Leoutsakos v . Coll’s Hospital Pharm. CV-02-434-M 07/08/03 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

Thomas Leoutsakos, Plaintiff

v. Civil N o . 02-434-M Opinion N o .

Coll’s Hospital Pharmacy, Inc. and HealthCraft Products, Inc., Defendants

O R D E R

Thomas Leoutsakos holds United States patent 5,195,200 (the

“‘200 patent”), covering a “manual support apparatus attachable

to a bedframe.” He claims that Coll’s Hospital Pharmacy, Inc.,

and HealthCraft Products, Inc., (“defendants”) have infringed

that patent. Before the court are defendants’ motion for summary

judgment (document n o . 1 5 ) , to which plaintiff has filed no

objection, and plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment (document

n o . 16). 1 Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is granted and

plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is denied.

1 Plaintiff has captioned his motion as one for partial summary judgment, explaining that after resolution of his patent claim, the issue of common law trademark infringement will still remain. However, plaintiff’s complaint contains only one count, asserting patent infringement. Therefore, he has no common law trademark infringement claim. Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate when the record reveals “no

genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party

is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R . CIV. P .

56(c). “To determine whether these criteria have been met, a

court must pierce the boilerplate of the pleadings and carefully

review the parties’ submissions to ascertain whether they reveal

a trialworthy issue as to any material fact.” Perez v . Volvo Car

Corp.,

(1st Cir. 2001) (citing Grant’s Dairy-

Me., L L C v . Comm’r of M e . Dep’t of Agric., Food & Rural Res.,

, 14 (1st Cir. 2000)). When ruling on a party’s motion for

summary judgment, the court must “scrutinize the summary judgment

record ‘in the light most hospitable to the party opposing

summary judgment, indulging all reasonable inferences in that

party’s favor.’” Navarro v . Pfizer Corp.,

0 , 94 (1st

Cir. 1995) (quoting Griggs-Ryan v . Smith,

1 2 , 115 (1st

Cir. 1990)).

Background

The ’200 patent was issued on March 2 3 , 1993. It discloses

“[a] manual support apparatus attachable to a bedframe for

2 providing a secure and stable method for a user/patient to

transfer into and out of bed independently, and enhance in-bed

mobility.” ’200 patent (Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. A ) , abstract,

l l . 1-4.

The ’200 patent has two independent claims (claims one and

ten) and eight dependent claims. Claim one reads as follows:

A manual support apparatus attachable to a bedframe comprising: a planar plate member having outside edges; two tubular members having internal bores for slidable receipt of a support tube; a first means to attach said tubular members to said plate member; and a second means to attach said plate member to said bedframe.

’200 patent, col. 6, l l . 12-20. Claim ten reads as follows:

A manual support apparatus attachable to a bedframe comprising: a planar plate member having outside edges; a support tube having two legs; two tubular members having internal bores for slidable receipt of said support tube; a first means to attach said tubular members to said plate member; and a second means to attach said plate member to said bedframe.

3 ’200 patent, col. 6, l l . 48-57. The device disclosed in the ’200

patent is a fixed bed rail that is supported in place along the

side of a bed by means of a planar plate member that is bolted or

clipped, below both the mattress and box spring, to the bedframe

side rail on the side of the bed on which the device is

installed.

Based upon their understanding of the ’200 patent (O’Brien

Aff. ¶¶ 5 - 8 ) , defendants designed and now market their own manual

support apparatus called the “Smart-Rail” (id. ¶ 4 ) . The Smart-

Rail is a movable bed rail that may be locked in position

parallel to the side of a bed, but which may also be unlocked and

swung outward, much like a gate, so that it stands perpendicular

to the side of the bed. (O’Brien Aff. ¶ 4 ; Def.’s Mot. Summ. J.,

Exs. B , C , & D.) Unlike the patented device, which has a planar

plate member attached to the underside of the bedframe, the

Smart-Rail has a tubular support frame that slides between the

box spring and the mattress and that may be lashed, with cloth

safety straps, to the bedframe side rail on the side of the bed

opposite the side on which the device is installed. (O’Brien

Aff. ¶ 7.)

4 Discussion

Plaintiff moves for summary judgment, arguing that the

Smart-Rail literally infringes the ’200 patent because it has:

(1) a means for attachment to the bedframe; (2) a planar plate

member; (3) two tubular members; and (4) a support tube that

slides into the tubular members. Defendants counter that the

Smart-Rail does not literally infringe because i t : (1) does not

attach to the bedframe; (2) has a tubular support frame rather

than a planar plate member; and (3) has only one tubular member,

rather than two. Defendants further argue that the Smart-Rail

does not infringe under the doctrine of equivalents because: (1)

cloth safety straps are not the equivalent of bolts or clips; (2)

one tubular member is not the equivalent of two tubular members;

and (3) a tubular support frame is not the equivalent of a planar

plate member. Because the Smart-Rail has neither a “planar plate

member” nor its equivalent, the accused device does not infringe

the ’200 patent.

Under the United States Patent Act, “[e]xcept as otherwise

provided . . . whoever without authority makes, uses, offers to

sell, or sells any patented invention, within the United States

5 or imports into the United States any patented invention during

the term of the patent therefor, infringes the patent.”

(a).

An infringement analysis requires two steps: construction of the claims, to determine their scope and meaning, and comparison of the properly construed claims to the allegedly infringing device or method. Cybor Corp. v . FAS Techs., Inc.,

(Fed. Cir. 1998) (en banc). Claim construction . . . is a matter of law . . . . Lockheed Martin Corp. v . Space Sys./Loral, Inc.,

(Fed. Cir. 2001). The comparison of claims to the accused device or method, and the corresponding determination of infringement, whether literal or under the doctrine of equivalents, is a question of fact. Tanabe Seiyaku C o . v . United State Int’l Trade Comm’n,

, 731 (Fed. Cir. 1997).

J & M Corp. v . Harley-Davidson, Inc.,

(Fed.

Cir. 2001) (parallel citations omitted).

I. Claim Construction

“It is well-settled that, in interpreting an asserted claim,

the court should look first to the intrinsic evidence of record,

i.e., the patent itself, including the claims, the specification

and, if in evidence, the prosecution history.” Vitronics Corp.

v . Conceptronic, Inc.,

(Fed. Cir. 1996)

(citing Markman v . Westview Instruments, Inc.,

6 7 , 979

6 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (en banc), aff’d

(1996)). When

examining the intrinsic evidence, the court should first “look to

the words of the claims themselves, both asserted and

nonasserted, to define the scope of the patented invention.”

Vitronics,

(citing Bell Communications Research,

Inc. v . Vitalink Communications Corp.,

(Fed.

Cir. 1995)). In doing s o , the court must bear in mind the “heavy

presumption in favor of the ordinary meaning of claim language.”

Kraft Foods, Inc. v . Int’l Trading Co.,

(Fed.

Cir. 2000) (quoting Johnson Worldwide Assocs., Inc. v . Zebco

Corp.,

(Fed. Cir. 1999)). After considering

the ordinary meaning of the claim language, the court should

“review the specification to determine whether the inventor has

used any terms in a manner inconsistent with their ordinary

meaning,” Vitronics,

, but “any special

definition given to a word must be clearly defined in the

specification,” Kraft Foods,

(quoting Markman,

52 F.3d at 9 8 0 ) .

Claim construction often entails a Markman hearing, the

purpose of which is to provide the court with guidance on the

7 interpretation of complex technical information. But where, as

here, neither party has requested such a hearing, and the subject

matter of the patent is not highly technical, the patent claims

may be construed without benefit of a Markman hearing.

The key claim term is “planar plate member.” As used in the

’200 patent, a planar plate member is a planar member that is “a

perfectly flat sheet of a material of uniform thickness

throughout.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH

LANGUAGE 1734. All the drawings in the ’200 patent depict a flat

plate member of uniform thickness that is unpierced, with the

exception of holes for attachment hardware, and there is nothing

in the specification that redefines the term “plate” to include

anything other than a sheet of uniform thickness. See Kraft

Foods,

(citation omitted).

II. Literal Infringement

The Smart-Rail does not literally infringe the ’200 patent.

“ A claim is literally infringed when the accused device literally

embodies each limitation of the claim.” Kraft Foods,

(citing Pall Corp. v . Micron Separations, Inc.,

(Fed. Cir. 1995)). The Smart-Rail does not literally

infringe because the Smart-Rail does not embody the limitation of

a planar plate member as disclosed in claims one and ten of the

’200 patent. If plaintiff had claimed a “planar member” rather

than a “planar plate member,” then perhaps an argument could be

made that the tubular support frame in the Smart-Rail embodies

the claim limitation. But because the ’200 patent claims a

planar member that is a plate, and because the Smart-Rail’s

tubular support frame is not a sheet of uniform thickness but i s ,

instead, a largely open frame made from cylindrical tubes, the

Smart-Rail does not literally infringe the ’200 patent.2

Since literal infringement can be determined based upon the

“planar plate member” limitation, there is no cause to construe

the “attachable to a bedframe” or “two tubular members”

2 Plaintiff’s Exhibits 1 and 2 , in which he labels elements of the Smart-Rail using terms from the ’200 patent, are not persuasive. The Smart-Rail element plaintiff calls a “planar plate member” most closely corresponds to the brace (element 24) in the ’200 patent, while the element that most closely corresponds to the planar plate member in the ’200 patent, the tubular support frame, is completely ignored. Moreover, contrary to plaintiff’s assertion (Leoutsakos Aff. ¶ 6 ) , member 28 does not attach the putative planar plate to the bedframe; it connects the unlabeled tubular support frame to the bedframe.

9 limitations of the ’200 patent, nor is there a need to determine

whether the Smart-Rail embodies those limitations.

III. Infringement Under the Doctrine of Equivalents

The Smart-Rail also does not infringe the ’200 patent under

the doctrine of equivalents. Infringement by an equivalent

occurs when “the accused product or process contain[s] elements

identical or equivalent to each claimed element of the patented

invention.” Warner-Jenkinson C o . v . Hilton-Davis Chem. Co.,

7 , 40 (1997). “The determination of equivalence should be

applied as an objective inquiry on an element-by-element basis.”

Equivalence is shown by evidence that the accused device contains an element that is not “substantially different” from any claim element that is literally lacking [in the accused device], see [Warner-Jenkinson,

0 ] , or that the claimed limitation and the accused component “perform[] substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result,” see Ethicon Endo- Surgery, Inc. v . United States Surgical Corp.,

(Fed. Cir. 1998).

Kraft Foods,

(parallel citations omitted).

10 “Determination of infringement, whether literal or under the

doctrine of equivalents, is a question of fact.” Hilgraeve Corp.

v . Symantec Corp.,

(Fed. Cir. 2001) (citing

Bai v . L & L Wings, Inc.,

(Fed. Cir. 1998)).

However, “summary judgment of non-infringement can . . . be

granted i f , after viewing the alleged facts in the light most

favorable to the non-movant, there is no genuine issue whether

the accused device is encompassed by the claims.” Hilgraeve,

(quoting Pitney Bowes, Inc. v . Hewlett-Packard Co.,

(Fed. Cir. 1999)); see also Warner-Jenkinson,

n.8 (“Where the evidence is such that no

reasonable jury could determine two elements to be equivalent,

district courts are obligated to grant partial or complete

summary judgment.”) (citations omitted).

No reasonable jury could determine that the Smart-Rail’s

tubular support frame is the equivalent of the patented device’s

planar plate member, because the tubular support frame does not

meet the “function-way-result” test. In the ’200 patent, the

planar plate member is fixed to the underside of the bedframe

with bolts or clips, and is connected to the side of the bed on

11 which the device is installed. In contrast, the Smart-Rail’s

tubular support frame fits between the mattress and the box

spring, and is linked to the bed frame by a cloth safety strap,

on the side of the bed opposite the side on which the Smart-Rail

is installed. The components perform in different ways, as do

the means of connection. Moreover, the planar plate member and

the tubular support frame perform different functions. The

planar plate member connects the support tube to the bedframe in

a way that allows the bedframe to function as the sole weight-

bearing element for the support tube/handle. Indeed, in several

embodiments, no part of the apparatus touches the floor. In

contrast, the Smart-Rail employs two legs that rest on the floor.

Those legs serve as the primary weight-bearing element.

Similarly, the bolts or clips that connect the planar plate

member to the bed frame provide a fixed form of weight-bearing

attachment while the Smart-Rail’s cloth safety straps do not;

they perform a secondary safety function.

If the Smart-Rail’s tubular support frame were bolted or

clipped to the underside of the bedframe, on the side of the bed

on which it was installed, then, perhaps, an argument might be

12 made that the tubular support frame constitutes an infringing

equivalent of the planar plate member. But because the planar

plate member (and its means of attachment) and the Smart-Rail’s

tubular support frame (and its cloth safety straps) do not

“perform[] substantially the same function in substantially the

same way to achieve substantially the same result,” the Smart-

Rail does not infringe the ’200 patent under the doctrine of

equivalents. Kraft Foods,

(citations omitted).

Conclusion

For the reasons given, plaintiff’s motion for summary

judgment (document n o . 16) is denied and defendant’s motion for

summary judgment (document n o . 15) is granted. The Clerk of

Court shall enter judgment in accordance with this order and

close the case.

SO ORDERED.

Steven J. McAuliffe United States District Judge

July 8 , 2003

13 cc: Thomas Leoutsakos, pro se Ralph F. Holmes, Esq.

14