A receipt in full may form an exception to the familiar principle of law which permits receipts to be explained by parol evidence. The receipt of a sum in full of a debt is something more than simple evidence of the payment of the sum specified. Such a receipt betokens a controversy between the parties as to the amount due, a difference of opinion upon that point, and a mutual compromise and adjustment of a disputed indebtedness at the precise sum mentioned in the instrument. The receipt in full may well be regarded as embodying a compromise; and al-. though fraud or serious mistake will sometimes authorize it to be disregarded, yet, under the municipal law as it prevails throughout all our states, such an instrument can only be avoided by clear evidence of a deceit, or gross mistake as to the rights concluded by it The fact that the sum received is inadequate compensation for the claim, does not constitute a case which authorizes the disregard or opening of a formal and final receipt in writing; it is necessary, further, that the party should show that he acted under ignorance or misapprehension as to the nature or extent of his rights involved therein. Lawrence v. Schuylkill Nav. Co. [Case No. 8,143]. Thus, if the rights in claim are questionable, and honestly resist; ed, and time is given the creditor to consider the proposed payment, his receipt, given for less than his true demand, will not be set aside. It will be regarded as meaning deliberately to accept a lesser sum in payment in full of all demands; and cannot be easily opened to admit proof that unspecified particulars were intended to be excepted. 2

In the view of admiralty; however, there is reason for imposing a more restricted rule in respect to receipts passed by seamen to masters, owners, or shipping agents. The parties in these settlements do not usually deal with each other upon equal terms. The seaman stands in a position which exposes him to be coerced or deluded into giving a receipt Of this character, upon the temptation of a little ready money in hand, when nó bonfi fide settlement has been made; and upon the ground of this inequality, and as a measure of protection to parties who are seldom qualified to protect themselves, admiralty will admit evidence in explanation of a receipt, no matter how clear, explicit, and conclusive its terms and solemnities may be. The doctrine of the maritime law on this subject is fully stated in the case of The David Pratt [Case No. 3,597]. In that case, in answer to a demand for wages, the defendant set up a receipt, under seal; signed by the libellant and others of the crew, of specified sums, “in full for our services in wages on board said vessel; and in consideration whereof, and of one cent to each of us paid, we have released, and do hereby release and discharge forever, the master, officers, and owners of said vessel, and each *104of them,' of and from all suits, claims, and demands, for assaults and battery and imprisonment, and every other matter and thing, of whatever name or nature, against said schooner David Pratt, the master, owners, and officers, to the day of this date.”

*104It was conceded by the court that this instrument was primR facie evidence of payment, and sufficient, until falsified by positive proof, or strong presumption; and this is undoubtedly correct. But the notion that such an instrument, formal and solemn though it was, must be accepted as in itself conclusive against the claim, was justly repudiated as contrary to the free and equitable spirit of admiralty jurisprudence, however consonant it might be with the more rigorous doctrines of the common law.

A very analogous decision was made in the supreme court of New York, in the case of Thomas v. McDaniel, 14 Johns. 185. The decision in that case rested upon the indicia of fraud observable in the facts shown, rather than upon any general principle of protection to seamen; although the latter consideration is distinctly adverted to in the opinion of the court. The action there was by a seaman against the master for an assault and battery, committed during the voyage. The defendant offered a receipt, signed by the plaintiff, acknowledging to have received $60.50, “in full of all demands against the ship Independence, her officers and owners, for wages; also, $1.00, as a full compensation for every thing else.”

A witness testified, that upon the settlement he explained the receipt to McDaniel, by stating that the one dollar was . intended as a full compensation for all other claims except wages; and that the plaintiff at first refused to sign the paper, and waited three or four days. The master then put the money and the receipt upon the table, and told the seaman that he might sign or not, as he pleased. The plaintiff read over the paper and signed it, and received the money, nothing being said about assault and battery. The judgment in the court below was for the plaintiff, and was affirmed on appeal.

“There is strong ground to infer,” say the court, “that the receipt was unfairly obtained. It was coupled with a receipt for the wages of the seaman, and the evidence shows that his wages, after being liquidated at $60.56, were withheld by the captain during three or four days, because the plaintiff refused to sign the double receipt. To a person in the situation of a seaman just arrived in port, after a long voyage, and probably without a cent of money, this was a fraudulent constraint on the part of the captain, from which the law will protect the seaman. It cannot be doubted, that if the wages had been unconditionally paid, the plaintiff would peremptorily have refused to sign the receipt for dhe dollar for every thing else.”

The receipt in this case is, therefore, not to be regarded as absolutely concluding the libellant, while it is prima, facie evidence of payment in full. It is open in this court to explanation, not only by evidence of fraud or of ignorance of the outstanding claim, but also by clear and distinct proof, that at the time of the settlement there was a valid outstanding claim which was not in fact embraced in the payment actually made. This would not be sufficient at common law, unless it were also shown that the rights of the party in respect to such outstanding claim- .were in some respect unknown or misunderstood by him, and this through no fault or neglect of his. In admiralty, however, it is enough that a valid outstanding claim be shown, if the proofs are such as to put its existence and validity beyond question. I have, therefore, received and considered the evidence offered by the libellant upon this point.

The evidence does not appear to me of that clear and explicit character which will justify the court in disregarding the receipt. It is denied by the answer, and is at least equivocal upon the proofs, that the libellant was entitled to any wages antecedent to the time when he joined the boat at Charleston. The libellant claims to regard the payment made to him in Charleston as-- having been made only upon account of his demand both for wages and expenses accrued during the journey; but I think it may be fairly regarded, under -the proofs as they stand, as intended for a satisfaction of all claims preferred by him upon the score of his employment prior to his joining ,the steamboat; particularly as it is equivocal whether he was entitled to demand any thing beyond the reimbursement of his expenses. In that view of the case, the receipt of-the 31st of May, in my opinion, closed the whole transaction, and the respondent is accordingly entitled to a decree dismissing the libel. Decree accordingly.