Bridgeford v. Sorel
Bridgeford v. Sorel
Opinion
)LOHG E\&OHUNRI6XSUHPH&RXUW ,17+(6835(0(&2857 67$7(2)1257+'$.27$
1'
%U\DQ$QGUHZ%ULGJHIRUG $SSHOOHH
Y
7KRPDV6RUHO'LUHFWRU'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ $SSHOODQW
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH'LVWULFW&RXUWRI&DVV&RXQW\(DVW&HQWUDO-XGLFLDO'LVWULFW WKH+RQRUDEOH:DGH/:HEE-XGJH
5(9(56('$1'5(,167$7('
2SLQLRQRIWKH&RXUWE\-HQVHQ-XVWLFH
0DUN $ )ULHVH DUJXHG DQG 'UHZ - +XVKND RQ EULHI )DUJR 1' IRU DSSHOOHH
'RXJODV % $QGHUVRQ 2IILFH RI $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO %LVPDUFN 1' IRU DSSHOODQW %ULGJHIRUGY6RUHO 1R
-HQVHQ-XVWLFH >@ 7KH'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ ³'HSDUWPHQW´ DSSHDOVIURPDGLVWULFWFRXUW MXGJPHQWUHYHUVLQJDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHKHDULQJRIILFHU¶VGHFLVLRQWRVXVSHQG%U\DQ $QGUHZ%ULGJHIRUG¶VGULYLQJSULYLOHJHVIRUDSHULRGRI GD\V7KH'HSDUWPHQW DVVHUWVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJDODZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUZDVQRWZLWKLQ DUHFRJQL]HGH[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWZKHQ WKHRIILFHUHQWHUHG%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHDIWHUKHIDLOHGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHRIILFHU¶V DFWLRQVRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH%HFDXVHZHKROGWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUH[FHSWLRQ DSSOLHGDQGDOORZHGWKHZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWR%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHZHUHYHUVHWKH MXGJPHQW DQG UHLQVWDWH WKH 'HSDUWPHQW¶V VXVSHQVLRQ RI %ULGJHIRUG¶V GULYLQJ SULYLOHJHV , >@ 2Q -XQH DW DP D :HVW )DUJR SROLFH RIILFHU REVHUYHG %ULGJHIRUGLQWKHGULYHU¶VVHDWRIDUXQQLQJYHKLFOHSDUNHGLQDJDVVWDWLRQSDUNLQJORW %ULGJHIRUG GLG QRW DSSHDU WR EH DZDNH DQG ZDV XQUHVSRQVLYH ZKHQ WKH RIILFHU DSSURDFKHG WKH GULYHU¶V GRRU RI %ULGJHIRUG¶V YHKLFOH ,Q DQ DWWHPSW WR ZDNH %ULGJHIRUG WKH RIILFHU NQRFNHG ORXGO\ RQ WKH ZLQGRZ DQG UDLVHG KLV YRLFH IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\VHFRQGV%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWUHVSRQGWRWKHDWWHPSWVWRZDNHKLP XSIURPRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH7KHRIILFHUWKHQRSHQHGWKHYHKLFOH¶VXQORFNHGGRRU JUDEEHG%ULGJHIRUG¶VVKRXOGHUDQGVKRRN%ULGJHIRUGXQWLOKHZRNHXS7KHRIILFHU WHVWLILHG KH FRXOG VPHOO DQ RGRU RI DOFRKRO DIWHU RSHQLQJ WKH GRRU KH REVHUYHG %ULGJHIRUG KDG VOXUUHG VSHHFK DQG EORRGVKRW H\HV DQG %ULGJHIRUG DGPLWWHG WR FRQVXPLQJPXOWLSOHEHHUV$IWHU%ULGJHIRUGIDLOHGVHYHUDOILHOGVREULHW\WHVWVWKH RIILFHUSODFHG%ULGJHIRUGXQGHUDUUHVWIRUGULYLQJXQGHUWKH LQIOXHQFHRIDOFRKRO DFWXDO SK\VLFDO FRQWURO %ULGJHIRUG VXEPLWWHG WR D FKHPLFDO EUHDWK WHVW ZKLFK HVWDEOLVKHGDEORRGDOFRKROOHYHORI
>@ $QDGPLQLVWUDWLYHKHDULQJZDVKHOGWRFRQVLGHUZKHWKHU%ULGJHIRUG¶VGULYLQJ SULYLOHJHV VKRXOG EH VXVSHQGHG $W WKH KHDULQJ %ULGJHIRUG DUJXHG WKH RIILFHU¶V ZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVLQYLRODWLRQRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWDQGDQ\ HYLGHQFHDFTXLUHGVXEVHTXHQWWRWKHHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVLQDGPLVVLEOH'XULQJ WKHKHDULQJWKHRIILFHUWHVWLILHGKHZDVQRWLQYHVWLJDWLQJDFULPHZKHQKHFDPHLQWR FRQWDFWZLWK%ULGJHIRUGEXWZDV³FKHFNLQJRQKLP´EHFDXVH%ULGJHIRUGZDVVOHHSLQJ LQKLVFDUDQGWKHYHKLFOHZDVUXQQLQJ7KHKHDULQJRIILFHUIRXQGWKHRIILFHUSURSHUO\ HQWHUHGWKHYHKLFOHDIWHU%ULGJHIRUGIDLOHGWRUHVSRQGWRDWWHPSWVWRJHWKLVDWWHQWLRQ IURPRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH%ULGJHIRUG¶VGULYLQJSULYLOHJHVZHUHUHYRNHGIRUDSHULRG RI GD\V%ULGJHIRUGDSSHDOHGWRWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW7KHFRXUWUHYHUVHGWKHKHDULQJ RIILFHU¶VGHFLVLRQDIWHUFRQFOXGLQJWKHHQWU\LQWR%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHZDVDVHDUFK WKDWQRH[FHSWLRQWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWIRUDZDUUDQWDSSOLHGDQGDQ\HYLGHQFHJDWKHUHG VXEVHTXHQWWRWKHHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVUHTXLUHGWREHH[FOXGHGIURPHYLGHQFH ,, >@ 7KLV&RXUWUHYLHZVDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHUHYRFDWLRQRIDGULYHU¶VOLFHQVHXQGHU 1'&&Olson v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1' 1:G ³,Q DQ DSSHDO IURP D GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V UHYLHZ RI DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DJHQF\¶V GHFLVLRQZHUHYLHZWKHDJHQF\¶VGHFLVLRQ´Haynes v. Dir., Dep’t of Transp. 1'1:G7KLV&RXUWZLOODIILUPDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDJHQF\¶V RUGHUXQOHVV 7KHRUGHULVLQYLRODWLRQRIWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWVRIWKHDSSHOODQW 7KH ILQGLQJV RI IDFW PDGH E\ WKH DJHQF\ DUH QRW VXSSRUWHG E\ D SUHSRQGHUDQFHRIWKHHYLGHQFH 7KHFRQFOXVLRQVRIODZDQGRUGHURIWKHDJHQF\DUHQRWVXSSRUWHGE\ LWVILQGLQJVRIIDFW 1'&& >@ 5DWKHUWKDQPDNLQJLQGHSHQGHQWILQGLQJVRIIDFWRUVXEVWLWXWLQJRXUMXGJPHQW IRUWKDWRIWKHDJHQF\RXUUHYLHZLVFRQILQHGWRGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHU³DUHDVRQLQJ PLQGUHDVRQDEO\FRXOGKDYHGHWHUPLQHGWKDWWKHIDFWXDOFRQFOXVLRQVUHDFKHGZHUH SURYHGE\WKHZHLJKWRIWKHHYLGHQFHIURPWKHHQWLUHUHFRUG´Deeth v. Dir., N.D.
Dep’t of Transp.1'1:G$OWKRXJKRXUUHYLHZLVOLPLWHG WRWKHUHFRUGEHIRUHWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDJHQF\³WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VDQDO\VLVLVHQWLWOHG WRUHVSHFWLILWVUHDVRQLQJLVVRXQG´Id³$QDJHQF\¶VFRQFOXVLRQVRQTXHVWLRQVRI ODZ DUH VXEMHFW WR IXOO UHYLHZ´ Id 7KLV &RXUW ³UHYLHZV FRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKWV YLRODWLRQVXQGHUWKHGHQRYRVWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZ´State v. Williams1' 1:G >@ %ULGJHIRUGDVVHUWVWKHLQLWLDONQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZRIKLVYHKLFOHE\WKH RIILFHUZDVDWUHVSDVVDQGDQDWWHPSWWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQWKDWPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHG DVHDUFKVXEMHFWWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW%ULGJHIRUG DOVRFKDOOHQJHVWKHHQWU\LQWRKLVYHKLFOHDVDQLPSHUPLVVLEOHZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKLQ YLRODWLRQRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW ,,, >@ %ULGJHIRUGFRQWHQGVWKHRIILFHUWUHVSDVVHGRQKLVSURSHUW\E\NQRFNLQJRQWKH YHKLFOH¶VZLQGRZWKHNQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZZDVDQDWWHPSWWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQ DQG D VHDUFK ZKLFK UHTXLUHG D ZDUUDQW +H DUJXHV WKH RIILFHU¶V NQRFNLQJ RQ WKH ZLQGRZZDVQRWZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJH[FHSWLRQWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWIRU DZDUUDQW >@ ³/DZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVRIWHQVHUYHDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUV´State v. Schneider1' 1:G 7KH8QLWHG6WDWHV6XSUHPH&RXUW GHVFULEHG FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQV DV WKRVH ³WRWDOO\ GLYRUFHG IURP WKH GHWHFWLRQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RU DFTXLVLWLRQ RI HYLGHQFH UHODWLQJ WR WKH YLRODWLRQ RI D FULPLQDO VWDWXWH´ Id TXRWLQJ Cady v. Dombrowski 86 &RPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ MXVWLILHV ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW FRQWDFW ZLWK FLWL]HQV ZLWKRXW UHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQRIXQODZIXOFRQGXFWLappv. N.D. Dep’t of Transp1' 1:G &RQWDFW ZLWK FLWL]HQV IDOOV ZLWKLQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJUROHZKHQDQRIILFHU¶VREMHFWLYHLVWRKHOSDSHUVRQLQSRVVLEOHQHHGRI DVVLVWDQFHSee City of Jamestown v. Jerome1' 1:G > @ ,QFDVHVLQYROYLQJPRWRUYHKLFOHVWKH³ODZGLVWLQJXLVKHVEHWZHHQWKHDSSURDFK RIDQDOUHDG\VWRSSHGYHKLFOHDQGWKHVWRSRIDPRYLQJRQH´Abernathey v. Dep’t of
Transp. 1'1:G³:KHQDQRIILFHUDSSURDFKHVDSDUNHG YHKLFOHWRLQTXLUHLQDFRQYHUVDWLRQDOPDQQHUZKHWKHUWKHRFFXSDQWLVRND\RUQHHGV DVVLVWDQFHWKHRIILFHULVHQJDJHGLQWKHUROHRIDFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUZLWKDFWLRQV VHSDUDWHIURPWKHGHWHFWLRQLQYHVWLJDWLRQRUDFTXLVLWLRQRIHYLGHQFHUHODWLQJWRWKH YLRODWLRQRIDFULPLQDOVWDWXWH´State v. Leher1'1:G >@ ³>:@KHUHLWLVREYLRXVDFLWL]HQQHLWKHUQHHGVQRUGHVLUHVDVVLVWDQFHDQRIILFHU KDVQRFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJUROHWRILOO´Rist v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1' 1:G+RZHYHUWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIDQLQGLYLGXDOVOXPSHGRYHU VOHHSLQJLVQRWDQREYLRXVLQGLFDWLRQWKDWDFLWL]HQGRHVQRWQHHGDVVLVWDQFHId see alsoState v. Smith1' 1:G Lapp1' 1:G State v. Franklin1:G 1' :KHQDQ RIILFHUHQFRXQWHUVDSHUVRQ³ZKRVHVWDWHRIFRQVFLRXVQHVVSUHYHQWVDFRQYHUVDWLRQDO LQTXLU\ IURP RFFXUULQJ´ WKH RIILFHU PXVW GHFLGH WKH DFWLRQV QHFHVVDU\ WR JHW WKH SHUVRQWRUHVSRQGDQGPD\QHHGWRDSSURDFKDQRQUHVSRQVLYHSHUVRQ³GLIIHUHQWO\ IURP D SHUVRQ ZKR LV FRQVFLRXV DQG DEOH WR FRQYHUVH ZLWK WKH RIILFHU´ City of Mandan v. Gerhardt1'1:G FLWLQJRistDW 7R GHWHUPLQH LI DVVLVWDQFH LV QHHGHG LW LV UHDVRQDEOH IRU DQ RIILFHU WR NQRFN RQ D YHKLFOH¶VZLQGRZSeeRistDW City of Fargo v. Sivertson 1' 1:G%\NQRFNLQJDQRIILFHULVGRLQJ³QRPRUHWKDQDQ\SULYDWHFLWL]HQ PLJKWGR´Florida v. Jardines 86 GLVFXVVLQJZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKHV RIKRPHV >@ ,Q Lapp ZH KHOG FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU IXQFWLRQV VXSSRUWHG DQ RIILFHU¶V HQFRXQWHUZLWKDGULYHULQFOXGLQJNQRFNLQJRQWKHYHKLFOH¶VZLQGRZ1' 1:G ,QLappDQRIILFHUDUULYHGDWDEXVLQHVVSDUNLQJORWWRILQGD PDQVOXPSHGRYHUWKHVWHHULQJZKHHORIDUXQQLQJYHKLFOHIdDW$VHFXULW\ JXDUGKDGWULHGWRZDNHWKHPDQE\NQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZIRUWHQPLQXWHVEHIRUH WKHRIILFHUDUULYHGId$IWHUWKHRIILFHUWDSSHGRQWKHZLQGRZWZLFHZLWKLQWZR PLQXWHVWKHPDQZRNHXSId$WWKDWSRLQWWKHRIILFHUQRWLFHGWKHPDQ¶VJORVV\ H\HVDQGRSHQHGWKHGRRUId:HGHWHUPLQHG³WKHHQFRXQWHUZDVZLWKLQWKHRIILFHU¶V
UROH DV D FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU 8QWLO WKH RIILFHU FRQYHUVHG ZLWK >WKH PDQ@ DQG DVFHUWDLQHG >KH@ GLG QRW QHHG PHGLFDO DWWHQWLRQ WKH RIILFHU ZDV MXVWLILHG LQ LQYHVWLJDWLQJ>KLV@FRQGLWLRQ´IdDW >@ ,QSivertsonDQRIILFHUDSSURDFKHGDYHKLFOHVWRSSHGEHKLQGDWUDIILFDFFLGHQW DIWHUQRWLFLQJLWZDVQRWSDVVLQJWKHVFHQHOLNHRWKHUPRWRULVWV 1' 1:G 7KH RIILFHU WHVWLILHG KH PDGH FRQWDFW WR HQVXUH WKH GULYHU ZDV DOULJKW Id DW %HFDXVH WKH GULYHU ZDV ³IL[DWHG IRUZDUG´ ZKHQ WKH RIILFHU DSSURDFKHGWKHRIILFHUWDSSHGRQWKHZLQGRZWRJHWWKHGULYHU¶VDWWHQWLRQIdDW :H KHOG WKH RIILFHU¶V DFWLRQV ³ZHUH D SHUPLVVLEOH SDUW RI D OHJLWLPDWH FDUHWDNHU HQFRXQWHU´Id7KLV&RXUWPDGHDVLPLODUGHWHUPLQDWLRQLQCity of Grand Forks v. ZejdlikZKHUHDQRIILFHUUHSHDWHGO\NQRFNHGRQWKHGULYHU¶VZLQGRZWRJHW=HMGOLN¶V DWWHQWLRQ1:G 1' See also Gerhardt1' 1:G >@ 7KHRIILFHU¶VNQRFNLQJRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHZLQGRZZDVZLWKLQWKHVFRSH RIWKHRIILFHU¶VFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJIXQFWLRQ%HFDXVHWKHRIILFHUZDVDFWLQJZLWKLQ KLVUROHDVDFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUWKHRIILFHU¶VNQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZZDVQRWDQ LPSHUPLVVLEOHWUHVSDVVRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶VSURSHUW\DQGZDVQRWDQDWWHPSWWRJDWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKUHTXLUHGDZDUUDQW ,9 >@ %ULGJHIRUGZDVXQUHVSRQVLYHWRWKHRIILFHU¶VSUHVHQFHQH[WWRWKHYHKLFOHDQG UHPDLQHGXQUHVSRQVLYHIROORZLQJVLJQLILFDQWDWWHPSWVWRJHWKLVDWWHQWLRQIURPRXWVLGH WKH YHKLFOH $IWHU %ULGJHIRUG IDLOHG WR UHVSRQG WKH RIILFHU RSHQHG WKH GRRU RI %ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHDQGVKRRN%ULGJHIRUGXQWLOKHUHVSRQGHG7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW FRQFOXGHGWKHHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVLPSURSHUEHFDXVHLWZDVDVHDUFKWKDWIHOO RXWVLGHDQ\H[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW >@ 8QUHDVRQDEOHVHDUFKHVDQGVHL]XUHVDUHSURKLELWHGE\WKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW WRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RQVWLWXWLRQDQGE\6HFWLRQ$UWLFOHRIWKH1RUWK'DNRWD &RQVWLWXWLRQAbernathey 1'1:G³$QLQGLYLGXDOPD\ FKDOOHQJH D VHDUFK XQGHU WKH )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW LI LW YLRODWHV WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶V
UHDVRQDEOHH[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\RULQYROYHVDQXQUHDVRQDEOHSK\VLFDOLQWUXVLRQRI DFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\SURWHFWHGDUHDLQRUGHUWRILQGVRPHWKLQJRUREWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQ´ United States v. Cowan)G WK&LU FLWDWLRQVDQGTXRWDWLRQV RPLWWHG >@ 6HDUFKHVZLWKRXWDZDUUDQWDUHQRWXQUHDVRQDEOHXQGHUWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW LIWKHJRYHUQPHQWFDQVKRZWKHVHDUFKIDOOVXQGHUDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHVHDUFKZDUUDQW UHTXLUHPHQWState v. Matthews1'1:G³$FWLQJLQD FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJFDSDFLW\LVDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH )RXUWK$PHQGPHQW´State v. Gill1'1:G FLWLQJ Dombrowski86DW 7KHRIILFHU¶VHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVDVHDUFKDQG WKHUHIRUHZHPXVWFRQVLGHUZKHWKHUDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH )RXUWK$PHQGPHQWDSSOLHV >@ :HKDYHSUHYLRXVO\QRWHGWKDW³>L@IWKHSROLFHILQGDSHUVRQXQFRQVFLRXVRU GLVRULHQWHGDQGLQFRKHUHQWLQDYHKLFOHLWLVUHDVRQDEOHIRUWKHPWRHQWHUWKH YHKLFOH IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI JLYLQJ DLG WR WKH SHUVRQ LQ GLVWUHVV DQG RI ILQGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQEHDULQJXSRQWKHFDXVHRIKLVFRQGLWLRQ´Gerhardt1' 1:G FLWLQJ:D\QH5/D)DYH6HDUFK 6HL]XUH I WKHG :H KDYH SUHYLRXVO\ GHFOLQHG WR KROG DQ RIILFHU¶V HQWU\ LQWR D YHKLFOH GXULQJ D FRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUHQFRXQWHUZDVDQLPSURSHUZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKRist1' 1:G,QRistDGHSXW\REVHUYHGDPDQVOXPSHGEHKLQGWKH VWHHULQJZKHHORIDSDUNHGQRQUXQQLQJYHKLFOHDQGGHFLGHGWRSHUIRUPDZHOIDUH FKHFNIdDW7KHGHSXW\DSSURDFKHGWKHUROOHGGRZQGULYHU¶VVLGHZLQGRZDQG VKRXWHG³6KHULII¶V'HSDUWPHQWZDNHXS´VHYHUDOWLPHVId:KHQWKHGULYHUGLGQRW ZDNHXSWKHGHSXW\UHDFKHGLQVLGHWKURXJKWKHRSHQZLQGRZDQGVKRRNWKHGULYHU¶V OHIWVKRXOGHUId$IWHUWKHGULYHUZRNHXSWKHGHSXW\VPHOOHGDOFRKRODQGQRWLFHG DQRSHQEHHUFDQIdDW:HGHWHUPLQHG³WKHGHSXW\FRXOGQRWEHVXUHZKHWKHU >WKHGULYHU@ZDVVLPSO\VOHHSLQJLQKLVYHKLFOHRULQQHHGRIDVVLVWDQFH´IdDW >@ +HUHDQRIILFHUQRWLFHG%ULGJHIRUGDSSHDUHGWREHDVOHHSLQDUXQQLQJYHKLFOH DWDJDVVWDWLRQDURXQG DP7KHUHFRUGSURYLGHVQRLQGLFDWLRQRIDQ\REYLRXV
VLJQ%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWQHHGRUGHVLUHDVVLVWDQFH7KHRIILFHUDSSURDFKHGWKHYHKLFOH DQGNQRFNHGIRUVHFRQGVLQDQDWWHPSWWRPDNHFRQWDFWZLWK%ULGJHIRUG'HVSLWH WKHRIILFHU¶VORXGNQRFNLQJDQGUDLVHGYRLFH%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWZDNHXSRUPRYH %ULGJHIRUG¶VXQUHVSRQVLYHQHVVSURPSWHGWKHRIILFHUWRRSHQWKHYHKLFOHGRRUDQG VKDNH%ULGJHIRUGWRPDNHVXUHKHZDVDOULJKW$WWKLVSRLQWDIWHUHQWHULQJWKHYHKLFOH WRGHWHUPLQHLI%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWUHTXLUHDVVLVWDQFHWKHRIILFHUVPHOOHGDOFRKRODQG KDGUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQWREHOLHYH%ULGJHIRUGKDGEHHQGULYLQJXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFH > @ %ULGJHIRUGDWWHPSWVWRGLVWLQJXLVKKLVFDVHIURPRXUSULRUFDVHVE\DUJXLQJKH ZDVQRW³VOXPSHG´EHKLQGKLVVWHHULQJZKHHODQGWKHRIILFHUKDGQRWUHFHLYHGDFDOO IURPDFRQFHUQHGFRPSODLQLQJWKLUGSDUW\,PSOLFLWO\%ULGJHIRUGDUJXHVWKHUHQHHGV WR EH VRPH REMHFWLYH VLJQ RI GLVWUHVV LQ H[FHVV RI KLP VOHHSLQJ DQG EHLQJ QRQ UHVSRQVLYHIRUWKHRIILFHUWRFRQWLQXHWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUIXQFWLRQIURPRXWVLGH WKHYHKLFOHWRLQVLGHWKHYHKLFOH >@ :KLOH ZH KDYH KHOG WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU IXQFWLRQ GRHV QRW H[WHQG WR ³FLUFXPVWDQFHVZKHUHLWLVREYLRXVWKDWDFLWL]HQLVQHLWKHULQQHHGRIQRUGHVLUHV DVVLVWDQFH´Jerome1' 1:G FLWLQJState v. DeCoteau 1' 1:G RXUFDVHODZDOORZVDQRIILFHUWRFRQWLQXHD FRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUUROHIURPRXWVLGHDYHKLFOHWRWKHLQVLGHRIDYHKLFOHZKHQD VOHHSLQJLQGLYLGXDOIDLOVWRUHVSRQGWRDWWHPSWVWRJHWDUHVSRQVHIURPRXWVLGHWKH YHKLFOH)RUH[DPSOHZHKDYHSUHYLRXVO\KHOGXQWLOWKHRIILFHUKDVFRQYHUVHGZLWK DQXQUHVSRQVLYHLQGLYLGXDOVHDWHGZLWKLQDYHKLFOHDQGDVFHUWDLQHGWKDWWKHLQGLYLGXDO GRHVQRWQHHGPHGLFDODWWHQWLRQDQRIILFHULVMXVWLILHGLQRSHQLQJWKHYHKLFOHGRRUDQG LQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHRFFXSDQW¶VFRQGLWLRQLapp1'1:G :KHQ³DQLQGLYLGXDOZKRVHVWDWHRIFRQVFLRXVQHVVSUHYHQWVDFRQYHUVDWLRQDO LQTXLU\IURPRFFXUULQJWKHRIILFHUPXVWGHWHUPLQHZKDWDFWLRQVQHHGWREHWDNHQ WRJHWWKHLQGLYLGXDOWRUHVSRQGDQGWKHUHIRUHPD\QHHGWRDSSURDFKDSHUVRQZKR GRHVQRWUHVSRQGGLIIHUHQWO\IURPDSHUVRQZKRLVFRQVFLRXVDQGDEOHWRFRQYHUVHZLWK WKHRIILFHU´Rist1'1:G,QRistZHQRWHGZKHQWKH
GHSXW\REVHUYHG5LVWXQUHVSRQVLYHZLWKLQWKHYHKLFOH³WKHGHSXW\FRXOGQRWEHVXUH ZKHWKHU5LVWZDVVLPSO\VOHHSLQJLQKLVYHKLFOHRULQQHHGRIDVVLVWDQFH´ IdDW 9 >@ 7KHRIILFHU¶VDFWLRQVUHPDLQHGZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUH[FHSWLRQWR WKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWZKHQKHNQRFNHGRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶V ZLQGRZ 7KH RIILFHU¶V DFWLRQV DOVR UHPDLQHG ZLWKLQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU H[FHSWLRQZKHQHQWHULQJ%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHVXEVHTXHQWWR%ULGJHIRUG¶VIDLOXUHWR UHVSRQGWRWKHRIILFHU¶VDFWLRQVRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH:HUHYHUVHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶V MXGJPHQW DQG UHLQVWDWH WKH 'HSDUWPHQW¶V VXVSHQVLRQ RI %ULGJHIRUG¶V GULYLQJ SULYLOHJHV >@ -RQ--HQVHQ /LVD)DLU0F(YHUV *HUDOG:9DQGH:DOOH&- &URWKHUV-XVWLFHFRQFXUULQJLQSDUWDQGGLVVHQWLQJLQSDUW >@ , FRQFXU LQ WKDW SRUWLRQ RI WKH PDMRULW\ RSLQLRQ FRQFOXGLQJ WKH RIILFHU¶V NQRFNLQJRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶VFDUZLQGRZZDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJDQGQRWD)RXUWK $PHQGPHQWYLRODWLRQLQYROYLQJWUHVSDVV,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQWIURPWKDWSRUWLRQRI WKHPDMRULW\RSLQLRQVXJJHVWLQJODZHQIRUFHPHQWFDQSURFHHGXQGHUWKHFRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQ WR HQWHU D FRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ SURWHFWHG DUHD XQOHVV D SHUVRQ DIILUPDWLYHO\FRPPXQLFDWHVWKH\QHLWKHUQHHGQRUGHVLUHDVVLVWDQFH >@ 7KLV&RXUWUHYLHZHGRXUDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJIXQFWLRQDV IROORZV ³/DZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVRIWHQVHUYHDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUV Lapp v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1'1:G FLWLQJState v. DeCoteau 1' 1:G 7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 6XSUHPH &RXUW GHVFULEHG FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQVDVWKRVHµWRWDOO\GLYRUFHGIURPWKHGHWHFWLRQLQYHVWLJDWLRQ RUDFTXLVLWLRQRIHYLGHQFHUHODWLQJWRWKHYLRODWLRQRIDFULPLQDOVWDWXWH¶ Cady v. Dombrowski 86 6&W /(GG &RPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ DOORZV ODZ HQIRUFHPHQWFLWL]HQ FRQWDFW LQFOXGLQJ VWRSV ZLWKRXW DQ RIILFHU¶V UHDVRQDEOH VXVSLFLRQ RI FULPLQDO FRQGXFW State v. Glaesman 1:G 1' )RU)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWSXUSRVHV DVHL]XUHGRHVQRWRFFXUZKHQDQRIILFHUDSSURDFKHVDSDUNHGYHKLFOH LIWKHRIILFHUTXHVWLRQVWKHRFFXSDQWLQDFRQYHUVDWLRQDOPDQQHUDQG GRHV QRW LVVXH RUGHUV WR WKH SHUVRQ RU GHPDQG D UHVSRQVH State v. Langseth 1:G 1' FLWLQJWibben v. N.D. State Highway Comm’r 1:G 1' 9DQGH:DOOH-FRQFXUULQJ +RZHYHUHYHQDFDVXDOHQFRXQWHUFDQ EHFRPH D VHL]XUH LI D UHDVRQDEOH SHUVRQ ZRXOG YLHZ WKH RIILFHU¶V DFWLRQV²LI GRQH E\ DQRWKHU SULYDWH FLWL]HQ²DV WKUHDWHQLQJ RU RIIHQVLYH Id. FLWLQJ Wibben DW 7KLV PD\ RFFXU WKURXJK DQ RUGHUDWKUHDWRUDZHDSRQGLVSOD\Id.$QRIILFHU¶VLQLWLDOFRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJHQFRXQWHUDOVRPD\FDXVHWKHRIILFHUWRGHYHORSDUHDVRQDEOH DQGDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQRIXQODZIXOFRQGXFWLappDW ³2XU SUHYLRXV FDVHV SURYLGH H[DPSOHV RI ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW RIILFHUV SHUIRUPLQJ FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQV See Lapp v. Dep’t of Transp.1'1:G KROGLQJDQ RIILFHU¶V HQFRXQWHU ZLWK DQ LQGLYLGXDO MXVWLILHG E\ WKH RIILFHU¶V FRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJUROHZKHQWKHLQGLYLGXDOZDVVOXPSHGRYHUWKH VWHHULQJZKHHORIDYHKLFOHZLWKLWVHQJLQHUXQQLQJ City of Fargo v. Sivertson 1' 1:G GHWHUPLQLQJ DQ RIILFHU¶VLQLWLDODSSURDFKRIDGULYHUZKRIDLOHGWRSURFHHGDURXQGWKH VFHQHRIDQDFFLGHQWZLWKWKHUHVWRIWUDIILFZDVDFDUHWDNLQJHQFRXQWHU City of Grand Forks v. Zejdlik1:G 1' KROGLQJ DQ RIILFHU ZDV DFWLQJ DV D FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU ZKHQ KH LQLWLDOO\DSSURDFKHGDQLQGLYLGXDOVOXPSHGRYHUWKHVWHHULQJZKHHORI DQLGOLQJYHKLFOH State v. Franklin1:G 1' GHWHUPLQLQJRIILFHUV¶DSSURDFKRILQGLYLGXDOVSDUNHGDWQLJKWLQPRWHO SDUNLQJORWDQGVOXPSHGGRZQLQWKHLUVHDWVZDVPRUHRIDFDUHWDNLQJ HQFRXQWHU WKDQ D VHDUFK RU VHL]XUH State v. Halfmann 1:G 1' KROGLQJDQRIILFHUDFWHGLQD FDUHWDNLQJFDSDFLW\ZKHQKHDSSURDFKHGDGULYHUDIWHUVKHGURYHWRWKH VKRXOGHURIDJUDYHOURDGDQGVWRSSHGKHUYHKLFOH ³$ UHYLHZ RI RXU FDVH ODZ DOVR UHYHDOV VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH ODZ HQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVGLGQRWDFWDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUVSee State v. Keilen1' 1:G KROGLQJWKHFRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJH[FHSWLRQGLGQRWDSSO\WRDQDSDUWPHQWVHDUFKZKHQRIILFHUV DUULYHGDQGGLGQRWVHHDGLVWXUEDQFHRUDQ\RQHLQQHHGRIDVVLVWDQFH City of Jamestown v. Jerome 1' 1:G GHWHUPLQLQJDQRIILFHUGLGQRWDFWDVDFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUEHFDXVH KLVSXUSRVHLQWDONLQJZLWKWKHGHIHQGDQWZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWHDSRVVLEOH OHJDOYLRODWLRQ State v. DeCoteau 1' 1:G KROGLQJRIILFHUVKDGQRFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJUROHWRILOOZKHQWKH\ DUULYHGDWDKRPHVDZQRGLVWXUEDQFHDQGZHUHWROGE\WKHKRPHRZQHU VKH GLG QRW QHHG RU UHTXHVW WKHLU DVVLVWDQFH State v. Hawley 1:G 1' GHFOLQLQJWRDGGUHVVFRPPXQLW\
FDUHWDNLQJ EHFDXVH WKH RIILFHU KDG D UHDVRQDEOH DQG DUWLFXODEOH VXVSLFLRQ RI D SDUNLQJ YLRODWLRQ State v. Brown 1:G 1' KROGLQJDQRIILFHU¶VYHKLFXODUVWRSZDVPDGHWR GHWHUPLQHLIGULYHUZDVLQWR[LFDWHGQRWIRUWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJ SXUSRVHRIUHQGHULQJDVVLVWDQFH State v. Sarhegyi 1:G 1' GHWHUPLQLQJDQRIILFHU¶VVWRSRIDORQHYHKLFOH SDUNHGLQDIDUPLPSOHPHQWGHDOHU¶VORWZKLFKDWWHPSWHGWROHDYHZKHQ KH DSSURDFKHG ZDV QRW FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ State v. Langseth 1:G 1' FRQFOXGLQJ WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ H[FHSWLRQ GLG QRW DSSO\ ZKHQ DQ RIILFHU SXUVXHG WKH GHIHQGDQWZKLOHIODVKLQJWKHSDWUROFDU¶VZDUQLQJOLJKWV ´ State v. Boyd1' 1:G >@ ,EHOLHYHWKHPDMRULW\VXEWO\FKDQJHVWKHLQTXLU\UDWKHUWKDQFDUHIXOO\IROORZ RXU FDVHV 7KH\ ZULWH ³7KH UHFRUG SURYLGHV QR LQGLFDWLRQ RI DQ\ REYLRXV VLJQ %ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWQHHGRUGHVLUHDVVLVWDQFH´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³LWDSSHDUHG WKDWWKHUHZDVDPDOHVOHHSLQJLQVLGHRIWKHYHKLFOH´DQGWKDW%ULGJHIRUG³MXVWORRNHG OLNHKHZDVVOHHSLQJ´7KHUHIRUH,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQWIURPWKDWSDUWRIWKHPDMRULW\ RSLQLRQKROGLQJWKHRIILFHU¶VZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWRWKHDXWRPRELOHGLGQRWYLRODWHWKH )RXUWK$PHQGPHQWWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RQVWLWXWLRQ >@ 'DQLHO-&URWKHUV -HURG(7XIWH
Reference
- Cited By
- 6 cases
- Status
- Published
- Syllabus
- An officer's actions remained within the community caretaker exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment when he knocked on the car window of an individual who appeared to be sleeping with the car running in a gas station parking lot. An officer's actions remained within the community caretaker exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment when entering an individual's vehicle subsequent to the individual's failure to respond to the officer's attempts to gain his attention outside the vehicle.