State v. Dame

It is a distinction which runs through the whole criminal law, that it is enough to prove so much of the indictment as shows that the prisoner has committed a substantive crime, therein specified. And, in general, the descriptive averments of the mode in which an offence has been committed are not required to be strictly proved, if in substance the evidence support the allegation. Thus in indictments for murder, it is always sufficient if the mode of death proved agree in substance with that charged.

This principle has been recognized from an early period, and Mackalley’s case, 9 Rep. 67, is a leading case upon the point. It was there held, that “if a man is indicted that he with a dagger gave another a mortal wound, upon which he died, and in evidence it is proved that he gave the wound with a sword, rapier, staff, or bill, in that case the offender ought to be found guilty, for the substance of the matter is that the party indicted has given him a mortal wound, whereof *273he died, and the circumstance of the manner of the weapon is not material in case of indictment; and yet such circumstance ought not to be omitted, but some weapon ought to be mentioned in the indictment.”

So, an indictment or appeal for poisoning a man with one kind of poison may be maintained by evidence of a different kind of poison; for the substance of the matter is, whether the defendant did poison the deceased, or not. 4 Hawkins' P. C. 454.

If the means of death agree in substance with that charged, it is sufficient, and therefore where the indictment was for assaulting a person with a certain offensive weapon, commonly called a “ wooden staff," with a felonious intent to rob him, and it was proved to have been with a stone, on a conference of the judges it was held well, for the two weapons produce the same sort of mischief, viz., by blows and bruises, and they said it would be sufficient even on an indictment for murder. Sharwin's Case, 1 East P. C. 341.

So, where the indictment for manslaughter charged the wound to have been inflicted by a blow with a hammer, but there was no direct evidence that the blow had been so inflicted, and a medical man stated that the injury might have arisen either from a blow with a hammer or by the deceased falling against the key or lock of a door, Parke, J., instruct-ted the jury, that ‘‘ the kind of instrument is immaterial: if you think the injury was occasioned by a blow given with a hammer, or with any other hard substance held in the hand, the indictment will be sufficiently proved.” Martin's Case, 5 C. & P. 128; Culkin's Case, 5 Ditto 121.

But though the weapon need not be proved to be the same, yet it must appear that the species of killing was the same. Therefore, if a person be indicted for one species of killing, as by poisoning, he cannot be convicted by evidence of a species of death entirely different, as by shooting, starving, or strangling. 1 Russell on Crimes 677, book 3, ch. 1, § 6.

*274It appears, therefore, very clear from the authorities, that if the manner of the death, or injury proved, agree in substance with that charged, the allegation is maintained. The indictment should in all respects be adapted as closely to the truth as possible ; but the particular manner in which the injury was caused is immaterial, provided there be a substantial agreement between the evidence and the allegations in the indictment.

Judgment on the verdict.