UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

United States

v. Criminal No. 16-cr-033-JD Opinion No.

Daniel E. Musso, Sr.

O R D E R1

Daniel E. Musso, Sr., is charged with four counts of

receiving an unregistered firearm in violation of the National

Firearms Act (“NFA”),

, et seq., and one count

of receiving explosive materials in violation of

(a)(3)(A). Musso moves to dismiss all the charges against

him, arguing that the government acted outrageously in handling

critical evidence. In addition, Musso moves to dismiss Counts

I-IV charging violations of the NFA for receiving an

unregistered firearm, arguing that he did not possess a firearm

as defined by that statute. The government objects.

Background

In this case, the government alleges that Musso illegally

received a firearm and explosive materials when he purchased

four M67 military fragmentation grenades from an undercover FBI

agent. Musso’s motion challenges the government’s acquisition

1 Corrected Order omitting extra spacing in paragraph 1, line 6. and handling of those grenades and whether those grenades

qualify as firearms under the NFA.

For purposes of this motion, the following facts about the

grenades are undisputed by both parties. The FBI purchased the

grenades at issue in this case from the United States Marine

Corps in Quantico, Virginia. In November of 2015, the FBI

Explosives Unit in Quantico, Virginia sent the grenades to Brian

Leblanc in Boston, who was a bomb technician for the FBI’s

Boston field office. Shortly thereafter, the FBI began its

investigation concerning Musso.

When Leblanc received the grenades, their original fuzes

had been removed and replaced with inoperable fuzes. As a

result, the grenades would not explode if the pin were pulled,

as they were designed to do. Nevertheless, each grenade

contained 6.5 ounces of Composition B high explosive material

and was capable of exploding by means of a commercial detonator.

Following Musso’s arrest, the FBI searched Musso’s premises and

did not find any fuzes or detonating devices.

Discussion

Musso moves to dismiss all counts, arguing that the

government’s conduct in acquiring, possessing, and transporting

the grenades that it provided him was outrageous. Musso also

contends that dismissal is warranted because the government

2 cannot demonstrate an adequate chain of custody for the

grenades. Finally, Musso moves to dismiss the four counts

against him under the NFA for receiving an unregistered firearm,

arguing that the devices that he allegedly possessed, military

grenades with inoperable fuzes, did not qualify as a firearm

under that statute.

I. Government’s Handling of the Grenades

Musso moves to dismiss the charges against him, arguing

that the government’s handling of the grenades (1) constituted

outrageous conduct and (2) raises questions as to whether the

government will be able to prove a chain of custody for the

grenades.

A. Standard of Review

Under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 12(b)(1), “[a]

party may raise by pretrial motion any defense, objection, or

request that the court can determine without a trial on the

merits.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(1). “A motion is capable of

pretrial determination ‘if trial of the facts surrounding the

commission of the alleged offense would be of no assistance in

determining the validity’ of the motion.” United States v.

Turner,

(8th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States

v. Covington,

(1969)). Accordingly, although

3 courts may make pretrial factual findings in resolving a

pretrial motion, they may not “make factual findings when an

issue is inevitably bound up with evidence about the alleged

offense itself.” Id. at 605 (internal quotation marks omitted).

B. Outrageous Conduct

In support of his claim of outrageous conduct, Musso points

to an array of federal laws and regulations governing the

handling of weapons and explosive materials, including

registration requirements, military safety regulations, and

excise taxes for explosives. Musso contends that because there

is no evidence that the government complied with these laws and

regulations, the court should infer that the government acted

unlawfully and dangerously, thereby putting the public at risk.

Musso further charges that such conduct is outrageous and that

the remedy for it is the dismissal of the charges against him.

In response, the government has provided an affidavit from

Brian Leblanc, an FBI special agent, who states that the

grenades were stored safely at all times during the

investigation. The government also argues that it is exempt

from the rules and regulations that Musso cites. Finally, the

government argues that even if it did not comply fully with all

of the rules and regulations governing the handling of the

4 grenades, that conduct does not constitute outrageous conduct

that would support dismissal of the charges.

“A defendant's claim of outrageous government misconduct

faces a demanding standard, permitting the dismissal of criminal

charges ‘only in those very rare instances when the government's

misconduct is so appalling and egregious as to violate due

process by shocking . . . the universal sense of justice.’”

United States v. Therrien,

(1st Cir. 2017), cert.

denied,

(2017) (quoting United States v. Luisi,

(1st Cir. 2007)). Although the defense is

theoretically possible, the First Circuit has yet to approve its

use, United States v. Luisi,

(1st Cir. 2007),

and has remarked that it is “almost never successful,” United

States v. Santana,

(1st Cir. 1993). Indeed, the

defense is “reserved for only the most egregious circumstances

and should not be invoked each time the government acts

deceptively or participates in a crime that it is

investigating.” Therrien,

(internal quotation

marks omitted).

In addition, to benefit from an outrageous conduct defense

the defendant must show that the conduct at issue violated some

right of the defendant, not merely that the government harmed

third parties. Santana,

(overturning district

5 court’s dismissal of indictment for outrageous government

conduct based on the danger posed to the public when government

agents allowed 13 grams of heroin to enter commerce); see also

United States v. Teague,

(1st Cir.

2006)(rejecting outrageous conduct defense based on illegal

search of third parties’ property).

Here, the purported outrageous conduct that Musso points to

is the government’s noncompliance with a panoply of federal laws

and regulations concerning the transport and regulation of

explosives and weapons. In the first instance, the relevance of

the alleged conduct to the pending indictment is highly doubtful

on its face, and Musso has not shown the relevance in his

memorandum. Furthermore, even if the court were to take Musso’s

unsubstantiated allegations as true—something that is far from

certain—the conduct at issue does not rise to the level of

outrageousness that is required to dismiss criminal charges. In

other words, the government’s alleged failure to abide by the

cited laws and regulations is not so appalling or egregious as

to shock a universal sense of justice or fundamental fairness.

Further, Musso does not explain how the public safety risk, that

he contends the government may have created, had any detrimental

effect on his due process rights. To that end, Musso has failed

to explain how the government’s acquisition, safekeeping, and

6 transport of the grenades prior to the alleged crime at issue

has any bearing on the matters in this case. Accordingly,

Musso’s motion to dismiss based on the government’s purported

outrageous conduct in handling the grenades is denied.2

C. Chain of Custody

As another basis for dismissal, Musso argues that the

grenades, a critical piece of evidence in the government’s case,

must be excluded from evidence because the government cannot

demonstrate an adequate chain of custody for them. In support,

Musso points to the lack of documentary evidence tracking the

grenades from the time that the FBI acquired them from the

Marines to their arrival at the FBI’s Boston field office.

Musso also asserts that the government’s refusal or inability to

demonstrate compliance with the numerous laws and regulations

that he cited in support of his outrageous conduct argument

requires an inference that the government will not be able to

2 On the last page of his memorandum, Musso raises the argument that the court should also dismiss the indictment based on the government’s alleged misconduct under its inherent supervisory powers. To the extent Musso raises this argument as a distinct basis for dismissal, separate from due process concerns, that argument fails because (1) the conduct alleged is not egregious enough to warrant such a remedy and (2) Musso has not demonstrated that the alleged conduct prejudiced him. See United States v. Houlihan,

(1st Cir. 1996) (explaining when courts may use supervisory powers to dismiss charges).

7 demonstrate chain of custody for the grenades. Finally, Musso

contends that the government’s chain of custody form was filled

out months after his arrest, raising questions about its

legitimacy.

In response, the government argues that the chain of

custody inquiry is a factual one that is properly reserved for

trial. The government also argues that it will present evidence

demonstrating that the grenades are admissible. In support, the

government has provided an affidavit from Brian Leblanc, who

states that the grenades have been in his custody from the time

they arrived in Boston until now, except for the hour and

twenty-two-minute period when they were being used for the

undercover transaction at issue in this case. Leblanc asserts

that while the grenades were in his custody, he kept them

safeguarded in compliance with ATF regulations and did not

tamper with them. Finally, the government asserts that “the

manner in which [the] FBI came into possession of the

grenades before their use in this investigation is categorically

irrelevant, since it is of no consequence in resolving the

charges in the indictment.” Doc. no. 75 at 21.

Under Federal Rule of Evidence 901, “[t]o satisfy the

requirement of authenticating or identifying an item of

evidence, the proponent must produce evidence sufficient to

8 support a finding that the item is what the proponent claims it

is.” Fed. R. Evid. 901(a). If evidence is not “readily

identifiable by a unique feature or other identifying mark” or

is “susceptible to alteration, a testimonial tracing of the

chain of custody is needed.” United States v. Espinal-Almeida,

(1st Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

When proof of chain of custody is necessary, the testimony

must “‘render it improbable that the original item either has

been exchanged with another or has been tampered with or

contaminated.’” United States v. Anderson,

(1st

Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Abreu,

(1st Cir. 1992)). Where that standard is met, any gaps in the

chain of custody “‘factor into the weight given to the evidence

rather than its admissibility.’”

(quoting Abreu,

).

As an initial matter, as the government points out, the

handling of the grenades before the FBI used them in its

investigation of Musso is not relevant to this case. See

Anderson,

(“In determining whether the evidence

is admissible, the trial court must conclude that it was

reasonably probable that the evidence had not been altered since

the occurrence of the crime.” (internal quotation marks

9 omitted). Therefore, any purported gaps in the chain of custody

for the grenades before they were delivered to the FBI’s Boston

field office for investigatory purposes does not support a

finding that the grenades are inadmissible.

Further, chain of custody is an evidentiary issue that is

usually best decided at trial. See Hinkle v. Ford Motor Co.,

, at *4 (E.D. Ky. Nov. 20, 2012) (“Issues of

authentication and foundation are issues which are better

examined during trial as evidence is presented in context of the

parties’ arguments and testimony.”); United States v. Perez,

(N.D. Ohio 2005) (denying motion to dismiss

based on assertion that government will not be able to establish

chain of custody and noting that “[t]he defendant has not cited,

and this court is not aware of any case or cases holding that a

possible inability to construct a seamless chain of custody

entitles a defendant to dismissal before the government has

offered its proof.”). Here, the grenades’ authenticity and

chain of custody involve facts pertinent to the merits of the

case, and therefore any question concerning the admissibility of

the grenades is deferred until trial.

The defendant’s motion to dismiss alleging the government’s

inability to authenticate the grenades is denied. At trial the

defendant may raise any relevant and material challenges to the

10 authenticity of the grenades from the time they arrived at the

FBI’s Boston field office to the time they are offered into

evidence.

II. NFA Counts I-IV

Musso moves to dismiss Counts I-IV, charging him with

receiving an unregistered firearm in violation of § 5861(d) of

the NFA, arguing that the devices that he allegedly received do

not qualify as firearms under that statute.

A. Standard of Review

“[C]ourts must not inquire into the sufficiency of the

evidence underlying the indictment—for when a defendant seeks

dismissal of the indictment, the question is not whether the

government has presented enough evidence to support the charge,

but solely whether the allegations in the indictment are

sufficient to apprise the defendant of the charged offense.”

United States v. Stepanets,

(1st Cir. 2018)

(internal quotation marks omitted). For this reason, courts

“routinely rebuff efforts to use a motion to dismiss as a way to

test the sufficiency of the evidence behind an indictment's

allegations.”

(quoting United States v. Guerrier,

(1st Cir. 2011)).

11 Nevertheless, a narrow exception to this rule allows a

district court “to dismiss an indictment where the government

does not dispute the ability of the court to reach the motion

and proffers, stipulates, or otherwise does not dispute the

pertinent facts.” United States v. Weaver,

, 355 n*

(4th Cir. 2011) (noting near unanimity among circuit courts in

concluding that courts may decide such a pretrial motion);

United States v. Martinez-Mercado,

, 151 n.1

(D.P.R. 2015) (deciding motion to dismiss indictment and

observing that “[a]lthough the First Circuit Court of Appeals

has not addressed this issue seven other circuit courts of

appeals have squarely held that district courts may properly

rule on a motion to dismiss an indictment when the facts are

undisputed, the government does not object to the procedure, and

the only question is a legal one.”).

Here, the government has requested that the court resolve

this issue. Furthermore, the facts necessary to decide the

issue are undisputed, meaning that the court’s inquiry is a

question of law. For those reasons, the court will consider

Musso’s motion to dismiss Counts I-IV charging violations of the

NFA.

12 B. NFA Counts I-IV

The government charges Musso with violations of

(d), which makes it unlawful “for any person . . . to

receive or possess a firearm which is not registered to him in

the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record.”

at

§ 5861(d). Under the NFA, several types of weapons qualify as a

“firearm,” including a “destructive device.”

(a)(8). The NFA defines a “destructive device” as follows:

The term ‘destructive device' means (1) any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas . . . (B) grenade. . . or (F) similar device; (2) [not relevant]; and (3) any combination of parts either designed or intended for use in converting any device into a destructive device as defined in subparagraphs (1) and (2) and from which a destructive device may be readily assembled. The term ‘destructive device’ shall not include any device which is neither designed nor redesigned for use as a weapon . . . .

at § 5845(f).

In support of its argument that the grenades without

operable fuzes are destructive devices, and thus firearms under

the statute, the government relies exclusively on the first

subsection of § 5845(f)(1)(B), asserting that the devices Musso

allegedly received were “explosive . . . grenades.” The

government argues that Congress intended § 5845(f)(1) to apply

to any device that is a “paradigmatic . . . example” of certain

categories of the military weapons listed in that subsection.

The government further argues that because the devices at issue

13 were originally designed as grenades for the military, and

because they contained explosives, they were “explosive

grenades” under the NFA, regardless of whether they contained a

mechanism capable of initiating detonation or explosion.

In response, Musso argues that the devices he allegedly

received do not qualify as “explosive grenades” because they did

not have operable fuzes and therefore could not explode. Musso

further contends that because he did not possess any mechanism

that could ignite or detonate the devices, the devices were not

explosive at the time of his arrest.

1. Interpretation of the NFA

To determine the meaning of statutory language, courts

“employ the traditional tools of statutory construction,

including a consideration of the language, structure, purpose,

and history of the statute.” United States v. Gordon,

(1st Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). The

starting point of such an inquiry however, “is the text of the

statute itself.”

Where Congress has not defined the

language at issue, courts should “assume those words carry their

plain and ordinary meaning.”

(internal quotation marks

omitted); see also Artis v. D.C.,

(2018)

(“[W]e look first to [a statute’s] language, giving the words

14 used their ordinary meaning.” (internal quotation marks

omitted)).

Here, the ordinary meaning of “grenade” implies a device

that contains not only explosive material but also a means of

detonating that explosive material. This conclusion is

supported by the dictionary definition of grenade, which is “[a]

small bomb or explosive missile that is detonated by a fuse and

thrown by hand or shot from a rifle or launcher.” See The

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, available

at https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Grenade (2018);

see also Oxford Online English Dictionary (defining “grenade” as

“[a] small bomb thrown by hand or launched mechanically,”

available at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/

grenade, and defining bomb as “[a] container filled with

explosive or incendiary material, designed to explode on impact

or when detonated by a timing, proximity, or remote-control

device,” available at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/

definition/bomb).

Moreover, the term “grenade” in § 5845(f) is modified by

the word “explosive.” When used as a modifier, that word

suggests that the grenade must, in fact, be capable of

exploding. See The American Heritage Dictionary of the English

Language (defining the adjective explosive as “(1) Relating to

15 or having the nature of an explosion. (2) Tending to explode.”),

available at https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=

explosive; Oxford English Dictionary (defining the adjective

“explosive” as “[a]ble or likely to shatter violently or burst

apart”), available at https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/

definition/explosive.3 Accordingly, the court concludes that the

ordinary meaning of the phrase “explosive grenade” in § 5845(f)

is a device that is in and of itself capable of exploding.

2. Interpretation by other courts

This interpretation is consistent with decisions from

courts that have considered whether a device that is not capable

of detonating may qualify as a “destructive device” under the

NFA. In United States v. Malone,

(5th Cir. 1977),

the defendant was convicted under § 5845(3) for possessing a

fragmentation grenade hull that contained no explosive material.

On appeal, the Fifth Circuit overturned Malone’s conviction,

holding that the lack of explosive material precluded the parts

The government contends that the modifiers “explosive, 3

incendiary, or poison gas” in § 5845(f)(1) do not take on their ordinary meaning but instead are meant to delineate the specific way that the device causes destruction. For example, the government asserts that “explosive” in § 5845(f)(1) means that the device at issue creates destruction “by explosion.” Doc. no. 75 at 7. Even if that is true, however, that meaning still contemplates a device that is capable of exploding.

16 in the defendant’s possession from being a destructive device.

Id. at 1184. The court concluded that, although it agreed with

the government that the device had no legitimate or innocent

use, “from a proper interpretation of the statute, the defendant

cannot be guilty of the offenses charged because he did not have

in his possession all of the component parts from which a

destructive device might be readily assembled.” Id.

In United States v. Blackburn,

(4th Cir.

1991), the Fourth Circuit confronted a similar issue. The

defendant in Blackburn was arrested after purchasing thirty

grenades, only two of which contained explosive material.

. After being indicted for and then pleading guilty to a

single count of possessing a grenade, the district court

calculated Blackburn’s sentence under the United States

Sentencing Guidelines, which increased a defendant’s base level

offense based on the number of firearms he possessed.

For

purposes of calculating the number of firearms that a defendant

possessed, the Sentencing Guidelines incorporated § 5845’s

definition of “firearm.” Id. In calculating Blackburn’s

sentence under the guidelines, the district court counted the

twenty-eight grenades that did not contain explosive powder as

firearms in Blackburn’s possession. Id.

17 On appeal, the Fourth Circuit concluded that the district

court had erred in including the 28 grenades when calculating

Blackburn’s sentence. Id. at 110. In doing so, the court

framed the relevant legal question as “whether a person can be

deemed in possession of a ‘destructive device’ if he does not

possess one of the requisite parts or ingredients needed to

activate the device.” Id. The Fourth Circuit answered that

question in the negative. Citing Malone, it concluded that “[a]

defendant must possess every essential part necessary to

construct a destructive device.” Id.

Likewise, in United States v. Osuna,

(10th

Cir. 1999), a defendant appealed the calculation of his

sentence, arguing that the district court had incorrectly

counted nine inert grenades as firearms in his possession under

the Sentencing Guidelines.

. The government

conceded that the inert grenades should not have been included,

and the Tenth Circuit agreed.

. Quoting Blackburn,

the Tenth Circuit concluded that “‘[i]nert’ hand grenades, by

definition, are not ‘destructive devices’ nor can they be

‘readily assembled’ into ‘destructive devices.’” Id.4

4 The court in Osuna did not explain why the grenades were “inert.”

18 The government argues that Malone and Blackburn are not

applicable here because they were decided under, § 5845(f)(3),

the “combination of parts” subsection, not § 5845(f)(1).

Subsection 5845(f)(3) provides that disassembled parts may only

be deemed a destructive device if they are a combination of

parts “from which a destructive device may be readily

assembled.” Accordingly, the Blackburn and Malone courts both

considered whether a fully assembled device containing the parts

that the defendant possessed would constitute a “destructive

device” under the NFA, which is the same issue raised in

construing § 5845(f)(1). Therefore, the court concludes that

the holdings in Malone and Blackburn, that a destructive device

must contain certain essential components, also applies to cases

under § 5845(f)(1).

It is correct, as the government points out, that Blackburn

and Malone concluded that explosive material, not a detonation

mechanism, was an essential component of a destructive device.

In both Malone and Blackburn, however, the courts reasoned that

the devices were not destructive devices because explosive

material was one of the essential components of a destructive

device. Malone,

(“[T]he defendant cannot be

guilty of the offenses charged because he did not have in his

possession all of the component parts from which a destructive

19 device might be readily assembled.”(emphasis added)); Blackburn,

(“A defendant must possess every essential part

necessary to construct a destructive device.”). Given that a

grenade’s only function is to explode, it follows that a

mechanism for detonating the device is also an essential part of

an “explosive grenade” under the NFA.5

Recently, a judge in this district applied similar

reasoning in concluding that grenades containing inoperable

fuzes are not destructive devices under § 5845(f)(1). In United

States v. McLarnon, 15-cr-00212-SM-1, the defendant, who was

charged with two counts of receiving an unregistered firearm

under § 5861(d), moved for judgment of acquittal, arguing that

the evidence at trial demonstrated that the devices—which were

grenades altered in similar fashion to those at issue here—

contained inoperable fuzes and therefore could not readily

detonate. See McLarnon, Motion for Rule 29 Judgment (doc. no.

121).6 Based on that evidence, the defendant asserted that the

5 The Blackburn court framed the legal issue that it was deciding as “whether a person can be deemed in possession of a ‘destructive device’ if he does not possess one of the requisite parts or ingredients needed to activate the device.’” Blackburn,

(emphasis added).

6 As Leblanc acknowledges in his affidavit, the altered grenades in both McLarnon and this case come from the same batch of six grenades with inert fuzes that he received from the FBI’s Explosives Unit in Quantico, Virginia. See doc. no. 75-1 at ¶¶ 2-3.

20 devices were not destructive devices under the NFA.

The

court granted the defendant’s motion, concluding that the

grenades were not destructive devices. See McLarnon, oral

order, docket entry 1/29/2018.

In support of its different interpretation, the government

argues that several circuit courts have rejected the idea that a

device must be operable to qualify as a destructive device under

the NFA and other statutes with similar definitions of

“destructive device.” See doc. no. 75, pp. 8-9. In each of

those cases, however, even though the device could not explode

as designed, the government offered evidence that the device at

issue was capable of exploding on its own without additional

parts.7 Accordingly, the cases cited by the government do not

7 See United States v. Sheehan,

(2nd Cir. 2016) (upholding conviction because jury could have relied on expert testimony “that the device could be detonated in some manner, such as by dropping the device or by unscrewing the end cap” and observing that other circuits “have held that the touchstone of whether a device an ‘explosive bomb’ is simply whether the bomb is capable of exploding”); United States v. Unthank,

(6th Cir. 2004) (upholding conviction because, in part, “according to trial testimony that the jury was free to credit, the device did in fact explode, although not with the high pressure fragmentation commonly associated with fragmentation grenades”); United States v. Langan,

, 625–26 (6th Cir. 2001) (affirming conviction because device “was capable of explosion by being thrown or dropped” and initiation circuity could have been achieved merely by stripping wires already on device); United States v. Evans,

(5th Cir. 1976) (expert testified that dynamite, which did not detonate originally,

21 stand for the proposition that a device that cannot explode in

and of itself is nevertheless a destructive device under the

NFA. Instead, in those cases, the devices were capable of

exploding without additional parts and therefore qualified as

destructive devices.

The government also asserts that it need not demonstrate

that the grenade was capable of exploding because courts have

“consistently held that ‘operability’ is not a required element

in other firearm cases.” Doc. no. 75 at 11-13. In support, the

government argues that courts have instead assessed whether a

device was designed to be a firearm. Id. at 13. The cases on

which the government relies interpreted different provisions of

federal law, which define a firearm broadly to include devices

“designed to” shoot or expel a projectile.8 While Congress used

could have done so if given the opportunity to dry); United States v. Kiliyan,

(8th Cir. 1972) (expert testified that device at issue could have exploded if it had been thrown or if the tape “band aid” in the device had been removed).

See United States v. Pena-Lora,

(1st 8

Cir. 2000) (interpreting

(a)(23) and observing that the statute “broadly defines ‘machinegun’ as ‘any weapon which shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading.” (emphasis in original)); United States v. Alston,

(1st Cir. 1997) (“The pertinent federal definition of a firearm is more expansive than the Massachusetts definition: It includes ‘any weapon which is designed to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive.’

(a)(3).” (alterations omitted)); United States v. Veilleux,

22 similar language—“designed to shoot” or “designed”—when defining

other subcategories of weapons in the NFA, Congress did not

employ that language when defining what qualified as a

destructive device under § 5845(f)(1). Cf.

(b),

(c) & (d) with § 5845(f). Congress’s decision not to use

similar language in its description of “destructive device” in

§ 5845(f) shows that Congress did not intend that the mere

design of a device be sufficient to render it a “destructive

device” for purpose of the NFA.9

Accordingly, the court concludes that to qualify as an

“explosive grenade” under § 5845(f)(1) a device must in and of

itself be capable of exploding. Here, it is undisputed that the

FBI replaced the fuzes in the grenades Musso received with inert

fuzes. Because the government does not dispute that these

devices were incapable of exploding on their own, without the

, 11 n.1 (1st Cir. 1994) (“The statute,

(a)(3), . . . states, “The term ‘firearm’ means (A) any weapon ... which will or is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive.”); United States v. Kirvan,

(1st Cir. 1993) (assessing adequacy of evidence that gun was a firearm for purposes of

, which uses definition of firearm in

(a)(3)).

9 § 5845(f)(3) provides that “any combination of parts . . . designed . . . for use in converting any device into a destructive device as defined in subparagraph (1)” qualifies as a destructive device, but only if it is a combination “from which a destructive device may be readily assembled.” Id. (emphasis added).

23 aid of some other detonating device, they are not “explosive

grenades” under § 5845(F)(1). Therefore, the court concludes

that the devices Musso received are not destructive devices or

firearms under the NFA.

Musso’s motion to dismiss Counts I-IV is granted.

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the defendant’s motion to

dismiss (doc. no. 72) is granted as to Counts I-IV and denied as

to Count V. The clerk shall schedule a final pretrial

conference with counsel.

SO ORDERED.

_________________________ Joseph A. DiClerico, Jr. United States District Judge

March 9, 2018

cc: John S. Davis, Esq. Penny Sue Dean, Esq. Matthew Hunter, Esq. Mark L. Sisti, Esq.

24