State v. Lanning
State v. Lanning
Opinion of the Court
OPINION
The Elko Police Department conducted an investigation into a
Facts
Vicki Workman (Workman) hired Mylissa Lanning (Lanning) to housesit while movers packed Workman’s belongings.
At the police station, Lanning was advised that she was not in custody and that she was free to leave at any time. No Miranda warnings were given. Lanning told Detective Ladd that “she should see an attorney because she did not want to incriminate herself.” Again, Ladd reminded Lanning that she was not in custody and that she was free to leave at any time. Suddenly, Lanning broke down crying, confessed to the forgeries, and gave the police a handwriting exemplar. Lanning was charged with two counts of uttering an altered instrument and two counts of possession of a forged instrument.
Following a preliminary hearing, Lanning was bound over to stand trial. Shortly thereafter, Lanning’s counsel moved the district court to have the confession and handwriting exemplar suppressed because Lanning was questioned after she expressed some desire for the assistance of legal counsel. The district court granted that motion on the same grounds. In response, the State filed this interlocutory appeal.
Discussion
Two issues are central to the disposition of this case: (1) whether the police can question a person who is not “in cus
I. Lanning’s Confession
The district court’s order suppressing Lanning’s confession and handwriting exemplar stated that:
Ms. Lanning was not in custody and therefore there was no need for her to be [M]irandized however, regardless of the status of her custody, upon the statement that she thought that she should talk to an attorney, the officer was obligated to question her only upon her desire for an attorney until it could be ascertained whether she truly wanted counsel. United States v. Cherry, 733 F.2d 1124, 1130 (5th Cir. 1984). This was not done.
The district court’s reliance on Cherry is misplaced. In Cherry, unlike the instant case, the defendant was in custody when he expressed a desire for the assistance of counsel. It is well-settled that a suspect in custody cannot be questioned by police after he expresses a need for the assistance of legal counsel, unless that suspect subsequently expresses that he wishes to waive the assistance of legal counsel. Koza v. State, 102 Nev. 181, 718 P.2d 671 (1986); see also Solem v. Stumes, 465 U.S. 638 (1984); Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039 (1983); Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981); Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979); Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
It is equally clear that a suspect questioned in a noncustodial setting is not entitled to legal counsel. See Williams v. State, 103 Nev. 106, 112, 734 P.2d 700, 704 (1987); see also Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 424 n.3 (1984) (the right to counsel, requested or not, attaches only when a suspect is in custody); Minnesota v. Ronnebaum, 449 N.W.2d 722, 724 (Minn. 1990) (a suspect has no right to counsel, even if he asks for it, if no charge has been filed against him and if he is not in custody); State v. Fry, 573 N.E.2d 1108 (Ohio Ct.App. 1988) (a police officer may continue to question a suspect in a noncustodial situation, even if the suspect has made a request for counsel, as long as the officer’s persistence in questioning does not render statements made by the suspect involuntary).
This court has held that a defendant has a Sixth Amendment
II. Lanning’s Handwriting Exemplar
This court has previously held that it was not a violation of a suspect’s Sixth Amendment rights to take handwriting exemplars in the absence of counsel because the taking of exemplars is not a critical stage of the criminal proceedings in which the absence of counsel would derogate the right to a fair trial. Hardison v. State, 84 Nev. 123, 437 P.2d 872 (1968); Barker v. State, 84 Nev. 224, 438 P.2d 798 (1968); cf. Scott v. State, 83 Nev. 468, 434 P.2d 435 (1967); accord United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967); Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 267 (1967); Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 763-64 (1966).
Consequently, the district court’s order suppressing Lanning’s handwriting exemplar is clearly erroneous as a matter of law.
Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that the district court’s order suppressing Lanning’s confession and handwriting exemplar was clearly erroneous as a matter of law. Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s order and remand this case to the district court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Workman and her husband were relocating from Elko, Nevada, to McClure, Illinois. Workman was already in transit to Illinois while the movers were packing her belongings.
The term “in custody” refers to a formal arrest or a restraint on the freedom of movement to the degree associated with a formal arrest. California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- THE STATE OF NEVADA v. MYLISSA LANNING
- Status
- Published