Arguss v. Teletron, Inc. CV-99-257-JD 11/19/99 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Arguss Communications Group, Inc.

v. Civil No. 99-257-JD

Teletron, Inc.

O R D E R

The plaintiff, Arguss Communications Group, Inc. ("Arguss")

brings this action against the defendant, Teletron, Inc.

("Teletron"), seeking a declaratory judgment as to the rights and

obligations of the parties under a service agreement. Before the

court is Teletron's motion to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction and for improper venue based on a forum selection

clause or, in the alternative, to transfer the case to the United

States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana

(document no. 7). Also before the court is Teletron's motion to

strike (document no. 14). Arguss objects to both motions.1

1Teletron moves to strike certain paragraphs from Arguss's memorandum of law and exhibits for the purpose of deciding the motion to dismiss or transfer. The court does not consider the challenged paragraphs or exhibits for the purpose of deciding the motion to dismiss or transfer. Therefore, the motion to strike is denied. Background2

The plaintiff, Arguss, is a corporation registered under the

laws of Delaware with its principal place of business in New

Hampshire. One of Arguss's divisions is White Mountain Cable

Construction ("WMCC"), which operates primarily in New England.

The defendant, Teletron, is a corporation registered and with its

principal place of business in Indiana. Teletron does not

maintain offices, sell products, or have employees or

representatives located in New Hampshire, nor does it advertise,

have an agent for service of process, or maintain a telephone

listing, bank account or real property in New Hampshire.

Teletron serves its customers by reviewing their telecommuni­

cations bills and re-negotiating their telecommunications

contracts, services it performs from Indiana. Teletron charges

an up-front fee for its services and a percentage of the savings

it gains for its customers.

WMCC's offices are located in New Hampshire. In the fall of

1998, WMCC's controller, Daniel Hotchkiss, was solicited by a

telemarketer for Teletron. Hotchkiss had done nothing to

initiate the solicitation. After learning about Teletron's

2Ihe facts related in this section are taken from the complaint and the parties' submissions in support of and in opposition to Teletron's motion to dismiss. The factual summary is provided for background purposes only and does not represent findings of fact by this court.

2 services, Hotchkiss agreed that Teletron could send some

materials to Hotchkiss at his office. Teletron faxed Hotchkiss a

letter, and sent Hotchkiss a letter with some materials about

Teletron. A few months later, Teletron again contacted Hotchkiss

and faxed him a Client Service Agreement ("the Agreement").

Hotchkiss signed the Agreement as controller for the "Client,"

which was listed on the Agreement as "Arguss Communications

Group, Inc.-White Mountain Cable Construction Division." The

Agreement was for a term of twelve months, and it contained a

clause which stated that "jurisdiction for this Agreement shall

be in Monroe County, IN."

The Agreement permitted Teletron to re-negotiate WMCC's

telecommunications contracts. In addition, the Agreement

prevented WMCC from negotiating with any telecommunications

provider for the duration of the Agreement. After faxing the

signed Agreement to Teletron, Hotchkiss received further

communications from Teletron concerning the use of Teletron's

services. Hotchkiss sent Teletron an authorization letter and

confidentiality agreement, and sent payment to Teletron for the

up-front service fee.

After a disagreement arose concerning the binding effect of

the Agreement, Arguss filed a diversity action in this court for

declaratory judgment, seeking a declaration that the Agreement

3 between Teletron and WMCC is not binding or, alternatively, that

Arguss did not breach the Agreement. Arguss argues that WMCC had

no legal authority to form a binding contract with Teletron, and

therefore WMCC could not breach the Agreement. Alternatively,

Arguss argues that if there is a binding contract, it is binding

only on WMCC and not Arguss.

Discussion

A. Personal Jurisdiction

1. Standard of Review

On a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction,

"the plaintiff ultimately bears the burden of persuading the

court that jurisdiction exists." Massachusetts Sch. of Law at

Andover v. American Bar Ass'n,

(1st Cir. 1998)

(citing McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp.,

(1936)). The preferred standard for cases where the parties

do not dispute essential jurisdictional facts is for the

plaintiff to make a prima facie showing of jurisdiction.3 See

Nowak v. Tak How Invs., Ltd.,

(1st Cir. 1996);

Faigin v. Kelly,

(D.N.H. 1996). Under the

3The parties do not reguest an evidentiary hearing on the issue of personal jurisdiction, nor is the record rife with contradictions. See Boit v. Gar-Tec Prods., Inc.,

(1st Cir. 1992).

4 prima facie standard, the court takes "specific facts

affirmatively alleged by the plaintiff as true (whether or not

disputed) and construe[s] them in the light most congenial to the

plaintiff's jurisdictional claim." Massachusetts Sch. of La w,

(citing Ticketmaster-New York, Inc. v. Alioto, 26

F .3d 201, 203 (1st Cir. 1994)).

However, the plaintiff may not rely on unsupported

allegations to meet the prima facie standard; the court takes as

true only those "specific facts" for which the court finds

evidentiary support in the record. See Foster-Miller, Inc. v.

Babcock & Wilcox Canada,

(1st Cir. 1995) ("[T]he

plaintiff ordinarily cannot rest upon the pleadings, but is

obliged to adduce evidence of specific facts . . . the court, in

a manner reminiscent of its role when a motion for summary

judgment is on the table . . . must accept the plaintiff's

(properly documented) evidentiary proffers as true"); United

Elec., Radio and Mach. Workers of Am. v. 163 Pleasant Street

Corp.,

(1st Cir. 1993); Boit v. Gar-Tec Prods.,

Inc.,

(1st Cir. 1992); see also Rodriquez v.

Fullerton Tires Corp.,

(1st Cir. 1997) (finding

district court properly took jurisdictional facts as true where

facts were supported in declarations and defendant did not

rebut); Anderson v. Century Prods. Co . ,

, 140

5 (D.N.H. 1996) (citing Foster-Miller) . The court also considers

uncontradicted facts alleged by the defendant. See Massachusetts

Sch. of Law,

.

2. Due Process Analysis

In cases where subject matter jurisdiction exists because of

the diversity of the parties, personal jurisdiction over a

nonresident defendant is governed by the forum state's long-arm

statute and by the constitutional limitations of due process.

See Sawtelle, 70 F.3d at 1387; Anderson,

. In

order to defeat a motion to dismiss under the prima facie

standard, the plaintiff must go beyond the pleadings and present

specific facts showing each element reguired by both the forum

state's long-arm statute and the Fourteenth Amendment's Due

Process Clause. See Boit,

; Faiain,

. New Hampshire's long-arm statute applicable to

unregistered foreign corporations, RSA 293-A:15.10, has been

interpreted to be coextensive with the constitutional boundaries

of due process. See Sawtelle v. Farrell,

(1st

Cir. 1995) (citing McClary v. Erie Engine & Mfg. Co . ,

(D.N.H. 1994)); Anderson,

(same). Therefore, the court need only determine whether the

application of personal jurisdiction comports with Fourteenth

6 Amendment due process principles.4 See i d .

"The Fourteenth Amendment's concern of fundamental fairness

is achieved by the central requirement that certain ''minimum

contacts' exist between the defendant and the forum state."

Sawtelle,

(quoting International Shoe Co. v.

State of W a s h .,

(1945); Ticketmaster, 26 F.3d

at 206). The First Circuit uses a three-part test to determine

whether sufficient contacts exist to justify the exercise of

specific jurisdiction over the defendant:

First, the claim underlying the litigation must directly arise out of, or relate to, the defendant's forum-state activities. Second, the defendant's in­ state contacts must represent a purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum state, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of that state's laws and making the defendant's involuntary presence before the state's courts foreseeable. Third, the exercise of jurisdiction must, in light of the Gestalt factors, be reasonable.

Sawtelle,

(quoting United Elec., Radio and Mach.

Workers of Am. v. 163 Pleasant Street Corp.,

, 1089

(1st Cir. 1992)). The court considers each prong of the three-

part test below.

41he plaintiff asserts only that there is specific jurisdiction, not general jurisdiction. See generally Donatelli v. National Hockey League,

(1st Cir. 1990) (distinguishing between general and specific jurisdiction). Accordingly, the court confines its analysis to the question of whether the plaintiff has made a prima facie demonstration of specific jurisdiction over the defendant.

7 a. Relatedness

The first prong of the due process analysis requires that

the claim "arise out of, or be related to, the defendant's in­

forum activities." Ticketmaster, 26 F.3d at 206. In a case

sounding in contract law (as opposed to tort law), the court's

inquiry focuses on "whether the defendant's forum-based

activities are 'instrumental in the formation of the contract.'"

Massachusetts Sch. of Law,

(quoting Hahn v.

Vermont Law Sch.,

(1st Cir. 1983)).

"The transmission of information into New Hampshire by way

of telephone or mail is unquestionably a contact for purposes of

our analysis." Sawtelle,

. The communications

between Teletron and WMCC and between Teletron and Arguss are at

the heart of the underlying dispute in this case, as is the

meaning of the Agreement formed between WMCC and Arguss. See

Pritzker v. Yari,

(1st Cir. 1994) ("the very

document that represents [the] forum-related activity is itself

the cause and object of the lawsuit"). All of the individuals

who communicated with Teletron on behalf of Arguss and WMCC were

located in New Hampshire, the initial telemarketing contact and

other calls were made by telephone to New Hampshire, and

Teletron's correspondence to Arguss and WMCC was mailed or faxed

to New Hampshire. Whether or not a binding contract was formed. Teletron's communications with individuals in New Hampshire were

instrumental to the formation of the Agreement. See United

El e c ., 960 F.2d at 1089; Anderson,

.

Therefore, the court finds that the underlying litigation is

related to Teletron's activities in New Hampshire,

b. Purposeful Availment

"The function of the purposeful availment reguirement is to

assure that personal jurisdiction is not premised solely upon a

defendant's 'random, isolated, or fortuitous' contacts with the

forum state." Sawtelle,

(guoting Keeton v.

Hustler Magazine, Inc.,

(1984)). The court

should not exercise personal jurisdiction unless it is fair, just

and reasonable to do so. See i d . The court bases its analysis

on two factors, voluntariness and foreseeability. See

Nowak,

; Sawtelle,

.

"The defendant's contacts with the forum state must be

voluntary - that is, not based on the unilateral actions of

another party or a third person." Nowak,

.

Solicitation, or the "affirmative seeking of business," meets the

test for voluntariness. See Vencedor Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Gouqler

Indus., Inc.,

(1st Cir. 1977); see also Nowak,

(indicating that one unprompted solicitation

may be a sufficiently meaningful contact); Pritzker,

(recognizing that a single contact can support jurisdiction).

Teletron initiated the relationship with WMCC and Arguss by

having a telemarketer solicit WMCC in New Hampshire by telephone.

Teletron conducted further communications by telephone, mail, and

fax with WMCC prior to the signing of the Agreement. It is

reasonable to infer that Teletron knew it was contacting a

company located in New Hampshire. All of these facts lead to the

conclusion that Teletron's actions were voluntary.5

The foreseeability element of purposeful availment reguires

the defendant to have engaged in contacts with the forum state

"'such that [the defendant] should reasonably anticipate being

haled into court there.'" Nowak,

(guoting World-

Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson,

(1980)). If

the defendant purposefully avails itself of the privileges of

conducting activities within a particular state, then the

defendant invokes the benefits and protections of that state's

laws, making it reasonable to exercise jurisdiction over the

defendant. See Asahi Metal Indus, v. Superior C t . of Cal.,

(1987); Faigin,

. By

deliberately contacting a New Hampshire corporation in order to

5Teletron's lack of physical presence in New Hampshire does not bar the exercise of personal jurisdiction. See Pritzker,

. The court looks beyond physical presence to the nature and degree of the contacts made by the nonresident defendant. See i d .

10 form an agreement with that corporation, forming an agreement,

and conducting an ongoing relationship with the corporation,

Teletron could reasonably foresee the possibility that it would

be haled into court in New Hampshire. See Nowak,

.

Teletron's activities in New Hampshire were neither random,

isolated, nor fortuitous. On the contrary, they were deliberate,

targeted to New Hampshire, and calculated to garner profit

through further activities in New Hampshire. For these reasons,

the court finds that Teletron purposefully availed itself of the

privilege of conducting activities in New Hampshire.

3. Gestalt factors

The third prong of the three-part due process analysis is

whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction "comports with

traditional notions of 'fair play and substantial justice.'"

Nowak,

(guoting International Shoe,

). The court considers the five "Gestalt factors":

(1) the defendant's burden of appearing, (2) the forum state's interest in adjudicating the dispute, (3) the plaintiff's interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief, (4) the judicial system's interest in obtaining the most effective resolution of the controversy, and (5) the common interests of all sovereigns in promoting substantive social policies.

United El e c ., 960 F.2d at 1088 (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at

477); see also Nowak,

. The significance accorded

the third prong depends on the strength of the plaintiff's

11 showings with respect to the other two prongs of relatedness and

purposeful availment. See Nowak,

. If the

plaintiff makes a weak showing of relatedness and purposeful

availment, the court raises the bar for the third prong;

likewise, if the plaintiff makes a strong showing on the first

two prongs, the burden is eased for the plaintiff on the third

prong. See i d . The court notes here that the plaintiff has made

a fairly strong showing of relatedness and purposeful availment.

Because a nonresident defendant always incurs some burden to

appear in the forum state, the First Circuit has said that in

order for this "factor to have any significance, the defendant

must demonstrate that 'exercise of jurisdiction in the present

circumstances is onerous in a special, unusual, or other

constitutionally significant way.'" Nowak,

(guoting Pritzker,

). Teletron argues that the

distance between Indiana and New Hampshire poses an onerous

burden for its witnesses, citing Ticketmaster in support.

However, the First Circuit in Ticketmaster noted only that the

burden of traveling across an ocean or the width of North America

is onerous. See Ticketmaster, 26 F.3d at 210; c f . Panavision

Int'l, L.P. v. Toeppen,

(9th Cir. 1998)

(finding travel from Illinois to California not significantly

burdensome); Pritzker,

(New York to Puerto Rico not

12 significantly burdensome); Hasbro, Inc. v. Clue Computing, Inc.,

(D. Mass. 1997) (Colorado to Massachusetts

not significantly burdensome). The court notes that, while the

burden on Teletron is not minor and this factor is an important

one, the burden here is simply not severe enough to defeat

jurisdiction. We are in an age where air travel for long

distances is a commonplace occurrence for many of those engaged

in business .

The forum state has a significant interest where one of its

citizens has entered into a contract and the contract has

allegedly been breached in the forum state. See Salpoglou v.

Shlomo Widder,

(D. Mass. 1995). Here,

where the plaintiff seeks to clarify the rights and obligations

of the parties under the Agreement, the litigation could result

in a conclusion that a contract with a New Hampshire corporation

has been breached in New Hampshire.

Teletron concedes that New Hampshire is the most convenient

forum for Arguss. Furthermore, the plaintiff's choice of forum

is due a degree of deference. See Ticketmaster, 26 F.3d at 211

(citing Piper Aircraft Co. v. Revno,

(1981)). The

judicial system's interest generally does not favor either party

unless there is a possibility that multiple claims will be

brought in different jurisdictions, and that does not appear to

13 be an issue in this case.6 See Nowak,

. Finally,

considerations of public policy do not appear to weigh in either

party's favor.

In reviewing its analysis of the five Gestalt factors, the

court finds that the results tend, though not strongly, to favor

Arguss. Coupled with Arguss's convincing demonstration that the

relatedness and purposeful availment prongs of the three-part

test have been met, the court finds that it may exercise personal

jurisdiction over Teletron in compliance with due process.

B. Dismissal Based on Forum Selection Clause

Teletron argues that the Agreement contains a binding forum

selection clause that precludes Arguss from bringing suit outside

of Monroe County, Indiana. Arguss objects, claiming that the

clause is not a valid forum selection clause and that even if it

were, it does not bind Arguss because WMCC had no authority to

contract, or because Arguss is not bound by the Agreement.

It is not entirely clear whether a forum selection clause

6Teletron argues that a choice of law clause favoring Indiana law weighs in its favor. However, Arguss denies that WMCC's Agreement with Teletron contains a choice of law clause, so the court cannot consider this fact for the purpose of deciding this motion. See Boit,

(the court may consider only undisputed facts presented by the defendant). The court also notes that the Agreement on its face does not appear to contain a choice of law clause.

14 can deprive a court of venue, and if so, under what mechanism.

See Lambert v. Kvsar,

, 1112 n.l (1st Cir. 1993)

(noting challenge based on forum selection clause should be

brought pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)); Maxon Enq'q Servs., Inc. v.

United Sciences, Inc.,

(D.P.R. 1998)

(deciding similar motion as transfer under

);

Stereo Gema, Inc. v. Maqnadvne Corp.,

, 276 n.10

(D.P.R. 1996) (treating motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(3)).7

The court will assume for the purpose of deciding this motion

that it may, pursuant to

(a), dismiss a case

for lack of venue based on a forum selection clause.

The parties have not addressed whether state law or federal

common law controls the validity and interpretation of the forum

selection clause. The First Circuit has not defined its position

on this issue. See Lambert,

& n.10 (declining

to decide issue and noting circuit split); see also Courville Co.

v. Coopers & Lvbrand Sec., No. 97-606 (D.N.H. Apr. 27, 1998)

(Barbadoro, J.) (applying New Hampshire law to interpret forum

selection clause). Because the forum selection clause here would

not be interpreted as a mandatory clause under either New

Hampshire law or federal common law, it is unnecessary to decide

7While Teletron moves for dismissal based on the forum selection clause, Teletron does not specify in its motion upon which procedural rule it relies.

15 this issue. See Triangle Trading Co. v. Robrov Indus., Inc.,

(D.P.R. 1997) (declining to decide issue and

applying federal common law where it does not significantly

differ from Puerto Rico law); see also Dancart Corp. v. St.

Albans Rubber Co., Ltd.,

(1984)

(interpreting whether forum selection clause is mandatory under

New Hampshire law).

A forum selection clause may be mandatory or permissive.

See, e.g.. Excell, Inc. v. Sterling Boiler & Mechanical, Inc.,

(10thCir. 1997); John Boutari & Son, Wines &

Spirits, S.A. v. Attiki Importers & Distribs., Inc.,

(2d Cir. 1994); Redondo Constr. Corp. v. Banco Exterior De

Espana, S .A . ,

(1st Cir. 1993); Docksider, Ltd. v.

Sea Tech., L t d .,

, 764 (9th Cir. 1989) . A forum

selection clause does not affect the usual presumption in favor

of a plaintiff's choice of forum unless the clause is mandatory.

See Utah Pizza Serv., Inc. v. Heigel,

(D.

Utah 1992). "'To be mandatory, a forum selection clause must

contain language that clearly designates a forum as the exclusive

one.'" Trans Nat'l Travel, Inc. v. Sun Pac. Int'l, Inc.,

(D. Mass. 1998) (guoting Northern Cal. Dist.

Council of Laborers v. Pittsburg-Des Moines Steel Co . ,

, 1037 (9th Cir. 1995)) .

16 A permissive clause merely grants jurisdiction to the named

forum, and does not preclude a cause of action from being brought

elsewhere. See Utah Pizza,

. If the court

determines that a forum selection clause is not mandatory, that

does not mean that the clause is effectively written out of the

contract. See Snapper, Inc. v. Redan,

, 1262 n.24

(11th Cir. 1999). It simply means that the clause does not

preclude a party from bringing suit in any jurisdiction where

venue is proper. See i d .

For a forum selection clause to be mandatory, the clause

must clearly display the intent of the contracting parties to

choose a particular forum to the exclusion of all other fora.

See Jumara v. State Farm Ins. Co . ,

(3d Cir.

1995); Redondo Constr. Corp.,

("Affirmatively

conferring . . . jurisdiction by consent does not negatively

exclude any other proper jurisdiction"). Despite containing

forceful words like "shall," the clause will not be deemed

mandatory unless it is clear that the clause mandates the

exclusive use of a particular forum. See Cummings v. Caribe

Mktg. & Sales Co., Inc.,

(D.P.R. 1997)

(citing Hunt Wesson Foods, Inc. v. Supreme Oil Co . ,

(9th Cir. 1987)). Courts apply the general rule of construing

ambiguous contract provisions against the drafter of forum

17 selection clauses. See Milk 'N' More, Inc. v. Beavert,

(10th Cir. 1992); Hunt Wesson Foods,

;

Cummings,

n.l; Utah Pizza,

n.l.

A crucial distinction between mandatory and permissive

clauses is whether the clause only mentions jurisdiction or

specifically refers to venue. See John Boutari & Son,

; Paper Express, Ltd. v. Pfankuch Maschinen GmbH,

(7th Cir. 1992); Docksider, 875 F.2d at 764, cited in

Lambert,

. In Docksider, the Ninth Circuit noted

that "[w]hen only jurisdiction is specified the clause will

generally not be enforced without some further language

indicating the parties' intent to make jurisdiction exclusive."

Docksider, 875 F.2d at 764. Following Docksider, the Seventh

Circuit in Paper Express noted that where an intent to make venue

exclusive is clearly expressed the forum selection clause is

mandatory, but where only jurisdiction is specified the clause is

permissive. See Paper Express,

. Other courts

have followed this distinction; for example, the language

"jurisdiction and venue shall be in California" was held to be

mandatory. Sterling Forest Assocs., Ltd. v. Barnett-Ranqe Corp.,

, 250 (4th Cir. 1988), overruled on other grounds by

Lauro Lines v. Chasser,

(1989), while the language

18 " [p]lace of jurisdiction shall be Dresden" was held to be

permissive, Hull 753 Corp. v. Elbe Fluqzeuqwerke GmbH,

(N.D. 111. 1999).8

80ther illustrative examples of mandatory and permissive clauses include:

"Jurisdiction shall be in the State of Colorado, and venue shall lie in the County of El Paso, Colorado." Excell, Inc. v. Sterling Boiler & Mechanical, Inc.,

(10th Cir. 1997) (mandatory).

"Any dispute . . . shall come within the jurisdiction of the competent Greek courts, specifically of the Thessaloniki Courts." John Boutari & Son,

(permissive).

"[Each party] hereby expressly submits to the jurisdiction of all Federal and State courts located in the State of Florida." Redondo Constr. Corp. v. Banco Exterior De Espana, S.A.,

(1st Cir. 1993) (permissive).

" [V]enue shall lie exclusively in Clark County, Washington." Lambert v. Kvsar,

(1st Cir. 1993) (mandatory).

" [V]enue shall be proper under this agreement in Johnson County, Kansas." Milk 'N' More, Inc. v. Beavert,

(10th Cir. 1992) (mandatory).

"The courts of California, County of Orange, shall have jurisdiction over the parties in any action at law. . ." Hunt Wesson Foods,

(permissive).

"Place of jurisdiction is Brazil." Citro Florida, Inc. v. Citrovale, S.A.,

(11th Cir. 1985) (permissive).

" [A]ny and all disputes . . . shall be litigated only in the Superior Court for Los Angeles, California (and in no other), and Exhibitor hereby consents to the jurisdiction of said court." Pelleport Investors, Inc. v. Budco Quality Theatres,

(9th Cir. 1984) (mandatory).

" [V]enue for any proceeding . . . shall be Salt Lake County,

19 The one-page Agreement contains the following paragraph:

The term of this Agreement shall be 12 months from the date of acceptance. Client acknowledges that Teletron will perform services at its offices in Bloomington, IN, and stipulates that jurisdiction for this Agreement shall be in Monroe County, IN.

The clause contained in the Agreement confers jurisdiction on

Monroe County, Indiana, but does not mention venue at all. The

clause does not say that Monroe County is the only forum where a

lawsuit may proceed. The clause resembles other clauses that

courts have held to be permissive. For these reasons, the court

concludes that the clause is not a mandatory forum selection

clause because it does not unambiguously indicate that the

parties intended for Monroe County, Indiana to be the only forum

where the parties could bring suit. Therefore, the inclusion of

the forum selection clause in the Agreement does not make venue

State of Utah." Nascone v. Soudnuts, Inc.,

(3d Cir. 1984) (mandatory).

"[T]he parties submit to the jurisdiction of the courts of New York." Keatv v. Freeport Indonesia, Inc.,

, 956 (5th Cir. 1974) (permissive).

"[T]he courts of the State of Michigan shall have personal jurisdiction over its person, that it shall submit to such personal jurisdiction, and that venue is proper in Michigan." Utah Pizza,

(permissive).

"Place of jurisdiction is Bad Segeberg, F.R.G." All-Tech Indus., Inc. v. Freitag Elec.,

, at *2 (N.D. 111. Aug. 5, 1988) (permissive).

20 improper in the District of New Hampshire and does not warrant

dismissal based on improper venue.

C. Transfer

In the alternative, Teletron moves to transfer the case to

the Southern District of Indiana pursuant to

Teletron argues that Indiana is the more convenient forum and

that New Hampshire's interest in the litigation does not exceed

Indiana's interest. Arguss objects, arguing that the costs and

eguities do not strongly favor Teletron and therefore the

presumption in favor of Arguss's choice of forum should be

honored.

The district court may, within its discretion, transfer a

case to another proper venue pursuant to

(a).

United States ex rel. LaVallev v. First Nat'l. Bank of Boston,

(D.N.H. 1985). Certainly Arguss could have

brought the underlying action in the Southern District of

Indiana, where Teletron's principal place of business is located.

9Ieletron also moves to transfer under the common law doctrine of forum non conveniens. The court applies the statutory standards of § 1404 and not forum non conveniens doctrine, because the former has superseded the latter except in cases where transfer to a foreign sovereign is reguested. See Ouackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co . ,

(1996); see also Howe v. Goldcorp Invs., Ltd.,

(1st Cir. 1991) .

21 See

(c). Section 1404(a) instructs the court

to transfer a case "[f]or the convenience of parties and

witnesses" and "in the interest of justice . . . ."

0 4 (a) .

A defendant seeking a transfer to a more convenient forum

bears a heavy burden of showing that a transfer is warranted

pursuant to

4 0 4 (a). See Buckley v. McGraw-Hill,

Inc.,

(D.N.H. 1991) . "The Supreme Court

has held that '[u]nless the balance is strongly in favor of the

defendant, the plaintiff's choice of forum should rarely be

disturbed.'" I d . (guoting Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert,

(1947)).

In exercising its discretion to transfer venue, the court

must consider both public and private interests in the location

of the litigation, including the convenience of the parties and

witnesses, the practical concerns for trial, and administrative

problems posed by choice of law or congestion of court dockets.

See Gulf Oil,

. Although no single factor is

dispositive, a court should consider: "(1) the convenience of

the parties, (2) the convenience of the witnesses, (3) the

relative ease of access to sources of proof, (4) the availability

of process to compel attendance of unwilling witnesses, (5) [the]

cost of obtaining willing witnesses, and (6) any practical

22 problems associated with trying the case most expeditiously and

inexpensively." F.A.I. Elec. Corp. v. Chambers,

(D. Mass. 1996) (citation omitted); see also Buckley,

(the court will consider such factors as the

"convenience of the parties and witnesses and the availability of

documents needed for evidence."). "Of those factors, the

convenience to the expected witnesses is 'probably the most

important factor, and the factor most frequently mentioned.'"

Fairview Mach. & Tool Co., Inc., v. Oakbrook Int'l, Inc.,

(D. Mass. 1999).

When parties have agreed to the selection of an exclusive

forum, that agreement "figures centrally in the district court's

calculus" under § 14 0 4 (a). Stewart Orq., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp.,

(1988); Maxon Enq'q Servs., Inc. v. United

Sciences, Inc.,

(D.P.R. 1998) . However, as

discussed above, the Agreement does not contain a mandatory forum

selection clause; the Agreement merely indicates the parties'

consent to jurisdiction in Indiana. Therefore, the clause

carries little weight in the § 1404 analysis. See Trans Nat'1

Travel,

.

The convenience of the parties is a wash; it is clearly more

convenient for Teletron to litigate in Indiana and for Arguss to

litigate in New Hampshire. Teletron argues that it will present

23 more witnesses at trial than Arguss, and that all of these

witnesses are located in Indiana. However, Arguss claims that it

will present just as many witnesses as Teletron, and that its

witnesses are all located in New Hampshire. Neither party has

claimed that either jurisdiction has a more congested docket, or

that there would be difficulty compelling witnesses to testify in

either forum. Nor does Teletron demonstrate that it will have

difficulty accessing sources of proof in New Hampshire.

Upon balancing the relevant interests, the court concludes

that Teletron has not met the heavy burden it carries to justify

a change of venue from Arguss's chosen forum. "Transfer is

inappropriate if the effect is merely to shift inconvenience from

one party to the other." Buckley,

. In the

end, the court holds that the balance of conveniences and the

interests of justice. Gulf Oil Co r p .,

, counsel in

favor of denying Teletron's motion to change venue.

24 Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, Teletron's motion to dismiss or

in the alternative to transfer is denied (document no.7).

Teletron's motion to strike is also denied (document no. 14).

The parties should make a concerted effort to resolve this

case promptly before they invest significant time and money in

discovery and trial.

SO ORDERED.

Joseph A. DiClerico, Jr, District Judge

November 19, 1999

cc: Andru H. Volinsky, Esguire Michael F. Merra, Esguire Mark R. Waterfill, Esguire

25