tbe Stiers case tbe defendant, an attorney at law, pleaded nolo con-tendere to an indictment charging embezzlement. Under tbe statutes then in force disbarment proceedings predicated upon conviction for a felony were instituted. But this Court held that tbe fact that be bad pleaded nolo contendere could not be used against him in a disbarment proceeding predicated on conviction for a felony. Tbe Court held that a plea of nolo contendere does not amount to a conviction or confession in open court. “Tbe mere introduction of a certified copy of tbe indictment, and judgment thereon, based upon a plea of nolo contendere, is not sufficient to deprive an attorney of bis license.” And in the Thomas case tbe rule was extended to embrace other criminal actions as well as civil proceedings based on the same facts, and it was held tbe plea could not in another proceeding be construed as an admission of guilt.

Tbe question here presented has been considered by this Court in numerous cases and tbe decisions thereupon tend to support tbe ruling below. S. v. Oxendine, 19 N.C. 435 ; S. v. Burnett, 174 N.C. 796, 93 S.E. 473; In re Stiers, 204 N.C. 48, 167 S.E. 382; S. v. Parker, 220 N.C. 416, 17 S.E. 2d 475; S. v. Ayers, 226 N.C. 579, 39 S.E. 2d 607; S. v. Beasley, 226 N.C. 580, 39 S.E. 2d 607; S. v. Stansbury, 230 N.C. 589, 55 S.E. 2d *196185; S. v. Jamieson, 232 N.C. 731, 62 S.E. 2d 52; S. v. Horne, 234 N.C. 115, 66 S.E. 2d 665; S. v. Thomas, 236 N.C. 196, 72 S.E. 2d 525; S. v. Cooper, 238 N.C. 241, 77 S.E. 2d 695: S. v. McIntyre, 238 N.C. 305, 77 S.E. 2d 698; 152 A.L.R. 280.

Tbe rules laid down by this Court in the cases cited have been discussed with reference to the effect of the plea of nolo contendere in a subsequent proceeding in a different forum. These cases do not restrict the power of the court in which the plea is accepted to render any proper judgment in the same case. If the suspension or revocation of the pleader’s right to operate a motor vehicle on the highway were a part of the judgment in the case in which the plea was tendered the defendant would have no cause for complaint. But the statutes have now placed this authority exclusively in the Department of Motor Vehicles, though surrender of driver’s license might be by the court made a condition, agreed to by defendant, upon which prison sentence or other penalty is suspended, whether the plea be guilty or nolo contendere.

The record of a plea of nolo contendere in the criminal action in the Pasquotank Court was not competent in this proceeding under G.S. 20-16 as an admission of guilt, nor should it be held to constitute sufficient evidence to sustain the ruling of the respondent. Hence we think the respondent was in error in denying petitioner’s plea. The efforts of the Commissioner of Motor Vehicles to discourage violations of the statutes regulating the operation of motor vehicles on the highways by the revocation of drivers’ licenses in all cases authorized by the statutes are to be commended. The operation of a motor vehicle on the highway by one under the influence of intoxicating liquor constitutes a menace to the most circumspect user of the public highways. However, the right to operate a motor vehicle on the highway by a licensed operator is granted by the State, and one should not be deprived of this right except as authorized by statute, in accordance with prescribed procedure, and in accord with the established rules of law.

For the reasons stated we conclude that the court below has properly interpreted the rule as to the effect of an accepted plea of nolo contendere when considered in connection with G.S. 20-16, and that the judgment rendered must be

Affirmed.

concurring: I concur in the scholarly opinion written by our beloved and illustrious Chief Justice, who has served the State so long and so ably to the admiration and satisfaction of all our people. I have known him all my life.

I agree with the statement that a plea of nolo contendere cannot be used in a subsequent proceeding in a different forum, and that such a *197plea was not competent in this proceeding under G.S. 20-16 as an admission of guilt, nor should it be held to sustain the ruling of the respondent. However, a plea of nolo contendere “is equivalent to a plea of guilty in so far as it gives the court tbe power to punish. It seems to be universally held that when the plea is accepted by the court, sentence is imposed upon a plea of guilty.” In re Stiers, 204 N.C. 48, 167 S.E. 382.

G.S. 20-24, subsection (a), provides that whenever any person is convicted of any offense for which this article makes mandatory the revocation of the license of such person by the Department of Motor Yehicles, the court in which such conviction is had shall require the surrender to it of the license then held by the person so convicted, and the court shall forward the same together with a record of such conviction to the Department.

G.S. 20-17, which is captioned “Mandatory Eevocation of License by Department,” states that the Department shall forthwith revoke the license of a person upon receipt of a record of such person’s conviction, when such conviction has become final, for driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor.

All the authorities agree that when a plea of nolo contendere is accepted by the court, sentence is imposed as upon a plea of guilty by the court accepting the plea. Mandatory revocation of license is part of the punishment for driving an automobile while under the influence of intoxicating liquor. When the court in Pasquotank County accepted the defendant’s plea of nolo contendere, G.S. 20-24, subsection (a), required it to take up the license of the petitioner and to forward the same together with a record of the plea to the Department. Upon receipt of such license and record by the Department, G.S. 20-17 requires a mandatory revocation of the defendant’s license. Such mandatory revocation by the Department seems to me to be as much the performance of a ministerial duty in the petitioner’s case in Pasquotank County, as the Clerk of the Court in Pasquotank County entering the judgment of the court in the case in the Minutes of that Court. I think it is the same case, the same proceeding, the same forum.

Therefore, in my opinion, it is the duty of the Department now to revoke the petitioner’s license under G.S. 20-17; and under said statute to revoke the licenses of all persons who have entered pleas of nolo con-tendere to a charge of driving an automobile while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, upon receipt of a record from a court in the State showing such a plea was entered.