Federal Insurance v. Campbell Soup Co.
Federal Insurance v. Campbell Soup Co.
Opinion of the Court
The opinion of the court was delivered by
This dispute between Federal Insurance Company and Campbell Soup Company requires interpretation of an insurance policy. In essence, the policy requires payment of defense costs and indemnification for any claims arising out of Campbell’s participation in the sale or purchase of securities. When a third party sued Campbell, Campbell asserted that the action arose out of such a securities transaction and demanded coverage from Federal. Federal filed this declaratory judgment action, alleging that the underlying transaction was not covered by its policy and that the complaint unambiguously alleged facts demonstrating that point. Campbell moved for partial summary judgment on the duty to defend, and Federal cross-moved for summary judgment as to defense and indemnification.
I
Our statement of facts is based on the lengthy complaint filed against Campbell, but is limited to its essential allegations. Campbell is a publicly traded corporation with billions of dollars in sales each year. In September 1997, it announced the spin-off plan at issue, and in November, it formed VFI, a wholly owned subsidiary, to carry out the plan. On March 26, 1998, Campbell and VFI signed agreements calling for the transfer of various Campbell subsidiaries to VFI in return for VFI’s promise, agreed to by the banks, to be solely responsible for the repayment of a $500 million loan to be made to Campbell. The $500 million was supposed to represent VFI’s fair share of Campbell’s overall debt. These transactions were to be completed on March 30, the date set for the proportional distribution of VFI’s shares through Campbell to its shareholders, but before the actual distribution. The transfers and the distribution of VFI’s stock to Campbell’s shareholders took place as scheduled, and until that time, Campbell completely dominated VFI as its wholly owned subsidiary.
We assume for present purposes that Campbell knowingly placed excessive debt and other obligations on VFI in relation to the assets transferred, which caused VFI to file for bankruptcy protection in January 2001. As part of the bankruptcy plan, VFB L.L.C. was formed as the successor to VFI; and in February 2002, on behalf of VFI’s unsecured creditors, VFB filed the
The relevant portion of the insurance policy Federal issued to Campbell offers defense and indemnification with respect to “any Claim which in whole or in part, is ... based upon, arising from or in consequence of a Securities Transaction ...and defines a “Securities Transaction” as “the purchase or sale of, or offer to purchase or sell, any securities issued by any Insured Organization.”
II
Campbell contends that the allegations of VFB’s complaint correspond with the plain language of the insurance policy because the complaint bases liability on the purchase and sale of securities, and the policy covers actions arising out of the purchase or sale of securities. Campbell further contends that those transactional terms should be given their plain and ordinary meaning, as defined by dictionaries, New Jersey case law, and the New Jersey Uniform Securities Law. Federal also argues that the complaint and policy are unambiguous, but it says that since the complaint alleges transactions between Campbell and a wholly owned entity, there are no allegations of sales or purchases of securities out of which the underlying case could arise. It also argues that the policy clearly does not extend coverage when considered in context, namely the purchase of insurance against security claims or claims arising out of security transactions.
Campbell cites these definitions from Webster’s Third International Dictionary (1986): “purchase [means] to obtain ... by
Based on those definitions, Campbell concludes that since the complaint alleges that it sold, and VFI purchased, the stock and assets of some of Campbell’s business entities, there was an allegation of “a purchase and sale of securities within the plain and ordinary meaning of the [insurance] policy.”
When a complaint states a claim of a risk insured against, the duty to defend arises. Voorhees v. Preferred Mut. Ins. Co., 128 N.J. 165, 173, 607 A.2d 1255 (1992). “Whether an insurer has a duty to defend is determined by comparing the allegations in the complaint with the language of the policy. When the two correspond, the duty to defend arises, irrespective of the claim’s actual merit.” Ibid. Ambiguous allegations should be resolved in favor of coverage for defense. Ibid.
When the express language of an insurance policy is clear and unambiguous, it must be enforced as written. Royal Ins. Co. v. Rutgers Cas. Ins. Co., 271 N.J.Super. 409, 416, 638 A.2d 924 (App.Div. 1994). But an “insurance policy is not ambiguous merely because two conflicting interpretations of it are suggested by the litigants.” Powell v. Alemaz, Inc., 335 N.J.Super. 33, 44, 760 A.2d 1141 (App.Div. 2000). A genuine ambiguity arises only when “the phrasing of the policy is so confusing that the average policy holder cannot make out the boundaries of coverage.” Weedo v. Stone-E-Brick, Inc., 81 N.J. 233, 247, 405 A.2d 788 (1979).
We consider first whether the insurance policy provided coverage for the underlying transaction, mindful that the context is not merely the purchase and sale of goods but the regulation of securities. Although New Jersey has legislated in this area by adoption of the Uniform Securities Law, N.J.S.A. 49:3-47 to -76, federal law dominates. The federal statutory definitions of the purchase and sale of securities are no different than our definitions. The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 defines “purchase” to mean “any contract to buy, purchase, or otherwise acquire.” 15 U.S.C.A. § 78c(a)(13). And it defines “sale” as “any contract to sell or otherwise dispose of.” 15 U.S.C.A. § 78c(a)(14).
The Legislature has directed that our securities act “shall be so construed as to ... co-ordinate ... the interpretation and administration of this act with related federal regulations.” N.J.S.A. 49:3-75. Therefore, when construing our act, we look for guidance to federal decisions interpreting federal securities law. State v. Russell, 119 N.J.Super. 344, 347, 291 A.2d 583 (App.Div. 1972).
In Rathborne v. Rathborne, 683 F.2d 914, 918 (5th Cir. 1982), the court held that “a transfer of securities from a wholly controlled subsidiary to its parent or between two corporations wholly controlled by a third does not amount to a statutory purchase or sale.” (citing Int’l Controls Corp. v. Vesco, 490 F.2d 1334, 1343 (2d Cir. 1974); In re Penn Central Sec. Litig., 347 F.Supp. 1324, 1326-27 (ED.Pa. 1972), aff'd, 494 F.2d 528, 532-39 (3d Cir. 1974)).
Campbell argues that Vesco, supra, supports its position because the court held that a dividend in kind to shareholders was a “sale” under federal securities law. 490 F.2d at 1345-46. But Campbell also concedes that the crucial transaction here was not
Another case on which Campbell relies is Goldberg v. Meridor, 567 F.2d 209 (2d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1069, 98 S.Ct. 1249, 55 L.Ed.2d 771 (1978). This was a derivative action brought by a corporate subsidiary that issued shares of its stock to its controlling parent in return for all of the parent’s assets and liabilities. The court was satisfied that this transaction came within the federal securities law, but only because the subsidiary was not wholly owmed by the parent. Id. at 218. The court held that “when a controlling corporation causes a partly owned subsidiary to sell its securities to the parent in a fraudulent transaction and fails to make a disclosure or ... makes a misleading disclosure,” the securities act applies. Ibid, (emphasis added).
Our interpretation of the insurance policy is consistent with the federal courts’ interpretation of the federal securities act and is further informed by the overarching purpose of the securities laws, which is to protect the “investing public.” Russell, supra, 119 N.J.Super. at 351, 291 A.2d 583; Mayflower Sec. v. Bureau of Sec., 64 N.J. 85, 93, 312 A.2d 497 (1973) (asserting that the area of securities transactions “is a sensitive one, open to great abuses and therefore subject to careful governmental regulation to assure that those who engage in the business meet high standard in the interest of protection of the public”). The purpose of the securities laws is not to protect Campbell from itself, and no reasonable corporation in Campbell’s position could have thought otherwise and believed that it had purchased this insurance for protection while engaging in an intra-corporate exchange, a movement of assets from one corporate pocket to the other.
The only way this insurance policy can possibly be read to support Campbell’s position is to read it out of the context of securities law, and, as noted, we are obliged to reject that approach. Voorhees, supra, 128 N.J. at 176, 607 A.2d 1255. Nor for that matter could Campbell have reasonably believed that the dictionary definitions and the New Jersey ease law definitions of purchase and sale somehow suggested coverage here. Like the securities law, those definitions expressly require or imply a transaction with another entity or person, not with oneself. When Campbell dealt with VFI, it was dealing with itself, however the transaction was structured.
Having determined that the insurance policy is not ambiguous, we must still consider, with respect to Campbell’s claim that Federal should have been required to provide a defense to the underlying complaint, whether the complaint asserted a claim
On September 13, 2005, in an unreported opinion supplied to us by Campbell, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware held that Campbell was not liable to VFB.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT v. CAMPBELL SOUP COMPANY
- Cited By
- 12 cases
- Status
- Published