In re Alejandro Pueblas Rojas

3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 5 * * * In Re ALEJANDRO PUEBLAS ROJAS, Case No. 2:25-cv-02548-RFB-BNW 7 Petitioner. ORDER

Before the Court is Petitioner Alejandro Pueblas Rojas’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (“Petition”) pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241, challenging the lawfulness of his detention at Nevada Southern Detention Center in the custody of the Federal Respondents. For the following reasons, the Court grants the Petition.

I. INTRODUCTION This case is one of a rapidly growing number before this Court challenging the federal government’s reading of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) to authorize mandatory detention of all noncitizens charged with entering the United States without inspection.1 The executive branch now takes the position that the INA, specifically 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(2)(A), requires the detention of all undocumented individuals during the pendency of their removal proceedings, which can take months or years. According to this interpretation, detention without a hearing is mandatory, no matter how long a noncitizen has resided in the country, and without any due process to ensure the government has a legitimate, individualized interest in detaining them.

According to a leaked internal memo, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in This Court has already granted petitioners relief—both preliminary and on the merits— in dozens of similar challenges. See Livia Vicharra v. Henkey, No. 2:25-cv-02336-RFB-EJY, 2025 WL 3564725, at *1 n.1 (D. Nev. Dec. 12, 2025) (collecting cases).

1 conjunction with the Department of Justice (DOJ) adopted this new legal position on a nationwide basis on July 8, 2025.2 It subjects millions of undocumented U.S. residents to prolonged detention without the opportunity for release on bond, in contravention of decades of agency practice and robust due process protections hitherto afforded to such residents under 8 U.S.C. § 1226(a).3 On September 5, 2025, the Bureau of Immigration Appeals (BIA) issued a precedential decision adopting this new interpretation of the government’s detention authority under the INA. See Matter of Yajure Hurtado, 29 I&N Dec. 216 (BIA 2025) (“Hurtado”). After Hurtado, immigration judges no longer have authority to hear bond requests or grant bond to noncitizens present in the U.S. who entered without inspection. Id. 10 The overwhelming majority of district courts across the country, including this Court, that have considered the government’s new statutory interpretation have found it incorrect and unlawful. See Escobar Salgado v. Mattos, No. 2:25-CV-01872-RFB-EJY, 2025 WL 3205356 (D.

13 Nev. Nov. 17, 2025) (finding “that the plain meaning of the relevant statutory provisions, when interpreted according to fundamental canons of statutory construction,” as well as the legislative history and decades of consistent agency practice establish “that the government's new interpretation and policy under [§ 1225(b)(2)(A)] is unlawful.”); see also Barco Mercado v. Francis, No. 1:25-CV-06852, at *9-10 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 26, 2025) (collecting over 350 decisions by over 160 different district judges finding the application of §1225(b)(2)(A) to noncitizens residing in the United States unlawful). A nationwide class has also been certified, become final, and granted declaratory relief to all class members, holding that they are being detained without a bond hearing unlawfully. See Bautista v. Santacruz, No. 5:25-CV-01873-SSS-BFM, --- F. Supp. 3d --- -, 2025 WL 3713987 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 18, 2025); Bautista v. Santacruz, No. 5:25-CV-01873-SSS- BFM, 2025 WL 3289861 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2025); Bautista v. Santacruz, No. 5:25-CV-01873- SSS-BFM, 2025 WL 3288403 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 25, 2025).

2 See ICE Memo: Interim Guidance Regarding Detention Authority for Applications for Admission, AILA Doc. No. 25071607 (July 8, 2025), https://perma.cc/5GKM-JYGX.

27 3 See Kyle Cheney & Myah Ward, Trump’s new detention policy targets millions of immigrants. Judges keep saying its illegal., Politico (Sept. 20, 2025 at 4:00 p.m. EDT), https://www.politico.com/news/2025/09/20/ice-detention-immigration-policy-00573850, https://perma.cc/L686-E97L.

1 Petitioner is currently detained without the opportunity for release on bond in the custody of Federal Respondents at Nevada Southern Detention Center, pursuant to this new detention “policy.” For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that Petitioner’s detention is unlawful under the INA and violates his right to due process under the Fifth Amendment. The Court thus orders his immediate release on bond, with the conditions set forth by the immigration judge in her December 16, 2025, custody redetermination order. See ECF No. 8-4.

8 II. BACKGROUND 9 A. Petitioner Alejandro Pueblas Rojas 10 The Court makes the following findings of fact relevant to Petitioner Pueblas Rojas.

11 Petitioner is a 31-year old native and citizen of Mexico, who last entered the United States without inspection at an unknown place and time. See ECF No. 8-5. On November 22, 2025, Petitioner was detained by ICE in Las Vegas, Nevada, and has been in ICE custody at NSDC, in Pahrump, Nevada, ever since. See ECF No. 8-5. Upon detaining Petitioner, DHS initiated removal proceedings against him through the issuance of a Notice to Appear (NTA), charging Petitioner as removable under 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) and 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). See ECF No. 8-3. His last interaction with immigration authorities prior to this arrest was in 2022. See ECF No. 8-5.

18 Petitioner requested a custody redetermination (bond) hearing before the immigration court, and on December 16, 2025, Immigration Judge Lindsy Roberts denied Petitioner release on bond for lack of jurisdiction under Hurtado,4 holding in the alternative that if Hurtado did not deprive the immigration court of jurisdiction, release on bond in the amount of $2,500 plus alternatives to detention at the discretion of DHS would be appropriate. See ECF No. 8-4.

23 Petitioner has three minor children, and prior to his detention, he was employed in the carpentry industry in Las Vegas, Nevada. See ECF No. 8-5. He has no prior criminal history. See 26 4 IJ Roberts also stated, in her reasoning for finding no jurisdiction pursuant to Hurtado, that, at the time of the order (December 16, 2025), the District Court's order in Maldonado Bautista v. Santacruz et al. was not yet final and therefore not binding on the immigration court. See ECF No. 8-4. The Court finds that this order has since become final and been extended to class members, including Petitioner. See Bautista v. Santacruz, No. 5:25-CV-01873-SSS-BFM, --- F.

Supp. 3d ----, 2025 WL 3713987 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 18, 2025).

1 id. 2 B. Legal Background 3 The Court fully incorporates by reference the legal background regarding the government’s detention authority and removal proceedings under the INA, as well as the government’s new statutory reading and mass detention “policy,” set forth in its ruling in Escobar Salgado. 2025 WL 6 3205356, at *2-6.

8 III. PROCEDURAL HISTORY 9 On December 22, 2025, Petitioner filed his 28 U.S.C. § 2241 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus against Respondents, challenging his detention at NSDC. See ECF No. 1. On December 22, 2025, this case was transferred to the undersigned judge as related to three pending putative class actions pending before the Court. See ECF No. 2. That same day, this Court ordered Respondents to show cause, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2243, by January 6, 2026, why the Court should not grant the Petition. See ECF No. 4. Counsel for Federal Respondents filed a notice of appearance on December 30, 2025, and entered their Return on January 6, 2026. See ECF Nos. 7- 8. Counsel for Respondent John Mattos filed joinder to the Return on January 8, 2026. See ECF No. 9. On January 13, 2026, Petitioner filed his Traverse. See ECF No. 10.

18 The Court’s Order follows.

20 IV. LEGAL STANDARD 21 The Constitution guarantees that the writ of habeas corpus is “available to every individual detained within the United States.” Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 525 (2004) (citing U.S. Const., Art I, § 9, cl. 2). “Its province, shaped to guarantee the most fundamental of all rights, is to provide an effective and speedy instrument by which judicial inquiry may be had into the legality of the detention of a person.” Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 238 (1968). “The essence of habeas corpus is an attack by a person in custody upon the legality of that custody, and . . . the traditional function of the writ is to secure release from illegal custody.” Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 28 U.S. 475, 484 (1973).

1 A writ of habeas corpus may be granted to a petitioner who demonstrates that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or federal law. 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). Historically, “the writ of habeas corpus has served as a means of reviewing the legality of Executive detention, and it is in that context that its protections have been strongest.” I.N.S. v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 301 (2001). Accordingly, a district court's habeas jurisdiction includes challenges to immigration- related detention. See Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 687 (2001); see also Demore v. Kim, 538 7 U.S. 510, 517 (2003); Trump v. J. G. G., 604 U.S. 670, 672 (2025) (describing immigration detainees’ challenge to their confinement and removal as falling “within the ‘core’ of the writ of habeas corpus.”) (per curiam) (citations omitted). “The application for the writ usurps the attention and displaces the calendar of the judge or justice who entertains it and receives prompt action from him within the four corners of the application.” Yong v. I.N.S., 208 F.3d 1116, 1120 (9th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted).

14 V. DISCUSSION 15 A. Jurisdiction 16 As an initial matter, the Court has habeas jurisdiction to review Petitioner’s challenge to the lawfulness of his detention, because the relevant jurisdiction stripping provisions of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1252 do not apply. See Escobar Salgado, 2025 WL 3205356, at *8-10; Hernandez Duran v. Bernacke, 2:25-cv-2105-RFB-EJY, 2025 WL 3237451, at *4 (Nov. 19, 2025). In evaluating the jurisdiction stripping provisions of the INA, the Court is guided “by the general rule to resolve any ambiguities in a jurisdiction-stripping statue in favor of the narrower interpretation and by the strong presumption in favor of judicial review.” Arce v. United States, 899 F. F.3d 796, 801 (9th Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (internal quotations and citations omitted).

24 B. Lawfulness of Petitioner’s Detention under the INA 25 The Court first finds that the government’s new interpretation of the INA, and Petitioner’s detention thereunder, is unlawful. This interpretation of the statutory scheme of §§ 1225 and 1226 is flawed and contradicts both the statutory framework and the decades of agency practice applying § 1226(a) to people like Petitioner. This Court thus fully incorporates by reference its holding and findings in Escobar Salgado v. Mattos. See 2025 WL 3205356, at *10-22.

2 Petitioner entered the United States without inspection and was arrested and detained by ICE in Las Vegas, Nevada, far from any port of entry. Accordingly, the Court finds Petitioner is subject to detention under § 1226(a) and its implementing regulations, not § 1225(b)(2)(A), and that the government’s new interpretation and policy under that provision is unlawful. See Escobar Salgado, 2025 WL 3205356, at *10-22.

7 C. Due Process 8 This Court also finds Petitioner’s ongoing detention without the opportunity for release on bond under § 1225(b)(2) is unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Even if this Court were to accept the government’s new reading of § 1225(b)(2), it would still have to contend with Petitioner's due process claim on this basis. This Court incorporates by reference the legal authorities and standards set forth in Escobar Salgado v. Mattos regarding the due process rights of noncitizens. 2025 WL 3205356, at *22-24. For the following reasons, the Court finds that Petitioner is currently being detained without the opportunity for release on bond in violation of his procedural and substantive due process rights.

16 1. Procedural Due Process 17 To determine whether detention violates procedural due process, courts apply the three- part test set forth in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976). See Rodriguez Diaz v. Garland, 53 F.4th 1189, 1203-07 (9th Cir. 2022) (collecting cases and applying the Mathews test in a similar immigration detention context and holding “[u]ltimately, Mathews remains a flexible test that can and must account for the heightened governmental interest in the immigration detention context”).

23 Under Mathews, the courts weigh the following three factors: (1) “the private interest that will be affected by the official action”; (2) “the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards”; and (3) “the Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.” Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335.

1 The first Mathews factor considers the private interest affected by the government's ongoing detention of Petitioner without the opportunity for release on bond. See Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335. Here, that is Petitioner’s interest in being free from imprisonment, “the most elemental of liberty interests.” Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 529. In this country, liberty is the norm and detention “is the carefully limited exception.” United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 755 (1987); see also Rodriguez Diaz, 53 F.4th At 1207 (“An individual's private interest in freedom from prolonged detention is unquestionably substantial.”) (citations omitted). Additionally, Petitioner’s liberty interest is not diminished by any final order of removal, or the availability of any existing process to challenge Respondents’ decision to detain him without bond. Cf. id. at 1208 (holding the habeas petitioner's liberty interest was diminished by the fact that he was subject to a final order of removal, had already been afforded an individualized bond hearing, and had additional process available to him through a further bonding hearing before an IJ upon a showing of materially changed circumstances).

14 Second, the Court considers “the risk of an erroneous deprivation of [Petitioner’s] interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional procedures.” Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335. There are no existing procedures whatsoever for Petitioner to challenge his detention pending the conclusion of his removal proceedings without the opportunity for release on bond. The risk of erroneous deprivation is extraordinarily high where ICE and DHS agency officials have sole, unguided, and unreviewable discretion to detain Petitioner without any individualized showing of why his detention is warranted, nor any process for Petitioner to challenge the exercise of that discretion. The likelihood of erroneous deprivation caused by this lack of process is demonstrated by numerous prior cases before this Court where an IJ held a bond hearing for a petitioner prior to Hurtado and found that the government had not established a justification for detention. See, e.g., Escobar Salgado, 2025 WL 3205356; Aparicio v. Noem, No. 2:25-CV-01919-RFB-DJA, 2025 WL 2998098 (D. Nev. Oct. 23, 2025); Berto Mendez v. Noem, No. 2:25-cv-02602-RFB-MDC, 2025 WL 3124285 (D. Nev. Nov. 7, 2025). Moreover, given that Petitioner has significant ties to the country, specifically as it relates to his employment in Las Vegas, and because Respondents have not asserted that he is dangerous or a flight risk, the Court finds that he is being arbitrarily and unjustifiably deprived of his liberty.

2 The additional procedures afforded under § 1226(a), including an individualized, constitutionally adequate custody redetermination by an immigration judge, i.e., a bond hearing, substantially mitigate the risk of erroneous deprivation of Petitioner’s liberty, because those procedures require the government to establish that Petitioner presents a flight risk or danger to the community. This would account for the constitutional requirement that “once the flight risk justification evaporates, the only special circumstance [ ] present is the alien's removable status itself, which bears no relation to a detainee's dangerousness.” Zadvydas, 553 U.S. 9 at 691-92. An adverse decision by an immigration judge in a bond hearing can further be appealed, and Petitioner could seek additional custody redeterminations based on changed circumstances, such that the outcome of a bond hearing would be subject to “numerous levels of review, each offering [Petitioner] the opportunity to be heard by a neutral decisionmaker.” Rodriguez Diaz, 53 F.4th at 1210 (finding the bond hearing procedures available through the implementing regulations of § 1226(a) would render “the risk of erroneous deprivation . . . relatively small.”) (citation omitted). As such, the second Mathews factor also weighs heavily in favor of granting Petitioner the procedural protections under § 1226(a).

17 The third and final Mathews factor considers the “Government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would entail.” 424 U.S. at 335. The Court acknowledges that the government's interests in enforcing immigration laws, including “protecting the public from dangerous criminal aliens” and “securing an alien's ultimate removal,” are “interests of the highest order.” Rodriguez Diaz, 53 F.4th at 1188-89. These interests are in fact served by the individualized determination by an immigration judge, based on a review of evidence presented by the government and the noncitizen, as to whether an individual is dangerous or at risk of fleeing removal proceedings, under existing, well-established procedures. In failing to articulate any individualized reason why detaining Petitioner is necessary to enforce immigration law, the question arises “whether the detention is not to facilitate deportation, or to protect against risk of flight or dangerousness, but to incarcerate for other reasons.” Demore, 538 U.S. at 532-33 (Kennedy, J. concurring). And the government has no interest in the unjustified deprivation of a person's liberty.

3 Further, the Court finds that limiting the use of detention to only those noncitizens who are dangerous or a flight risk through existing bond procedures serves the government and public's interest by reducing the fiscal and administrative burdens attendant to immigration detention. See Hernandez v. Sessions, 872 F.3d 976, 996 (9th Cir. 2017) (Noting in 2017 that “the costs to the public of immigration detention are staggering: $158 each day per detainee, amounting to a total daily cost of $6.5 million. Supervised release programs cost much less by comparison: between 17 cents and 17 dollars each day per person.”).

10 In sum, the Court finds the Mathews factors weigh heavily in factor of Petitioner, and therefore, his detention without the opportunity for release on bond violates his procedural due process rights.

13 2. Substantive Due Process 14 Immigration detention violates the Due Process Clause unless it is ordered in a criminal proceeding with adequate procedural protections, or in non-punitive circumstances “where a special justification . . . outweighs the individual’s constitutionally protected interest in avoiding physical restraint.” Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 690.

18 Respondents have asserted absolutely no individualized justification—let alone a special or compelling justification—to continue to deprive Petitioner of his physical liberty. Accordingly, in addition to finding that the challenged regulation violates procedural due process, this Court further finds that Petitioner is currently detained in violation of his substantive due process rights. See Escobar Salgado, 2025 WL 3205356, at *25.

23 D. Scope of Relief 24 The federal habeas corpus statute “does not limit the relief that may be granted to discharge of the applicant from physical custody.” Carafas v. LaVallee, 391 U.S. 234, 238 (1968). “Its mandate is broad with respect to the relief that may be granted.” Id. “It provides that ‘[t]he court shall ... dispose of the matter as law and justice require.’” Id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2243). The Court finds that the specific harm suffered by Petitioner, continued detention pursuant to the government’s unlawful policy and incorrect statutory interpretation after he established that | continued detention was not warranted before the Las Vegas Immigration Court, is remedied by | ordering his immediate release, subject to the bond conditions originally imposed by the IJ in the 4| alternative.

6 VI. CONCLUSION 7 Based on the foregoing, and on the record and proceedings herein, IT IS HEREBY | ORDERED that Petitioner Pueblas Rojas’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus is GRANTED.

9 Respondents are ORDERED to release Petitioner from custody by 5:00 p.m. on January 16,2026. Petitioner shall be subject to the bond and other conditions imposed by the JJ.

11 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Respondents are enjoined from denying Petitioner | release on bond on the basis that he is subject to mandatory detention pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 13 | 1225(b)(2). Thus, the Court ORDERS that Respondents are enjoined from invoking the automatic stay to continue Petitioner’s detention, as the Court has already found the automatic stay | unconstitutional and adopts that finding here. See Herrera v. Knight, No. 2:25-CV-01366-RFB- DJA, 2025 WL 2581792, at *13 (D. Nev. Sept. 5, 2025).

17 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Respondents shall file a notice of compliance with | this Order by January 20, 2026.

19 The Court has received notice of the hardship other petitioners have incurred in their efforts | to satisfy bond, and therefore, the Court FURTHER ORDERS that Petitioner be afforded until 21) February 28, 2026, to satisfy any monetary bond conditions.

23 DATED: January 16, 2026. mma 26 RICHARD F. BOULWARE, II UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE -10-