Fountain v. Mayor of Newark

This case has been elaborately argued on both sides, but I do not deem it necessary to discuss the questions argued, for the reason that I think the case as presented is thoroughly covered by authority.

The sale under the assessment of 1873 was undoubtedly set aside by this court upon the authority of the Agens Case, decided in 1874 and reported in 8 Vr. 415. Subsequently, the legislature passed the Martin act, and the constitutionality of that act and the validity of assessments made under it, founded *78on street improvements made before its enactment, assessments for which had been declared void by the proper judicial tribunals, has been considered by the courts and authoritatively determined in favor of the assessments. I refer to In re Commissioners of Elizabeth, 20 Vr. 488; Protestant Foster Home v. Newark, 23 Vr. 138, and Howard Savings Institution v. City of Newark, 23 Vr. 1. The last-cited case is precisely in point. The decree of the court of chancery there set up seems to have been substantially in the same language and to the same effect as that here relied upon.

But if, upon a careful comparison, the present decree is found to be broader than that made in the case last cited, I think it will not help the complainant. Eor it is perfectly clear upon principle, as shown by the reasoning of the late Chief-Justice Beasley, in 23 Vr. 5, and of Mr. Justice Garrison, in 23 Vr. 141, that it is quite incompetent for the court of chancery, in a suit to quiet title of the character in question, to declare that the municipality cannot, by any subsequent proceeding or legislation, acquire a lien by reason of facts in existence before the commencement of the suit in which the decree of nullity is made.

The chief-justice (23 Vr. 5) says: “At the time of the decree the city had ‘ no estate, interest or right in or encumbrance upon ’ these premises, and none such is now pretended or sought to be enforced. A right to obtain an encumbrance is a very different thing from an existing lien. What the decree dealt with was then present estates and encumbrances; it declared that none such existed, but it neither did nor could adjudge that none such could be afterwards acquired.”

And Mr. Justice Garrison (23 Vr. 141) says: “The essentials of that jurisdiction are that a public improvement has been made; that an assessment therefor has been made and imposed, or attempted so to be, and that payment thereof has not been had. Where these elements co-exist, the authority of the commissioners to proceed is assured without regard to the invalidity of the legislation under which the assessment was made. The nullification of an invalid assessment, whether for inherent defects or because it rests upon unconstitutional legislation, must not be *79confounded with the discharge of the land from its liability to contribution. The matter of assessment is legislative; the question of liability is not. The basis of all municipal legislation of this class, as well as that of the fundamental right out of which it springs, is the value imparted to the land by the improvement. Hence, the liability of the land to pay the assessment arises as an incident to the improvement, and does not depend upon the validity of the legislative methods provided for its enforcement. If no such legislation be in existence, or, what is the same thing, if supposed legislation proves to be unconstitutional and void, the liability remains in the form of the responsibility of the landowner to future legislative action looking to the enforcement of contribution. The mode in which this contribution shall be apportioned and exacted is, it is true, with certain limitations, at the will of the legislature, but legislative power does not create the liability it enforces any more than it does the limitations it obeys. Hence, it follows that the partial or total failure of the legislative scheme leaves the question of liability untouched.”

In this reasoning I fully concur. The decree must be in favor of the defendant.