MEMORANDUM DECISION ON (I) MOTIONS OF NORDHEIM EAGLE FORD GATHERING, LLC AND HPIP GONZALES HOLDINGS, LLC FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS AND (II) DEBTORS’ OMNIBUS MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Before the Court are (i) the motions of Nordheim Eagle Ford Gathering, LLC (“Nordheim”) and HPIP Gonzales Holdings, LLC (“HPIP”), respectively, for judgment on the pleadings with respect to the claims for declaratory judgment brought by the Debtors in the above-captioned adversary proceedings and the declaratory judgment counterclaims asserted by Nordheim and HPIP2 against the *62Debtors (respectively, the “Nordheim Motion” and the “HPIP Motion,” and together, the “Defendant Motions”) and (ii) the Debtors’ omnibus motion for summary judgment with respect to their claims for declaratory judgment and Nordheim and HPIP’s declaratory judgment counterclaims (the “SJ Motion”). The Defendant Motions and the SJ Motion seek resolution of the parties’ dispute as to whether certain covenants in the Nordheim Agreements (as defined below) and the HPIP Agreements (as defined below) “run with the land” under Texas law as real covenants or as equitable servitudes.

This dispute initially arose when the Debtors filed their Omnibus Motion for Entry of an Order Authorizing Rejection of Certain Executory Contracts pursuant to section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code in their chapter 11 cases seeking to reject the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements (the “Rejection Motion”).3 The Court granted the Rejection Motion,4 but concluded that, in the procedural context of a motion to reject an executory contract, it could not make a final determination as to whether the covenants at issue were covenants “running with the land,” consistent with the Second Circuit’s decision in Orion Pictures Corp. v. Showtime Networks.5 In authorizing the rejection of the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements, the Court provided its nonbinding analysis on the “running with the land” issue, but noted that further proceedings would be necessary in order to enable the Court to render a binding ruling on the issue. The Debtors then commenced these adversary proceedings against Nordheim. and HPIP seeking a declaratory judgment that the covenants contained in the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements do not run with the land.

For the reasons stated in the Rejection Decision,6 and for the additional reasons stated herein, the Court finds that the covenants at issue do not run with the land either as real covenants or as equitable servitudes, and therefore it denies the Defendant Motions and grants the SJ Motion.

Background

The Debtors are an independent energy company engaged in the acquisition, production, exploration, and development of onshore oil and natural gas properties in the United States. On July 15, 2015, the Debtors filed petitions for relief under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code with this Court, and are operating their businesses and managing their properties as debtors in possession pursuant to sections 1107(a) and 1108 of the Bankruptcy Code. Familiarity with the background of the Debtors’ businesses and chapter 11 cases7 and with the Rejection Decision is assumed.

*63A. The Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements

One of the Debtors, Sabine Oil & Gas Corporation (“Sabine”), is a party to two contracts with Nordheim, each dated January 23, 2014, relating to the gathering of gas and condensate produced by Sabine from a designated area (the “Nordheim Agreements”). Sabine is also party to two contracts with HPIP, one dated May 3, 2013 and the other dated as of May 2014, relating to the gathering, handling, and disposal of oil, gas, and water produced by Sabine from a designated area (the “HPIP Agreements”). In the Rejection Decision, the Court summarized many of the central provisions of the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements and incorporates that summary by reference here.-8

One of the Nordheim Agreements, the Gas Gathering Agreement, contemplates a separate and subsequent conveyance from Sabine to Nordheim of a mutually agreed tract of land in connection with Nor-dheim’s construction and operation of a gathering system. Pursuant to a Warranty Deed dated March 11, 2014, Sabine conveyed to Nordheim approximately 17 acres of a 38-acre surface tract that Sabine acquired in October 2013 (the “Nor-dheim Parcel”) so that Nordheim could construct a nearby gathering facility. Also on March 11, 2014, Sabine conveyed to Nordheim a Pipeline and Electrical Easement (the “Pipeline Easement”), which granted Nordheim a 90-foot pipeline and electrical easement over the remaining 21 acres of the Nordheim Parcel, so that Nor-dheim could install and operate two pipelines and one electrical utility line over that tract of land.

B. Procedural History

On September 30, 2015, the Debtors filed the Rejection Motion. By the Rejection Motion, the Debtors sought Court approval to reject the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements pursuant to section 365(a) of the Bankruptcy Code, On October 8, 2015, Nordheim and HPIP each filed an objection to that motion.9 On October 14, 2015, the Debtors filed an omnibus reply in support of the Rejection Motion.10 On January 8, 2016,11 Nordheim filed a surreply,12 and. on January 22, 2016, the Debtors filed a response to Nordheim’s surreply.13

The Court heard oral argument on the Rejection Motion on February 2, 2016.14 On March 8, 2016, the Court issued the Rejection Decision granting the Debtors’ request for authority to reject the Nor-dheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements. Promptly thereafter, and consistent with Orion, the Debtors initiated two separate adversary proceedings — one against Nordheim and one against HPIP— by filing two one-count complaints, each seeking a declaratory judgment that the covenants at issue in the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements, as applicable, do not run with the land.15

On April 4, 2016, Nordheim filed its Answer and Counterclaims against the *64Debtors.16 Nordheim asserted two counterclaims against the Debtors, seeking declaratory judgments that (1) the Nordheim Agreements contain real covenants that “ran with the land;” or (2) in the alternative, the Nordheim Agreements contain covenants that are equitable servitudes that run with the land. Nordheim also filed the Nordheim Motion, requesting that the Court enter judgment on the pleadings in its favor on all claims.17

On April 7, 2016, HPIP filed its Answer and Counterclaims against the Debtors, asserting four counterclaims against the Debtors. Like Nordheim, HPIP brought two counterclaims seeking declaratory judgments that the HPIP Agreements are real covenants that run with the land, or alternatively, that the HPIP Agreements are equitable servitudes.18 HPIP also filed the HPIP Motion for judgment on the pleadings on its two declaratory judgment counterclaims against the Debtors.19

On April 11, 2016, the Debtors filed their SJ Motion,20 asking the Court (1) to enter summary judgment for the Debtors on their declaratory judgment claims against Nordheim and HPIP; (2) to enter summary judgment for the Debtors on Nordheim’s and HPIP’s declaratory judgment counterclaims, and (3) to deny the Defendant Motions.

On April 15, 2016, Nordheim and HPIP each filed a reply in support of the Nor-dheim Motion and the HPIP Motion, respectively, and an opposition to the SJ Motion.21 On April 19, 2016, the Debtors filed their reply in support of the SJ Motion.22

Legal Standard

Judgment on the pleadings is warranted when the “material facts are undisputed and where a judgment on the merits is possible merely by considering the contents of the pleadings.”23 When deciding a motion for judgment on the pleadings, the court considers the pleadings as true and must draw all inferences as to facts in favor of the nonmoving party.24 In addition, the court may consider any written documents attached to the pleadings and any matter of which the court can take judicial notice for the factual background of the case.25 The court may also consider a document “on which the complaint heavily relies and which is integral to the complaint.”26

*65Similarly, summary judgment “must be granted to the movant ■ ‘if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’ ”27

Discussion

Given the nature of the Defendant Motions and the SJ Motion, the parties appear to agree that the claims and counterclaims that are .the subject of the motions do not give rise to disputed questions of material fact and that they can be resolved on the basis of the pleadings.28 The parties disagree, however, as to the proper legal conclusions with respect to those claims. Based on the undisputed facts and applicable law, the Court holds (consistent with the Rejection Decision) that the covenants at issue29 do not run with the land under Texas law either as real covenants or as equitable servitudes, and it therefore denies the Defendant Motions and grants the SJ Motion.

A. The Covenants Do Not Run With the Land As Real Covenants

As explained in the Rejection Decision, under Texas law, a covenant runs with the land when (1) it touches and concerns the land; (2) it relates to a thing in existence or specifically binds the parties and their assigns; (3) it is intended by the original parties to run with the land; and (4) the successor to the burden has notice.30 The parties disagree as to whether horizontal privity of estate is also required between the covenanting parties inasmuch as some Texas courts have not expressly addressed the horizontal privity requirement in determining whether a covenant runs with the land. In light of the fact that numerous Texas courts have expressly included horizontal privity in their analyses,31 the Court is not persuaded that the requirement of horizontal privity has been abandoned under Texas law, and therefore, as it did in the Rejection Decision, the Court shall consider the issue of horizontal privity of estate.

In the Defendant Motions, Nordheim and HPIP largely reassert the arguments raised in their objections to the Debtors’ Rejection Motion, but identify additional *66caselaw which they believe supports their position. The Court incorporates by reference its analysis in the Rejection Decision,32 and addresses -the additional arguments and authorities raised by Nordheim and HPIP in the Defendant Motions below.

1. The Covenants Do Not “Touch and Concern” the Debtors’ Real Property

In support of their argument that the covenants at issue touch and concern minerals in the ground and thus touch and concern real property, Nor-dheim and HPIP rely on a theory that they did not present in the context of the Rejection Motion, but which the Court nevertheless expressly rejected in the Rejection Decision.33 Specifically, they argue that because Texas law deems a conveyance of oil and gas “produced and saved” as the creation of a royalty interest and therefore a real property interest,34 that means that Sabine’s dedication of minerals “produced and saved” is a dedication of minerals in place and, therefore, the dedication touches and concerns real property. The characterization under Texas law of a conveyance of oil and gas “produced and saved” as a royalty interest, however, does not lead to the conclusion that the burdening of oil and gas “produced and saved” burdens oil and gas still in the ground. Nor does that conclusion inexorably follow from the fact that Texas law considers other rights to payment' relating to and arising only upon the production of oil and gas as creating interests in minerals still in place. There is no allegation here that the Debtors owe, to either Nordheim or HPIP, a royalty payment or any other obligation deemed a real property interest under Texas law, and Texas law does not hold that all rights and obligations relating to minerals yet to be produced necessarily create rights and obligations relating to real property. By the plain terms of the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements, the mineral dedications con-cerní only minerals extracted from the ground, which indisputably constitute personal property, not real property, under Texas law.

Moreover, the Texas cases that Nor-dheim and HPIP cite in support of this argument are either distinguishable or largely inapposite here. For example, Nordheim suggests that the “precise issue” whether an interest in a “produced” mineral constitutes a real property interest in the minerals in the ground was addressed in American Refining Co. v. Tidal *67Western Oil Corp.,35 in which the court found that the covenants at issue related to minerals in the ground (and thus real property) based on the court’s interpretation of the various contractual undertakings of the parties.36 Here, unlike in American Refining, the terms of the Nor-dheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements do not support an interpretation of those agreements as relating to minerals in the ground, but instead include provisions to the contrary, such as (i) Sabine’s reservation of rights to operate its oil and gas properties independent of and without interference from its gatherer;37 (ii) the obligations of Nordheim and HPIP to connect their gathering systems to certain “Receipt Points” (as defined in the Nor-dheim Agreements) or “Central Delivery Points” (as defined in the HPIP Agreements) and not directly to Sabine’s wells;38 and (iii) that the gathering fee payable to the gatherer is triggered by the gatherer’s receipt of gas, not by the extraction of gas from the ground.39 Neither Nordheim nor HPIP has carried its burden to demonstrate that the subject of their respective agreements is minerals in the ground rather than minerals extracted from the ground.

Nordheim and HPIP next point to certain provisions of the Debtors’ Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) to argue that Sabine could have granted Nordheim and HPIP interests in the Debtors’ real property without consent of the Debtors’ lien-holders. Nordheim and HPIP argue that, pursuant to § 9.03(b) and articles 1(d) and (f) of the Credit Agreement, the interests granted to them by the Debtors meet the definition of “Excepted Liens” and, therefore, the consent of the Debtors’ lienhold-ers to a conveyance of an interest in property to Nordheim and HPIP was not required to create a valid interest in the Debtors’ real property.

This argument, however, ignores the carveout from the definition of “Excepted Liens” in articles 1(d) and (f) of any property interest that “materially impair[s] the use of the Property ... or materially impair[s] the value of such Property subject thereto.”40 Nordheim and HPIP cannot have it both ways: if, as Nordheim and HPIP argue, the covenants at issue satisfy the “touch and concern” requirement by affecting the value and use of the real property, then the real property interests allegedly conveyed through those covenants cannot qualify as “Excepted Liens” *68under the Credit Agreement. Therefore, even if the Court were to find that the Debtors conveyed a real property interest to Nordheim or HPIP that satisfied the touch and concern prong — which it does not — those conveyances would have been made in violation of the terms of the Credit Agreement and would constitute a default by the Debtors under the Credit Agreement.41

2. If Horizontal Privity of Estate Is a Requirement Under Texas Law, It Is Not Satisfied Here

In the Defendant Motions, Nordheim and HPIP cite to a selection of Texas cases42 in which the court, they argue, does not expressly address horizontal privity of estate and nonetheless holds that the covenants at issue run with the land. Nor-dheim and HPIP submit that, under the facts of those cases, horizontal privity of estate does not. exist, and, therefore, those cases confirm that horizontal privity is not a requirement under Texas law for a covenant to run with the land.

Although the Court acknowledges that there is some ambiguity under Texas law as to whether horizontal privity of estate remains a requirement for a covenant to run with the land, it does not, and cannot, conclude that Texas courts have definitively rejected horizontal privity of estate as a requirement for a covenant to run with the land. Moreover, while the Court does not offer its opinion as to whether horizontal privity of estate existed in the cases Nor-dheim and HPIP cite, it is far from clear that horizontal privity of estate was lacking in each .of those cases.

Moreover, in disputing Nordheim and HPIP’s assertion that horizontal privity of estate is no longer a requirement under Texas law, the Debtors cite to a number of recent Texas cases in which the courts expressly considered horizontal privity of estate in their analyses.43 Indeed, neither Nordheim nor HPIP has identified any authority affirmatively indicating that horizontal privity of estate between the covenanting parties is no longer a requirement for a covenant to run with the land. Therefore, absent any actual authority to the contrary, the Court considers horizontal privity of estate in its analysis under Texas law.

The Court agrees with the Debtors that neither Nordheim nor HPIP has demonstrated that horizontal privity of estate exists between the original covenanting parties with respect to the covenants at issue. In the Nordheim Motion, Nor-dheim argues that horizontal privity of estate is satisfied by virtue of the creation of the Pipeline Easement and the conveyance of the Nordheim Parcel. As the Court found in the context of the Rejection Decision, these facts do not fit within the traditional paradigm for horizontal privity of estate between covenanting parties, as was the case in the ’Fifth Circuit’s decision in Newco Energy v. Energytec, Inc.44 As the Debtors argue in the SJ Motion, the model *69for the creation of horizontal privity of estate is the conveyance of an interest in property that itself is being burdened with the relevant covenant, not the conveyance of an interest in property that is distinct from (even if somewhat related to) the property burdened by the covenant.45

Moreover, neither Nordheim nor HPIP has identified any authority for the proposition that the horizontal privity of estate prong is satisfied if the covenanting parties have horizontal privity of estate only with respect to property separate from the property burdened by the covenant at issue.46 Instead, Nordheim and HPIP argue, without support, that horizontal privity of estate exists through the conveyance of any land “involved” in the covenants at issue. Again, this overly broad conception of the horizontal privity of estate requirement is inconsistent with the historical paradigm as well as the very caselaw Nor-dheim and HPIP cite. The theory is especially untenable given that the underlying purpose of the horizontal privity of estate requirement, as explained by HPIP in its objection to the Rejection Motion,47 is to ensure that a covenant that binds successors is formally recorded in connection with the real property that is being burdened by the covenant.

In addition, Nordheim’s argument that the Pipeline Easement constitutes an interest in the leasehold, and therefore its creation satisfies horizontal privity of estate, is unavailing. First, Nordheim suggests that horizontal privity of estate can be satisfied by a contractual provision that contemplates but does not effectuate a future assignment by Sabine of real property intérests to Nordheim. This argument defies common sense — the possibility of horizontal privity of estate does not constitute actual horizontal privity of estate. Second, Nordheim argues that horizontal privity of estate is satisfied because Nordheim has a real property interest in the form of the right to take minerals out of Sabine’s mineral estate. This argument is premised on a mischaracterization of the Nordheim Agreements (and, as applicable, the HPIP Agreements). As Nordheim acknowledges, under those agreements, Sabine is responsible for connecting its wells to Receipt Points (as defined in the Nordheim Agreements).48 Nordheim and HPIP are responsible for constructing a gathering system that is also to be connected to the Receipt Points (or, in the case of HPIP, the “Central Delivery Points”). Under this framework, therefore, none of Nor-dheim or HPIP’s structures connects to Sabine’s wells themselves, and neither Nordheim nor HPIP has the right to connect its pipelines to the Debtors’ wells. Consequently, the cases on which Nor-dheim relies that hold that a party’s right to “go upon the land and place there the necessary structures to connect the wells” to such party’s pipeline are inapplicable to *70the present facts.49 Nordheim’s arguments assume rather than demonstrate the existence of a real property interest in Sabine’s mineral estate.50

In addition to joining Nordheim’s arguments, HPIP advances additional arguments in the HPIP Reply that Sabine did in fact convey to HPIP an interest in the allegedly burdened real property. These arguments also fail. First, HPIP argues that any “dedication” of real property is by definition a conveyance of that real property. This circular argument ignores the fact that, under Texas law, a conveyance of real property requires a grant of an interest in such real property, which requires certain operative language, including an identification of a grantee.51 Here, not only do the HPIP Agreements contain no language evidencing a conveyance of real property, but, as discussed below, they contain language expressly disclaiming any such conveyance.52

Undaunted, HPIP disputes the Debtors’ characterization of the express terms of the HPIP Agreements as disclaiming any conveyance of an interest in Sabine’s real property. HPIP argues instead that the language in the HPIP Agreements that Sabine does not “sell, transfer or assign”53 to HPIP any interest in the Debtors’ real property “does not disclaim the transfer of interest in the Leases ... it merely states that no broader conveyance of title to the leases, or to the other personal property of Sabine, was to be inferred from the Agreements overall.”54 HPIP’s tortured reading of the HPIP Agreements is not persuasive. The inclusion of this language in the HPIP Agreements lends further support to the conclusion that Sabine did not grant HPIP any interest in Sabine’s mineral estate or in other real property pursuant to the HPIP Agreements.

Accordingly, without concluding whether or not horizontal privity of estate is indeed a requirement under Texas law, the Court finds that horizontal privity does not exist between Sabine and Nordheim or between Sabine and HPIP.

B. The Covenants Do Not Run With the Land As Equitable Servitudes

An equitable servitude is enforceable when the contracting parties are in privity of estate at the time of the conveyance and a subsequent party purchases the land with notice of the restriction.55 In addition, the restriction sought to be en*71forced must limit the use of .the purportedly burdened land and benefit the land of the party seeking to enforce it.56

As it held in the Rejection Decision, and based on its additional “touch and concern” analysis above, the Court holds that the covenants at issue do not limit the use of or burden Sabine’s mineral estate such that they could run with that real property as equitable servitudes. The Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements are fundamentally service contracts relating to personal property of Sabine. The covenants at issue, therefore, do not constitute equitable servitudes that run with Sabine’s real property.

Conclusion

For all of the foregoing reasons and for the reasons stated in the Rejection Decision, the Court finds that the covenants at issue in the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements do not run with the land either as real covenants or as equitable servitudes. Accordingly, (i) the Debtors’ motion for summary judgment on their declaratory judgment claims against Nordheim and HPIP is GRANTED; (ii) the Debtors’ motion for summary judgment on Nordheim’s declaratory judgment counterclaims and ■ HPIP’s declaratory judgment counterclaims is GRANTED; and (iii) Nordheim’s motion for judgment on the pleadings and HPIP’s motion for judgment on the pleadings are DENIED. The parties are directed to submit an order reflecting the Court’s rulings in the Rejection Decision and herein.

APPENDIX A

FOB PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

In re: SABINE OIL & GAS CORPORATION, et al.,1 Debtors.

Chapter 11

Case No. 15-11835 (SCC)

(Jointly Administered)

BENCH DECISION ON DEBTORS’ OMNIBUS MOTION TO AUTHORIZE REJECTION OF CERTAIN EXECUTORY CONTRACTS2

APPEARANCES:

KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP

KIRKLAND & ELLIS INTERNATIONAL LLP

601 Lexington Avenue

New York, N.Y. 10022

By: Paul M. Basta, P.C.

Jonathan S. Henes, P.C.

Christopher Marcus, P.C.

*72300 North LaSalle

Chicago, IL 60654

By: James H.M. Sprayregen, P.C.

Ryan Blaine Bennett, Esq. (argued)

Brad Weiland, Esq.

Counsel to the Debtors

BRACEWELL & GIULIANI LLP

1251 Avenue of the Americas, 49th Floor

New York, N.Y. 10020

By: Robert G. Burns, Esq. (argued)

711 Louisiana St., Suite

2300 Houston, TX 77002

By: William A. (Trey) Wood III, Esq.

Jason G. Cohen, Esq.

Counsel to Nordheim Eagle Ford Gathering, LLC

LATHAM & WATKINS LLP

885 Third Avenue

New York, New York 10022

By: Keith Simon, Esq. (argued)

Annemarie V. Reilly, Esq.

Counsel to HPIP Gonzales Holdings, LLC

ROPES & GRAY LLP

1211 Avenue of the Americas

New York, New York 10036

By: Mark R. Somerstein, Esq. (argued)

Keith H.. Wofford, Esq.

D. Ross Martin, Esq.

C. Thomas Brown, Esq.

Counsel to the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors

LINKLATERS LLP

1345 Avenue of the Americas

New York, New York 10105

By: Margot B. Schonholtz, Esq. (argued)

Robert H. Trust, Esq.

Counsel to Wells Fargo, National Associate, as Administrative Agent under First Lien Credit Agreement

HONORABLE SHELLEY C. CHAPMAN UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY JUDGE:

Before the Court is the Debtors’ Motion (the “Motion”) for an Order Authorizing Rejection of Certain Executory Contracts [ECF No. 371]. By the Motion, the Debtors seek to reject certain contracts between Sabine Oil & Gas Corporation (“Sabine”) and Nordheim Eagle Ford Gathering, LLC (“Nordheim”), and between Sabine and HPIP Gonzales Holdings, LLC (“HPIP”) pursuant to section 365(a) of the Bankruptcy Code.

On October 8, 2015, Nordheim and HPIP3 each filed an objection to the Motion [ECF Nos. 386 and 387], On October 14, 2015, the Debtors filed their omnibus reply to the objections [ECF No. 410]. On January 8, 2016, Nordheim filed a surreply to the Motion [ECF No. 676], and on January 22, 2016, the Debtors filed a response to that surreply [ECF No. 742]. The Court heard oral argument on the Motion on February 2, 2016.

*73 Background

The Debtors — an independent energy-company engaged in the acquisition, production, exploration, and development of onshore oil and natural gas properties in the United States — filed petitions for relief under chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code with this Court on July 15, 2015. The Debtors are operating their businesses and managing their properties as debtors in possession pursuant to sections 1107(a) and 1108 of the Bankruptcy Code. The Court entered an order authorizing the joint administration and procedural consolidation of the Debtors’ chapter 11 cases pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 1015(b) on July 16, 2015. There has not been a request for the appointment of a trustee or examiner in these chapter 11 cases. On July 28, 2015, the Office of the U.S. Trustee for the Southern District of New York formed the official committee of unsecured creditors pursuant to section 1102 of the Bankruptcy Code. Familiarity with the background of the Debtors’ businesses and chapter 11 cases, and with the December 16, 2014 combination of Sabine Oil & Gas LLC and Forest Oil Corporation (the “Combination”), is assumed.4

A. The Nordheim Agreements

As a result of the Combination, Sabine became party to two contracts -with Nor-dheim, each dated January 23, 2014: the first, a Gas Gathering Agreement, and the second, a Condensate Gathering Agreement (together, the “Nordheim Agreements”). By the Gas Gathering Agreement, Sabine agreed to “dedicate” to the “performance” of that agreement all of the gas produced by Sabine from a designated area and deliver such gas to Nordheim, and Nordheim agreed to gather, treat, dehydrate, and re-deliver that gas to Sabine. Nordheim further agreed to construct, at its sole cost and expense, a gathering system of pipelines and treatment facilities to provide certain agreed-upon services. The Gas Gathering Agreement contemplates a separate and subsequent conveyance from Sabine to Nordheim of a mutually agreed tract of land in connection with Nor-dheim’s construction and operation of the gathering system. Sabine also agreed to deliver a certain minimum amount of gas to Nordheim on an annual basis. To the extent it does not deliver such minimum amounts, Sabine is required to make a deficiency payment to Nordheim; Sabine also is obligated to pay monthly gathering fees to Nordheim. The Gas Gathering Agreement has a 10-year term, with automatic yearly renewal subject to termination, and is governed by Texas law.

The Condensate Gathering Agreement between Sabine and Nordheim contains substantially the same terms as the Gas Gathering Agreement, but it relates to liquid hydrocarbons and other liquids rather than gas. The Court will refer to the liquid hydrocarbons, gas, and other products that are the subject of the dedications in the Nordheim Agreements as the “Nor-dheim Products.”

Each Nordheim Agreement specifically provides that the agreement itself is a “covenant running with the [land]” within the designated area, and is enforceable by Nordheim against Sabine, its affiliates, and their successors and assigns.5

*74B. The HPIP Agreements

Sabine also became party to two contracts with HPIP as a result of the Combination: one, a Production Gathéring, Treating and Processing Agreement, dated May 3, 2013, and the other a Water and Acid Gas Handling Agreement, dated May 2014, with no specific date (together, the “HPIP Agreements”). The former, the HPIP Gathering Agreement, obligates Sabine to “dedicate” to the “performance” of the agreement certain leases owned by Sabine and the oil, gas, and water produced from the wells located on the land subject to those leases, and to deliver that oil, gas, and water to HPIP. Pursuant to the agreement, HPIP agreed to construct, operate, and maintain gathering facilities to provide certain services with respect to the products delivered by Sabine. The HPIP Gathering Agreement is also governed by Texas law.

The latter, the HPIP Handling Agreement, contains substantially similar terms to those set forth in the HPIP Gathering Agreement, but provides for HPIP to construct, operate, and maintain disposal facilities for and perform disposal services with respect to all of the water and acid gas produced by Sabine from the same land subject to the leases. The Court will refer to the oil, gas, acid, and water that are the subject of the dedications in the HPIP Agreements as the “HPIP Products.”

Each HPIP Agreement provides that Sabine’s undertaking to deliver the HPIP Products to HPIP is a covenant “running with the lands and leasehold interests” identified in the agreement,6 and further provides that the agreement “shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the Parties hereto, their successors, assigns, heirs, administrators and/or executors.” 7

Discussion

A. The Debtors Have Satisfied the Standard for Rejection of the Agreements

The Debtors seek to reject the Nor-dheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements (referred to collectively as the “Agreements”) pursuant to section 365(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. Under that provision, a debtor in possession, “subject to the court’s approval, may assume or reject any executory contract ... of the debtor.”8 Subject to the requirement of notice and a hearing, and the bankruptcy court’s approval, section 365(a) allows the debtor in possession to evaluate its executory contracts (and unexpired leases) and “decide which ones would be beneficial to adhere to and which ones it would be beneficial to reject.”9 “The purpose behind allowing the assumption or rejection of executory contracts is to permit the trustee or debt- or-in-possession to use valuable property of the estate and to renounce title to and abandon burdensome property.”10

As the Second Circuit held in Orion Pictures Corp. v. Showtime Networks, the “process of deciding a motion to assume [or reject] is one of the bankruptcy court placing itself in the position of ... the debtor in possession and determining whether assuming [or rejecting] the contract would be a good business decision or *75a bad one.”11 This analysis is generally referred to as a “business judgment” test, although it varies somewhat from the traditional business judgment rule employed in state corporate law,12 and requires the court to look at whether the debtor’s decision to assume or reject is beneficial to the estate.13 The bankruptcy court generally defers to a debtor’s determination as to whether rejection of an executory contract is advantageous,14 unless the decision to reject is the product of bad faith, whim, or caprice.15 Unless a separate provision of the Bankruptcy Code provides a non-debt- or party with specific protection, the interests of the debtor and its estate are paramount; adverse effects on the non-debtor contract party arising from the decision to assume or reject are irrelevant.16 At root, the question for the court on a motion to reject is “whether a reasonable business person would make a similar decision under similar circumstances.”17

The Debtors argue that rejection of the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements is a reasonable exercise of their business judgment and is in the best interests of their estates because those Agreements' are unnecessarily burdensome. Specifically, the Debtors submit that it is not financially viable for them to deliver the minimum amounts of gas and condensate set forth in the Agreements, and, absent rejection, they would therefore be required to make the contractual deficiency payments, which would impose a considerable and unnecessary drain on the estates’ resources. If rejection is authorized, the Debtors state that they plan to enter into new gathering agreements with other gatherers on terms more favorable to the Debtors.

Both Nordheim and HPIP object to the Debtors’ proposed rejection, but for slightly different reasons. In its papers, Nor-dheim argues that the Debtors’ decision to reject the Nordheim Agreements does not satisfy the business judgment standard because Sabine’s covenants to dedicate the Nordheim Products and to pay a “transportation fee” are covenants that run with the land and therefore would survive rejection.18 As argued by Nordheim, if the Debtors reject the Nordheim Agreements, Sabine would remain bound by those covenants, and rejection of the remainder of the agreements would provide little or no benefit to the Debtors’ estates.

At oral argument, however, Nordheim put forward an additional and distinct ar*76gument for the first time: that while the Court can authorize the Debtors’ rejection of the Nordheim Agreements, it cannot in doing so make a determination as to the legal status under Texas property law of those covenants in the Nordheim Agreements that Nordheim argues “run with the land.” In support of its argument, Nor-dheim relies on the Second Circuit’s decision in Orion as a legal limitation on the Court’s authority in the context of the Motion. In that case, the Second Circuit found that a bankruptcy court had committed reversible error by deciding a disputed factual issue in the context of a motion to assume an executory contract.

Like Nordheim, HPIP argues that Sabine’s dedication of certain of its leases and the HPIP Products are covenants that run with the land and are not subject to rejection.19 Unlike Nordheim, however, HPIP does not object to the rejection of the HPIP Agreements, but opposes only the Debtors’ attempt to reject those certain covenants contained in the HPIP Agreements that HPIP argues “run with the land.”20 Contrary to Nordheim’s Orion argument, HPIP submits that the Court should make an affirmative determination in the context of this Motion that the covenants do in fact run with the land and therefore cannot be rejected.

Significantly, neither Nordheim nor HPIP has put forward any arguments or evidence that the Debtors’ decision to reject their Agreements is the product of “bad faith, whim or caprice.”

As discussed more fully below, after review of Nordheim’s Orion argument and Judge Drain’s recent decision in In re The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, Inc. interpreting Orion, the Court concludes that it cannot decide substantive legal issues, including whether the covenants at issue run with the land, in the context of a motion to reject, unless such motion is scheduled simultaneously with an adversary proceeding or contested matter to determine the merits of the substantive legal disputes related to the motion.21 Although Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 6006 and 9014 provide that a proceeding to reject an executory contract is a contested matter, the Second Circuit’s decision in Orion makes clear that such a proceeding “should be considered a summary proceeding, intended to efficiently review the trustee’s or debtor’s decision to adhere to or reject a particular contract in the course of the swift administration of the bankruptcy estate. It is not the time or place for prolonged discovery or a lengthy trial with disputed issues.”22 In the instant case, because there is not procedural clarity or consensus as to whether issue was properly joined on the substantive legal issues presented by the Motion— ie., whether certain of the contractual terms are covenants that “run with the land” under Texas law — the Court must proceed in accordance with Orion and rule on the Motion without deciding in a binding way the underlying legal dispute with respect to whether the covenants at issue run with the land. The Court does so reluctantly inasmuch as there is no doubt that bifurcating the motion to reject and further proceedings to finally resolve the underlying property law dispute is an inefficient use of judicial and private re*77sources; it would have been far preferable for the Court to hear the two together.

At oral argument, counsel for HPIP acknowledged that HPIP does not object to the Debtors’ rejection of the HPIP Agreements, stating that “there’s no question they should reject”23 and that “assumption wouldn’t make any sense.”24 Accordingly, there is no dispute with respect to the reasonableness of the Debtors’ decision to reject the HPIP Agreements. Nordheim, however, challenges the reasonableness of the Debtors’ decision to reject the Nor-dheim Agreements, but has put forward no evidence or argument that the Debtors’ decision was the product of bad faith, whim, or caprice, or was otherwise an unreasonable exercise of the Debtors’ business judgment.

If it is ultimately determined that the covenants at issue in the Agreements do not run with the land, as the Debtors argue and the Court believes to be the case, the Debtors will be free to negotiate new gas gathering agreements with any party, likely obtaining better terms than the existing agreements provide. If, however, the covenants are ultimately determined to run with the land, the Debtors will likely need to pursue alternative arrangements with Nordheim and HPIP consistent with the covenants by which the Debtors would remain bound. In either scenario, the Debtors’ conclusion that they are better off rejecting the Nordheim and HPIP Agreements is a reasonable exercise of their business judgment. Therefore, even though, as explained below, the Court’s conclúsion that the covenants at issue do not run with the land is nonbinding, the Court finds the Debtors’ decision to rejéct each of the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements to be a reasonable exercise of business judgment.

In the absence of any allegation challenging the Debtors’ decision-making process, the Court finds that the Debtors have properly and adequately considered the business and legal risks associated with rejection of the Nordheim Agreements and the HPIP Agreements. Taking into account HPIP’s consent to the rejection of the HPIP Agreements, and having identified no basis to find otherwise with respect to either the Nordheim Agreements or the HPIP Agreements, the Court defers to the business judgment of the Debtors to reject the Agreements. Rejection of the Agreements relieves the Debtors of those terms that are subject to rejection (whether that be all or some of the terms of the Agreements as will be decided in a subsequent proceeding or agreed to by the parties), and will likely allow for the more efficient use of the Debtors’ assets.

The Court’s non-binding analysis as to whether the covenants at issue “run with the land” under Texas law follows.25

B. The Covenants At Issue Do Not “Run with the Land” under Texas Law

The covenants at issue are (i) the Debtors’ dedication to HPIP of the HPIP Products and certain leases to the performance of the HPIP Agreements; (ii) the Debtors’ dedication to Nordheim of the Nordheim Products to the performance of the Nor-dheim Agreements; and (iii) the Debtors’ covenant to pay Nordheim a gathering fee. *78Generally, a covenant may run with the land as a real covenant or as an equitable servitude. Here, the Court preliminarily finds that none of the covenants runs with the land either as a real covenant or as an equitable servitude.

1. Historical Development of Covenants “Running with the Land”26

As many practitioners have noted, “[i]n U.S. property law, no rules are more arcane and anachronistic than those governing real covenants,”27 a statement with which every first-year law student undoubtedly agrees. Nevertheless, the use of property covenants is pervasive in the United States, and the law relating to covenants, while archaic, must still be faithfully applied. To inform its analysis of Texas law and its application to the facts here, the Court provides some background on the origins and development of covenants “running with the land” in the United States.

The original concept of covenants “running with the land” was introduced in early English law at a time when neither the rights nor the duties created by contract could be assigned. Beginning in the landlord and tenant context, the idea that the benefit and burden of a covenant could run with the ownership interest was applied in other situations, including covenants included in a conveyance of land. These covenants respecting the use of land that ran with the estate came to be known as “real covenants” and were enforceable in the English courts of law.

In the early cases, the courts tended to restrict the expansion of the use of real covenants by adding requirements to be met in order for a successor to recover for breach of a covenant in the original contract. For example, in one of the earliest cases dealing with the running of a burden, Spencer’s Case,28 the English court in the year 1583 created two requirements: (1) for a covenant relating to something not in existence to run, it must expressly bind assigns and (2) a covenant must “touch and concern” the land in order for it to run.

By 1834, the English courts of law had greatly narrowed the scope of legal relief available for breaches of covenants by holding that the running of the burdens on owners in fee violated public policy against encumbering land and restricting alienation. Thereafter, English courts of equity began developing rules for the enforcement of covenants against successive interestholders. Although over time English courts stopped finding that affirmative covenants run with the land, American jurisdictions have generally rejected that approach, instead adopting a policy that the requirements for running with the land should be more strictly applied to affirmative covenants than to negative ones. The covenants that meet the test established by the courts of equity have come to be known as “equitable servi-tudes.”

Over time, the use of covenants, both real and equitable, has become common. Yet, many characterize the law of covenants as an “unspeakable quagmire,”29 in part because of the continued distinction between real covenants and equitable ser-*79vitudes even after the union of law and equity, as well as the development in judicial decisions of additional requirements and wrinkles across different jurisdictions. Although the American Law Institute has pursued clarification by adopting the Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes in 1998, acceptance of some of the newer propositions has not been universal.

It is in this historical context that the Court has considered the arguments as to the status under Texas property law of the covenants at issue in this case, and has preliminarily concluded that the covenants do not run with the land either as real covenants or as equitable servitudes.

2. Real Covenants

The parties agree that whether the covenants run with the land is a question of Texas law, which is the law governing the Agreements. Unfortunately, there appears to be no applicable binding decision of the Texas Supreme Court on all aspects of the question. What follows is the Court’s analysis of the issue based on existing caselaw.

Under Texas law, language in a contract containing a covenant is the primary evidence of the parties’ intent, but terminology is not dispositive.30 Rather, a covenant runs with the land when (1) it touches and concerns the land; (2) it relates to a thing in existence or specifically binds the parties and their assigns; (3) it is intended by the original parties to run with the land; and (4) the successor to the burden has notice.31 Many courts have also required that the parties have horizontal privity of estate. Neither Nordheim nor HPIP has identified any governing authority that has rejected the horizontal privity requirement, and so the Court has considered the issue of horizontal privity of estate in its analysis.32

In their omnibus reply to the objections, the Debtors dispute the existence of three of these elements: (1) that there is horizontal privity of estate between, respectively, Sabine and Nordheim, and Sabine and HPIP; (2) that the relevant covenants “touch and concern” the land; and (3) that the parties intended those covenants to run with the land.

Horizontal privity of estate generally means that there was “simultaneous existing interests or mutual privity” between the original covenanting parties as either landlord and tenant or grantor and grantee.33 According to the traditional concept, the original covenanting parties seeking to create a covenant “running with the land” would need to have some additional transactional element to their relationship, and not merely be two parties seeking to covenant with one another.34 The traditional paradigm involves a property owner reserving by covenant, either for itself or another beneficiary, a certain interest out of the conveyance of the property burdened by the covenant. That was the factual context before the Fifth Circuit in its decision in Newco Energy v. Energytec, Inc.35 on which both Nordheim and HPIP *80rely almost exclusively in support of their argument that the covenants at issue run with the land. In Energytec, the owner of a pipeline system assigned its property rights to one party, while reserving by covenant for another party the right to receive a fee for product transported on that property (i.e., through the pipeline) and a right to consent to any assignment of that property — a clear instance of the promisor seeking to ensure that the conveyance of its property interests did not eradicate an interest in the property of a third party.

The facts here do not fit within that traditional model. In this case, the Debtors did not in the context of a relevant conveyance reserve any interest for Nor-dheim or HPIP; rather, they simply engaged Nordheim and HPIP to perform certain services related to the hydrocarbon products produced by Sabine from its property. The covenants at issue are properly viewed as identifying and delineating the contractual rights and obligations with respect to the services to be provided, and not as reserving an interest in the subject real property.

Moreover, the Agreements do not grant Nordheim or HPIP a real property interest in the Debtors’ mineral estate, which is comprised of five real property rights, or “sticks,” under Texas law: “(1) the right to develop (the right of ingress and egress), (2) the right to lease (the executive right), (3) the right to receive bonus payments, (4) the right to receive delay rentals, [and] (5) the right to receive royalty payments.”36 A right to transport or gather produced gas is clearly not one of these “sticks.”37 Therefore, under Texas law, the Debtors have not transferred any portion of their real property interests to Nordheim or HPIP through the Agreements.

The covenants at issue also do not appear to satisfy the “touch and concern” prong. Courts utilize two tests for determining whether that prong is satisfied under Texas law, although these tests are not “absolute.”38 The first test considers whether the covenant “affected the nature, quality or value of the thing demised, independently of collateral circumstances, or if it affected the mode of enjoying it.”39 The second test evaluates whether “the promi-sor’s legal relations in respect of the land in question are lessened-his legal interest as owner rendered less valuable by the promise ... [and] if the promisee’s legal relations in respect to the land are increased — his legal interest as owner rendered more valuable by the promise.”40 The Fifth Circuit, in interpreting Texas law, has stated that “[although the case-law is somewhat unclear, it is at least arguable that the benefit requirement has been abandoned by the Texas courts”— meaning that a covenant need only burden the promisor’s legal interest in the land to “touch and concern” that land.41 But, the Fifth Circuit has also explained that it is *81not enough that a covenant affect the value of the land; “it must still affect the owner’s interest in the property or its use in order to be a real covenant.”42 The covenants at issue here do not satisfy either test: they do not impact the value of the land “independent of collateral circumstances” and do not affect any interest in the real property of, or its use by, the owner. Rather, those covenants constitute an undertaking personal to the producer (Sabine) and the midstream service providers (Nordheim and HPIP).

Under Texas law, once minerals are extracted from the ground, such minerals cease to be real property and instead become personal property.43 The covenants at issue concern only Sabine’s interests in the produced “Products.” The dedication covenants provide Nordheim and HPIP, as Sabine’s service-providers, with the products needed to perform the contracted-for services. This is true even for the Debtors’ dedication of certain leases in the HPIP Agreements inasmuch as that dedication is in furtherance of the overarching purpose of the contract, which is to provide product services to the Debtors. Similarly, the gathering fee compensates Nordheim for gathering those Products as part of its provision of those services. Contrary to HPIP’s argument, the “dedication” does not constitute a burdening of the Debtors’ property interests, but rather an identification of what property and products are the subject of the Agreement and will be made available to the gatherer in furtherance of the purposes of the Agreements. Under Texas law, such covenants do not have a direct impact upon the real property from which those products were produced and thus do not “touch and concern” the land. They concern only the Products produced from real property and affect only Sabine’s personal property rights.44

Another consideration that the Fifth Circuit has examined in determining whether a covenant burdens the land is whether the action triggering the covenant is one that affects the land.45 In Westland Oil, for example, the Texas Supreme Court held that a covenant obligating a third-party to assign part of its interest in certain oil and gas leases “touched and concerned the land” in part because the covenant was triggered by the drilling of a test well on the land.46 Here, the triggers for the covenants at issue relate to the Products, not to the land itself.

*82The dedication covenants are triggered contractually by Sabine’s production and saving of the Nordheim and HPIP Products, while the Nordheim gathering fee covenant is triggered by Nordheim’s receipt of the Nordheim Products. None of those triggers affects the land from which those products have been produced. Rather, only the products themselves, and, importantly, Sabine’s rights with respect to those products, are affected by those covenants.47 The land itself remains unburdened.48

On this basis, once again, Energytec is distinguishable.49 First, the right to consent to an assignment in Energytec was a clear burden on the land because it restricted the landowner’s rights of alienation of its property. Such a burden does not exist here. Second, unlike the Nor-dheim gathering fee, the transportation fee in Energytec was secured by a lien on the entire gas pipeline system, which was owned by the promisor. As the Debtors point out, not only is the Nordheim gathering fee not secured, but the property subject to the Nordheim Agreements is subject to preexisting liens held by the Debtors’ secured lenders. Those lienhold-ers did not approve a conveyance of any interest in the land subject to the liens, and they were not informed of any interest being created in those properties.50 Moreover, while Nordheim and HPIP point to local recordings filed in connection with their respective Agreements, there was no security provided to them with respect to their alleged interests in the property. Contrary to Nordheim’s argument that any lien priority dispute is an issue between the Debtors and their lienholders,51 those facts strongly militate against a finding that the covenants at issue burden the property and thus touch and concern the land.

Energytec is also distinguishable by the fact that the obligation to pay the transport fee in that case was triggered simply by the flow of gas through the pipeline. Here, in contrast, the Nordheim gathering fee is triggered by Nordheim’s receipt of gas from Sabine into Nordheim’s own facilities. Nordheim’s gathering fee is thus not as directly tied to the promisor’s land as was the case in Energytec. The Nor-dheim gathering fee covenant therefore has no direct connection to or impact on the land or on Sabine’s property rights.52 Neither the property owner’s interest in the land (as distinct from the products produced from those lands) nor its use of those lands is affected by such covenants, *83which, as the Fifth Circuit stated in El Paso, do not “compel []or preclude [the owner] ... from doing anything on the land itself.”53

Having found preliminarily that the covenants at issue do not (i) readily fit into the traditional paradigm for horizontal privity of estate or (ii) “touch and concern” the Debtors’ land, the Court need not further extend its real covenant analysis at this time; accordingly, the Court has not considered the issue of the parties’ intent.

3. Equitable Servitudes

Nordheim, in its surreply, alternatively argues that even if the covenants at issue are personal covenants, they constitute equitable servitudes which cannot be rejected pursuant to the Bankruptcy Code. This argument lacks merit. An equitable servitude is enforceable when the contracting parties are in privity of estate at the time of the conveyance and a subsequent party purchases the land with notice of the restriction.54 However, in the case of an equitable servitude, the restriction sought to be enforced must still “concern the land or its use or enjoyment.”55 Because the Court has concluded that the covenants at issue do not “concern the land or its use,” the Court also must conclude that the covenants at issue are likewise not enforceable as equitable servitudes.

Conclusion

For all of the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that the decision to reject the Nordheim Agreements and HPIP Agreements is a reasonable exercise of the Debtors’ business judgment. Accordingly, the Court authorizes the rejection of those agreements as of the dates requested in the Motion.

As required by Oñon, in granting the Motion, the Court does not make any final determination as to whether the covenants at issue run with the land or as to any substantive legal issue other than granting authority to reject the contracts under section 365(a). The Court does not at this time grant the Debtors’ request to limit the nature of the claims that Nordheim or HPIP may file against the Debtors’ estates, nor does it grant Nordheim’s request for what is effectively relief fi’om the automatic stay to pursue remedies against Sabine and its property. Nordheim and HPIP may file claims (and, in HPIP’s case, amend its previously filed claim) against the Debtors’ estates consistent with what each of them believes its legal rights to be, and those claims may be resolved promptly through the Debtors’ claims administration process. The parties are directed to submit an order consistent with this decision.