Bowen v. Gardner
Bowen v. Gardner
Opinion
LAKE, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. This is a civil action to recover damages for personal injuries. Plaintiff alleges she was struck by a motorcycle owned by James Gardner and operated by his son, Danny (Donny) Clifton Gardner, as the agent of his father within the meaning of the family purpose doctrine. Plaintiff charges Danny with (1) failure to keep a proper lookout; (2) excessive speed; (3) failure to yield the right of way; (4) failure to take necessary action to avoid colliding with plaintiff; (5) driving recklessly and failing to use due caution and circumspection; and (6) operating the motorcycle in the nighttime without proper headlight.
Defendants deny all allegations of negligence, deny family purpose ownership, and plead contributory negligence on part of plaintiff in that she failed to keep a proper lookout and failed to yield the right of way to defendant Danny Clifton Gardner in violation of G.S.
Motion for judgment of nonsuit at the close of plaintiff's evidence was allowed. On appeal to the Court of Appeals the nonsuit was affirmed. We allowed certiorari.
Did the Court of Appeals err in sustaining the judgment of nonsuit? The answer lies in application of established rules governing motions for nonsuit. These rules may be enumerated as follows:
[1] 1. All the evidence which tends to support plaintiff's claim must be taken as true and considered in its light most favorable to plaintiff, giving her the benefit of every reasonable inference which *Page 366
legitimately may be drawn therefrom. Homes, Inc. v. Bryson,
2. Contradictions, conflicts and inconsistencies are resolved in plaintiff's favor. Watt v. Crews,
[2] 3. Defendants' evidence which contradicts that of the plaintiff, or tends to show a different state of facts is disregarded. Bundy v. Powell,
4. Acts of contributory negligence not alleged in the answer should be ignored. Maynor v. Pressley,
[3] 5. When opposing inferences are permissible from plaintiff's evidence, nonsuit on the basis of contributory negligence as a matter of law should be denied. Atwood v. Holland,
[6] Plaintiff's evidence in its light most favorable to her, when subjected to these rules, would permit a jury to find the following facts:
In the City of Wilson, Downing Street runs north and south while Jordan Street runs east and west. Downing Street is thirty-two feet wide with a paved sidewalk on each side. Jordan Street is approximately the same width but has no paved sidewalks. These two streets intersect at right angles. The intersection is well lighted by a large overhead street lamp but has no traffic control signal. A view of the intersection looking north and south along Downing Street is unobstructed for 300 to 400 feet. Plaintiff, a 72-year-old woman, lived with Mrs. Etta Tyson whose home was located in the southeast corner of said intersection. On 15 November 1966 about 7:50 p.m. immediately before plaintiff's injury, several ladies had met at Mrs. Tyson's house to go from there to a Sunday school class meeting. Plaintiff intended to go with them. One of the class members drove her car by Mrs. Tyson's house to pick them up. The car stopped close to the curb beside the Tyson house and on the left side of Jordan Street facing Downing Street. When the car was loaded, there was no room for plaintiff, and she decided to go across Downing *Page 367 Street and stay with her friend Mrs. Morey, whose house was on the southwest corner of the intersection, until Mrs. Tyson returned. At that time she was standing in a grassy area (where a sidewalk would have been had there been one) on the south side of Jordan Street. When she left her friends in the car, she was on "what you would call the sidewalk going to the corner." Before stepping off the curb at the corner, she looked both ways to see if the way was clear. She didn't see anything and started walking straight across Downing Street. Meanwhile, defendant Danny Clifton Gardner had stopped at a filling station a block away. He left there on his motorcycle riding south on Downing Street and had accelerated his speed to 30 miles per hour. There was no other traffic and the street was straight, level and dry. The weather was clear and cold. His headlight was on low beam and would render clearly visible a person ahead of him for a distance of about 100 feet. He failed to see plaintiff until he was within 20 feet of her. At that time she was in the center of Downing Street walking rapidly toward its western curb and sidewalk. He cut his motorcycle to his right and struck plaintiff when she was 6 or 8 feet from the western curb. She suffered a cerebral concussion, a broken leg and other permanent injuries. She was delirious and disoriented for several weeks and continues to incur large medical bills.
Evidence unfavorable to plaintiff tended to show she was running across Downing Street at an angle and that the collision occurred at a point 60 feet south of the intersection and 7 or 8 feet from the west curb. This evidence is contained in the adverse examination of Danny Gardner which was offered by plaintiff. On motion to nonsuit, however, this testimony is ignored.
[4, 5] The Court of Appeals held the evidence sufficient to support a finding of actionable negligence on the part of Danny Gardner, and we concur. Even in the absence of statutory requirements, "[I]t is a general rule of law that the operator of a motor vehicle must exercise ordinary care, that is, that degree of care which an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. And in the exercise of such duty it is incumbent upon the operator of a motor vehicle to keep same under control, and to keep a reasonably careful lookout, so as to avoid collision with persons and vehicles upon the highway. This duty also requires that the operator must be reasonably vigilant, and that he must anticipate and expect the presence of others." Adams v. Service Co.,
[6] Manifestly, defendant Danny Gardner's alleged failure to keep a proper lookout is supported by evidence sufficient to go to the jury on the negligence issue. We put aside further discussion of the evidence bearing on his negligence.
[7-9] The Court of Appeals sustained a judgment of nonsuit on the premise that plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law. Nonsuit on that ground is proper only if plaintiff's evidence, considered in the light most favorable to her, so clearly establishes her own negligence as one of the proximate causes of her injury that no other reasonable inference may be drawn therefrom. Anderson v. Carter,
Cases followed by the Court of Appeals — Warren v. Lewis,
[10] Plaintiff alleges that the motorcycle which struck her was owned and maintained by James Gardner as a family purpose vehicle for the use and pleasure of members of his family and particularly his 18-year-old son Danny Gardner who was a member of his father's household; and further, that Danny was operating the motorcycle as his father's agent and with his father's permission and consent. These allegations are denied in the answer of both defendants. In the adverse examination of Danny Gardner, offered in evidence by plaintiff, Danny testified: "I own it but the motor vehicle registration certificate is in my father's name. He applied for the registration so it could be issued in his name. I use the motorcycle for my own use and pleasure. No one else uses it." Proof of registration *Page 370
in the name of James Gardner is prima facie evidence of ownership by him and agency in the driver under G.S.
The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed as to both defendants. The case is remanded to that Court where it will be certified to the trial court for a new trial in accord with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
LAKE, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Maggie A. Bowen v. Danny Clifton Gardner, Appearing Herein by His Guardian Ad Litem, Mildred D. Gardner, and James Gardner
- Cited By
- 66 cases
- Status
- Published
- Syllabus
- 1. Trial 21 — nonsuit — consideration of evidence Upon motion for nonsuit, all the evidence which supports plaintiff's claim must be taken as true and considered in the light most favorable to plaintiff, giving him the benefit of every reasonable inference which legitimately may be drawn therefrom, and with contradictions, conflicts and inconsistencies being resolved in plaintiff's favor. 2. Trial 21 — nonsuit — consideration of evidence Upon motion for nonsuit, defendant's evidence which contradicts that of plaintiff or tends to show a different state of facts and acts of contributory negligence not alleged in the answer should be disregarded. 3. Negligence 35 — nonsuit for contributory negligence When opposing inferences are permissible from plaintiff's evidence, nonsuit on the basis of contributory negligence as a matter of law should be denied.Page 364 4. Automobiles 8 — duty to maintain lookout The operator of a motor vehicle is under a duty in the exercise of due care to keep his vehicle under control and to keep a reasonably careful lookout so as to avoid collision with persons and vehicles upon the highway, this duty requiring that the operator be reasonably vigilant and that he anticipate and expect the presence of others. 5. Automobiles 8 — duty to maintain lookout It is the duty of a driver not merely to look but to keep a lookout in the direction of travel, and he is held to the duty of seeing what he ought to have seen, it being required that he increase his vigilance when the danger is increased by darkness or other conditions obscuring his view. 6. Automobiles 62 — striking pedestrian — failure to keep proper lookout Plaintiff pedestrian's evidence tending to show that she was struck by a motorcycle operated by the minor defendant as she was crossing a city street at night in an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection, that the street was straight, level and dry, that the weather was clear and the intersection was well lighted, but that defendant failed to see plaintiff until he was within 20 feet of her, is held sufficient to be submitted to the jury on the issue of defendant's negligence in failing to keep a proper lookout. 7. Negligence 35 — nonsuit for contributory negligence Nonsuit on the ground of contributory negligence is proper only if plaintiff's evidence, considered in the light most favorable to him, so clearly establishes his own negligence as one of the proximate causes of his injury that no other reasonable inference may be drawn therefrom. 8. Automobiles 83 — pedestrian in unmarked crosswalk — contributory negligence In this action for injuries received when plaintiff pedestrian was struck by defendant's motorcycle, the Court of Appeals erred in concluding that plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law for failure to see the motorcycle and to use ordinary care for her own safety where plaintiff's evidence would support the inference that she was crossing the street at an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection and thus had the right-of-way under G.S. 20-173 (a), and the evidence shows nothing unusual in the motorcycle's approach which would have put plaintiff on notice that the cyclist did not intend to obey the law and yield the right-of-way. 9. Automobiles 40 — pedestrian in unmarked crosswalk — assumption that motorist will yield right-of-way In the absence of anything which gives or should give notice to the contrary, a pedestrian crossing in an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection is entitled to assume and to act upon the assumption, even to the last moment, that others will observe and obey the statute which requires them to yield the right-of-way. 10. Automobiles 105 — proof of vehicle registration — prima facie evidence of ownership and agency In an action against a minor defendant and his father for injuries received when plaintiff was struck by a motorcycle operated by the minorPage 365 defendant, proof of registration in the name of the father is prima facie evidence of ownership by him and agency in the driver under G.S. 20-71.1 (b) and is sufficient to carry the case to the jury against the father, notwithstanding plaintiff's further evidence is sufficient, if true, to rebut the prima facie evidence that the father owned the motorcycle and that the minor defendant was driving it as the owner's agent.