UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

United States of America

v. Criminal No. 21-cr-014-LM Opinion No.

P Alfredo Manuel Pires AKA Fred Michael Pires

ORDER

A grand jury indicted Alfredo Pires on one count of making false statements,

(a)(2), and one count of aggravated identity theft, 18 U.S.C.

§ 1028A(a)(2). Pires moves to transfer the case to the Central District of California.

The government objects. For the reasons that follow, Pires’s motion is granted.

LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 21(b) provides that “[u]pon the

defendant’s motion, the court may transfer the proceeding, or one or more counts,

against that defendant to another district for the convenience of the parties, any

victim, and the witnesses, and in the interest of justice.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 21(b). In

deciding whether transfer is warranted, courts consider the following factors from

Platt v. Minn. Mining & Mfg. Co.:

(1) the location of the defendant; (2) the location of possible witnesses; (3) the location of events likely to be in issue; (4) the location of documents and records likely to be involved; (5) the disruption of defendant’s business if the case is not transferred; (6) the expense to the parties; (7) the location of counsel; (8) the relative accessibility of the place of trial; (9) the docket condition of each district or division involved; and (10) any other special considerations relevant to transfer.

United States v. Muratoski,

(D.N.H. 2005) (citing Platt v. Minn.

Mining & Mfg. Co.,

(1964)).

BACKGROUND1

Pires applied for and received a U.S. passport in 1996. In 2007, he

successfully renewed the passport. On March 14, 2017, Pires submitted a passport

renewal form to the government in which he attested to personal identifying

information, including a name, date of birth, and parental information. He

submitted the renewal document in California, and it ultimately reached the

National Passport Office in New Hampshire. Pires’s passport paperwork shows that

he has lived in Los Angeles, California, for at least the last 25 years.

In 2018, the government flagged Pires’s 2017 renewal application for further

investigation as it contained personal identifying information consistent with

another person’s application. In 2018, the Los Angeles field office of the Diplomatic

Security Service opened an investigation into possible passport fraud. Special

agents of the Diplomatic Security Service’s Los Angeles office interviewed Pires in

California, spoke with the alleged identity theft victim in California, and collected

documents from California government agencies. In 2021, a grand jury in New

Hampshire indicted Pires on one count of making false statements, 18 U.S.C.

1 The background facts are taken from Pires’s recitation of the relevant facts, to

which the government does not object. 2 § 1001(a)(2), and one count of aggravated identity theft, 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(2), in

connection with his 2017 renewal application.

DISCUSSION

This is one of several prosecutions brought in the District of New Hampshire

for charges connected to applications submitted to the National Passport Center in

Portsmouth.2 Until 2004, the government routinely charged such cases as passport

fraud under

. In 2004, however, the First Circuit held that venue is

improper in the District of New Hampshire for passport fraud cases involving

applications mailed from out of state, reasoning that § 1542 is a completed offense

“at the moment an applicant makes a knowingly false statement in an application

with a view toward procuring a passport.” United States v. Salinas,

(1st Cir. 2004). Venue was not proper in this district, then, because all of the

conduct constituting the crime took place elsewhere.

. The court

contrasted such prosecutions to those for making false statements under

, which are generally considered continuing offenses, with the material

misrepresentation “continuing into the district in which the effects of the false

statement are felt.” Id. at 167. Thus, the government now routinely charges

passport fraud cases under § 1001 instead. See Muratowski,

.

2 The National Passport Center in Portsmouth is one of only four passport

centers around the country. The other centers are in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Arizona. 3 As this court noted in Muratowski, this “creative charging” serves some

practical purpose given that the National Passport Center is located here, relevant

documents are generally found here, and that local prosecutors entertain a

pragmatic concern that prosecutors in other districts may not be as willing to pursue

these cases given the disparity in caseloads and available resources.

. On the

other hand, the court noted that in these cases defendants often live hundreds of

miles away, have no personal contacts with this district, and would need to pay

substantial sums to travel and stay in New Hampshire on multiple occasions.

As such, this court routinely grants transfer of these cases to the district

where the defendant lives. See, e.g., United States v, Gonzales, 20-CR-17-SM,

Order, (D.N.H. Nov. 16, 2020) (transferring case to Northern District of California);

United States v. Eiles, 19-CR-55-01-JL, ECF Doc. No. 17, Order at *2 (D.N.H. Aug.

28, 2019) (transferring case to District of Arizona); United States v. Montejano, 19-

CR-51-JD, ECF Doc. No. 17, (D.N.H. Aug. 17, 2019) (transferring case to the Central

District of California); United States v. White, 04-CR-219-SM,

, at

*1 (D.N.H. Aug. 26, 2005) (transferring case to the Eastern District of New York);

Muratowski, 413 F. Supp. 2d at *12 (transferring case to the Northern District of

Illinois).

In Pires’s case, similarly, the Platt factors counsel in favor of transfer:

• Location of the defendant: Pires is a long-time resident of Los

Angeles and is employed in California. The multiple trips to New

Hampshire required to defend this case would no doubt be a hardship,

4 given the significant time and expense of cross-country travel.

• Location of possible witnesses: The government argues that a

single employee from the National Passport Center in New

Hampshire is an essential witness for the government and thus would

need to travel to California for trial, which would “create scheduling

and other logistic difficulties at the NPC.” Doc. no. 16-1 at 4. The

government, however, concedes that the United States can produce

the employee in the Central District of California3 if needed. It also

acknowledges that the National Passport Center can rearrange its

staffing roster to accommodate for the absence.

• Pires represents that all other likely trial witnesses live in California.

These include the two government agents who interviewed Pires in

2019, the alleged victim, and any witnesses likely to play a role in

sentencing.

• Location of events likely to be in issue: All events related to the

offense—other than the receipt of the document by the National

Passport Center—occurred in California.

• Location of documents and records likely to be involved: The

government argues that most of the documents likely to be produced

at trial are located at the National Passport Center. As the

3 The government indicated it would produce the employee in the Northern

District of California, not the Central District. The court assumes the government would likewise produce the employee in the Central District. 5 government concedes, however, the location of documents is not a

major concern as they can easily be moved. See Muratowski,

.

• Disruption of defendant’s business if case is not transferred:

Pires is employed at a California university and taking time off from

his job to come to New Hampshire would cause him financial

hardship.

• Expense to the parties: Pires argues that not only would he have

to travel to New Hampshire to attend court dates, but to properly

defend the case either Pires’s federal defender or an investigator

would have to travel to California. The government argues that the

District of New Hampshire is “readily accessible to [Pires] and

modestly priced overnight accommodations are available near the

Courthouse.” Doc. 16-1 at 6. The government also notes that the

Pires may seek funds to offset any costs.

• Location of counsel: Defense counsel represents that if this case is

transferred to California, it would likely be handled by an Assistant

United States Attorney and an attorney from the Federal Defender’s

Office in California. A federal public defender in the Central District

of California already represented Pires at an initial appearance in

California in March 2021, and thus is familiar with Pires’s case.

6 • The accessibility of the place of trial: The Central District of

California is more accessible to the parties, for the reasons discussed

above.

• The docket condition of each district or division involved: The

government argues that the relative dockets of this court and the

Central District of California indicate that this court is better

positioned to retain the case.

• Any other special considerations: The government argues that it

has an interest in the efficient marshalling of its resources, and that

centralizing these cases in one district minimizes duplication of

efforts across the country. While that may be so, it does not outweigh

the burden to the defendant and all witnesses other than the National

Passport Center employee if the case is not transferred.

• Finally, with regard to venue generally, the government argues that

the District of New Hampshire is the only district where the United

States would be able to meet its burden of proving venue for cases

brought under § 1001, and thus is the only jurisdiction in which this

case could have been properly charged. The government

acknowledges, however, that Pires has waived any objection to trying

this case in the Central District of California. Thus, the issue is

immaterial. Further, as this court noted in Montejano, the

government exercised its discretion to pursue this case under § 1001,

7 and that if there is any ambiguity about the proper venue for § 1001

offenses, there is not for passport fraud under

. See

Salinas,

(“[T]he plain language of

makes passport fraud a point-in-time offense, which can be

prosecuted at the place of the false statement but not at some different

place where the government, unbeknownst to the defendant, has

opted to process the application.”); Montejano, 19-CR-51-JD, ECF

Doc. No. 17 (“The government’s use of its discretion to indict [the

defendant] under § 1001 rather than § 1542 does not grant it

immunity from transfer.”).

In 2005, this court noted that prosecutions in this district for making false

statements on passport applications brought would likely raise transfer issues

somewhat frequently. Muratowski,

. And while the court

noted that a systemic approach to resolving these cases was not appropriate given

that every defendant’s circumstances would be different, it stated that “[g]overnment

counsel . . . can readily identify those cases that ought to be brought where the

defendant lives, and indict here only those cases in which transfer is not likely to be

ordered.”

. This court has recently reminded the government of this simple

solution. See Montejano, 19-cr-51-JD, ECF Doc. No. 17 at 9. Nevertheless, the

government continues to bring cases such as this one in New Hampshire, even

though the Platt factors squarely counsel in favor of transfer. And when objecting to

defendants’ motions to transfer, the government puts forth virtually identical

8 arguments time and time again. See, e.g., Gonzales, 20-CR-17-SM, ECF Doc. No. 14;

Eiles, 19-CR-55-01-JL, ECF Doc. No. 15; Montejano, 19-CR-51-JD, ECF Doc. No. 14.

The court yet again reminds the government to heed Muratowski’s sound advice.

CONCLUSION

Pires’s motion to change venue, doc. no. 14, is granted.

SO ORDERED.

__________________________ Landya McCafferty United States District Judge

December 9, 2021

cc: Counsel of Record.

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