Porter v. Bean

delivered the opinion of the court.

We have already decided that the creditor himself may swear appraisers;* a fortiori, then, his attorney can do it. *364But the other objection is of a different nature : and because the attorney is competent to perform a ministerial act it does not follow that he is a proper person to dicharge judicial duties, These last should be performed by persons unimpeach-ed and unimpeachable. Jurors, for instance, are required to be omni exceptions majores: and it is an express cause for a challenge propter affectum, that the person challenged has been counsel for one of the parties(1).

It is doubtful whether at common law the same freedom from partiality or suspicion was required in judges as in jurors(2).

But in this age it would not be tolerated that judges should sit in causes in which they possessed a direct inter*365est ;(3) and our constitution (page ?0) forbids them to act both as counsel and judge.103.

The duty of an appraiser is of a judicial nature, and those who accept the appointment are sworn “faithfully and impartially to appraise the lands of the debtor.” Were the attorney then always invested with a pecuniary interest in the judgment, and were his duties as an attorney not terminated in most cases by the rendition of judgment, he might on general principles be an incompetent appraiser.

On the face of these proceedings, however, this attorney appears to have had no pecuniary interest in the judgment beyond what all attornies possess. In England they have a lieu upon the judgment for their costs. But whether such be or be not the law in this state, the costs of the action under which this extent was made had, for aught which appears, been paid to the attorney before the commencement of the levy. The lien, also, is a claim of sucha nature as can be set up by the attorney alone, and the continuance of which will not, at the request of third persons, be presumed in order to. defeat proceedings otherwise valid. The conduct of the attorney, too, might here be deemed a waiver of his lien ; for he has- assisted in setting off land to the creditor alone to the full amount of the judgment(4). Nor has an exception founded on his lien ever prevailed to prevent him from being a witness for his client, though in that case it would seem much more plausible. In relation to the other point, the duties of an attorney, as a general principle, cease on the recovery of judgment(5). The rights- in controversy are then settled. After that, whatever is communicated to him cannot be kept secret under the privilege of professional confidence (6).

It follows, therefore, that though he may proceed to perform other duties for his client in relation to the subsequent proceedings, yet after judgment the connection of client and attorney will not be presumed to continue ; and, if existing, must be proved by some express evidence.

The return in this case may be thought to furnish such evidence, as the same person who conducted the original *366ac¡¡on ¡s state(j to have received possession of the land as at-toruey l^e creditor. In this last instance, however, the word attorney does not of necessity imply the continuance of any professional relation between the parties, but only the relation of an ordinary principal and agent.

If the above reasoning was unsound, it might still deserve cpnsideratiou whether an attorney ought in this state to be deemed an incompetent appraiser, merely on account of his professional relation to the parties in the judgment.

The title in this case is by statute ; and a conformity to its provisions, whatever they may be, must insure the validity of the title(11).

The only requisitions in the statute are, that the appraisers should be “ reputable freeholders, and residents in the COUHty” (12.)

Here the officer has returned, that such were the qualifications of all the appraisers ; and though it appears that one of them was an attorney to the creditor, that circumstance does not negative the fact of his having been “reputable,” but ought rather to fortify the return, that he was reputable ; or, in other terms, not infamous.

To extend the meaning of the word “ reputable” beyond its obvious signification might, in the construction of remedial statutes, be justified. Even here, could any evil result ’’from an adherence to the usual definition of this word, we might be warranted to make its meaning so general as to exclude every person from being an appraiser, who, on established principles, was not qualified to perform judicial duties between the parties to the judgment.

But the decision of an appraiser is not like that of a juror on the litigated rights of the parties; nor does it conclude the debtor as to the value of the land. If dissatisfied with the appraisal, he may redeem within a year, and thus avoid the effects of any supposed influence which an attorney of the creditor may have felt against him. That influence, too, must in general be imaginary, as the other two appraisers are an effectual check, and are aided by the Solemnity of an oath upon him to conduct with impartiality.

*367Considering, then, that uo evil exists which requires for its removal an extended construction of the statute, we should not here, or in any other similar case, feel warranted to make such a construction, and thus defeat many titles in. this state which are said to have been acquired under similar extents. The permission of each of the parties to choose an appraiser is a striking circumstance to show that an analogy between them and jurors was not intended to be preserved,(9) as the sheriff, if interested, cannot even impannel jurors, much less select them from the town clerk’s box. Yet our opinion has always been against the delicacy and professional propriety of the practice for attornies to act as appraisers in suits which they instituted ; and the continuance of this practice cannot be tolerated.

We have met with no decisions which illustrate the question. Those in Massachusetts and Connecticut (10) rest on the peculiar phraseology of their statutes, which differ much from ours, and which perhaps deserve to be copied. But for the reasons before suggested, coupled with the peculiar language of our statute, we are satisfied that the former attorney of the creditor cannot, on the face of this return, be adjudged an incompetent appraiser.

Judgment on the verdict.