OPINION

Plaintiff Philip Morris Incorporated (“Philip Morris”) filed an action in this court alleging a violation of Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), as well as various common law and state law torts committed by defendant Loew’s Theatres, Inc., doing business as Lorillard (“Lorillard”). The acts of Lorillard which are the subject of the complaint consist of the publication in various media of comparative advertising alleged to be false. A motion for temporary restraint was made by Philip Morris on July 18 and adjourned upon cer *856 tain representations to July 21, at which time the motion of Philip Morris for preliminary injunction was heard and continued at Lorillard’s request to July 23. Affidavits were submitted and testimony was heard. Philip Morris’ motion will. be granted in part and a preliminary injunction will issue to enjoin use by Lorillard of the phrase “National Taste Test Winner” with respect to the MERIT and MARLBORO LIGHTS brands of Philip Morris, as well as the statement that a majority of smokers surveyed said, “Triumph tastes as good or better than Merit,” or “ * * * Marlboro Lights.” The motion will be denied with respect to the use of the sentence “In rating overall product preference, more smokers independently chose Triumph over Merit,” or “ * * * over Marlboro Lights.” This opinion will constitute the court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.

Philip Morris and Lorillard have been engaged for many decades in the manufacture, distribution, sale and marketing of cigarettes throughout the United States. Both parties manufacture and sell cigarettes under several different brand names and offer “low tar” (15 mg. tar or less) and “full flavor” (16 mg. tar or more) cigarettes.

In 1972, Philip Morris successfully introduced MARLBORO LIGHTS which currently has a market share in excess of 2.7%. During 1975, Philip Morris embarked upon an intensive advertising campaign to introduce a new cigarette, MERIT, and subsequently stressed the claimed delivery of good taste in a “low tar” cigarette as established by taste-testing research. MERIT contains 8 mg. of tar. MERIT currently enjoys a market share of 4.2% and is the largest selling “low tar” cigarette in the United States, such cigarettes amounting to between 38% and 41% of the entire market in 1979.

In June, 1979, after test marketing, Lorillard introduced TRIUMPH cigarettes, which contain 3 mg. of tar. To date TRIUMPH has a .5% share of the total market.

Competition in the low tar cigarette market as well as competition between low tar and so-called “full flavor” cigarettes has centered largely on the element of taste. Both Philip Morris and Lorillard have conducted research to improve the taste of their products as well as research concerning product acceptability.

In April, 1980, SE Surveys, Inc., commissioned by Lorillard, conducted what was labeled “A National Taste Test: Triumph Menthol vs. Winston Lights, Marlboro Lights, Vantage and Merit Non-Menthols” (“the Test”). 1 On June 16, 1980 Advertising Age magazine described a new Lorillard advertising campaign and described the ads which were shortly thereafter published. The ads and the Test are made appendices to this opinion.

Substantial moneys have been committed by Lorillard to this ad campaign (six and one-half times the prior expenditures), and publication of the ads in question is scheduled in Time, Newsweek, the New York Times, other newspapers and on billboards. While Lorillard has not revealed the dollar amount of this campaign or the cost of the space to be purchased for the ads, almost three quarters of a million dollars has been spent in merely creating the materials. The industry practices are revealed to some extent by the facts that industry sales of cigarettes exceed 609 billion dollars and that while MERIT accounts for 350 million dollars of revenue for Philip Morris, over 200 million is spent in its advertising for this brand o'ver a three year period. Advertising is one of the principal means of competition between Philip Morris and Lorillard.

What is apparent from the Test is that when questioned solely about taste, 36% of those surveyed preferred TRIUMPH over MERIT, 24% considered the two about the same, and 40% preferred MERIT. The legend “National Taste Test Winner” is therefore false in that it contains the word *857 “Taste” while the percentages reveal that TRIUMPH did not establish numerical superiority on that portion of the Test.

The text of the ad states “an amazing 60% said 3 mg. Triumph tastes as good or better than 8 mg. Merit” without indicating that on the same basis 64% stated MERIT tastes as good or better than TRIUMPH. This sentence in the context appears misleading. The reasoning behind Lorillard’s claim best was expounded by its last witness, the distinguished and obviously experienced president of Foote, Cone & Belding, a preeminent advertising ageney which has prepared ads for Lorillard other than those in question. To those familiar with advertising in this field, since it is expected that lower tar will result in lesser taste, even a close loss in a taste test constitutes a victory for a lower tar cigarette. 2 The inclusion of this subjective assumption, known to the advertising fraternity, does not validate the misleading aspect of the ad.

The same methodology and phraseology is used with respect to the TRIUMPH/MARLBORO LIGHTS comparison except that MERIT was preferred by 43% over 39% who chose MARLBORO LIGHTS, eliminating those who drew no distinction between the two. However, the Test states as to this difference: “the difference is not statistically significant.” The “National Taste Test Winner” legend is therefore false. The “amazing 61% said * * * ” language is misleading.

Further, both ads contain similar language: “Triumph preferred over Merit. In rating overall product preference more smokers independently chose Triumph over Merit.” The smokers were advised of the tar content of the cigarettes before making this choice, and affidavit evidence has been submitted to the effect that this fact so prejudices the smoker that the choice is meaningless in terms of taste. Contrary expert opinion has been offered by Lorillard and the evidence of Philip Morris is not preponderant on this contested issue at this point in the litigation.

Philip Morris has submitted evidence that the ads of Lorillard are viewed by the public as stating that tests have established that TRIUMPH is a better tasting cigarette than MERIT. This survey, undertaken over the weekend after filing of the motion for preliminary injunction, is countered by an expert offered by Lorillard who has testified by affidavit as to consumer psychology, and by an expert who has questioned the methodology of the survey. Notwithstanding their testimony, the survey establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that 37% of those interviewed, the largest block of those answering the open-ended question, believe that the ad establishes that TRIUMPH tastes better than MERIT.

*858 To counter Philip Morris’ motion, Lorillard has alleged that the MERIT market share has been achieved by identical advertising practices in the past. Yet the lead in the MERIT ads state in bold type “Merit Wins ‘Choice’ Test” or another general claim of superiority without reference to taste. The ads indicate further that the “smokers chose the MERIT low tar/good taste combination over high tar leaders when tar levels were revealed.” The tastes “as good as — or better than — ” phrase is also employed, as well as one headline claiming better taste. No evidence was introduced to show that these claims presents survey results in a misleading fashion.

These facts require the application of the precepts set forth in American Home Products Corp. v. Johnson & Johnson, 577 F.2d 160 (2d Cir. 1978). The falsity of the “National Taste Test Winner” slogan is apparent on its face in view of the Test percentages and relief can be granted without reference to buyers’ reaction to that portion of the ad. Id. at 165; American Brands v. R. J. Reynolds Co., 413 F.Supp. 1352, 1356-57 (S.D.N.Y. 1976). The misleading implication resulting from the use of the percentages favoring TRIUMPH and the omission of the similar percentage for MERIT is demonstrated by the results of the survey of consumer reaction to the Lorillard ad submitted by plaintiff. Though the statement is statistically accurate, the omission of the percentages established by the Test with their clear implication with respect to taste has caused the ads to be deceptive to the general public as established by Philip Morris’s weekend survey, despite its acceptability to those experienced in advertising.

The same result obtains from the use of the “tastes as good or better than” comparison with respect to MARLBORO LIGHTS, in view of the similar omission and the statistical insignificance of the percentages as stated in the test. Although the public opinion evidence has not been submitted, the clear inference which can be drawn from the MERIT survey is sufficient to support the same findings with respect to the public’s reaction to the ad concerning the taste of MARLBORO LIGHTS.

Although the weekend survey establishes that the ads create the impression that TRIUMPH beats MERIT, Philip Morris has not submitted preponderant evidence at this stage of the proceeding that the order of questions or the inclusion of a reference to the tar content so infected the general preference questions in the Test as to make this phrase in the ads misleading.

Under the familiar test for the issuance of preliminary relief, Jackson Dairy, Inc. v. H. P. Hood & Sons, Inc., 596 F.2d 70 (2d Cir. 1979), Philip Morris is entitled to an injunction. Based on the facts stated, Philip Morris will probably succeed on the merits with respect to the phrase “National Taste Test Winner”, and “ * * * Triumph tastes as good or better than Merit” (“ * * * Marlboro Lights”), and the damage is irreparable. No measure of the competition for the mind of the consumer has yet been devised other than market share, and no evidence has been, or probably could ever be submitted, that would establish that a particular market share shift was a direct result of a false advertisement so that money damages could be determined. Brand loyalty would be affected and by its very nature would remain incalculable. Further, there is convincing evidence that consumers are being deceived by TRIUMPH’S false claim' of taste superiority, and the reputation of MERIT, a direct competitor, among consumers will thereby suffer injury. See American Home Products Corp. v. Johnson & Johnson, 436 F.Supp. 785, 803 (1977); aff'd, 577 F.2d 160 (2d Cir. 1978); Ideal Toy Corp. v. Fab-lu Ltd., 266 F.Supp. 755, 757, aff’d, 360 F.2d 1021 (1966). Finally, and most significantly, it is the public interest as well as the competitor which is to be protected from deceptive advertising, and only injunctive relief can prevent that irreparable injury.

A balance of hardships between two substantial, well financed corporations in the cigarette business is difficult to strike, but the public interest in truthful advertising is manifest.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

*859 APPENDIX A

*860 APPENDIX B

*861 APPENDIX C

A NATIONAL TASTE TEST TRIUMPH NON-MENTHOL VS. WINSTON LIGHTS, MARLBORO LIGHTS, VANTAGE AND MERIT NON-MENTHOLS

A Report

Based on Consumer Research

Conducted by SE Survevs. InC.

New York, New York

BACKGROUND TO THE TEST

Lorillard retained SE Surveys, Inc. (a national independent research company) to conduct an unidentified paired comparison test of Triumph Non-Menthol versus Winston Lights, Marlboro Lights, Vantage Non-Menthol and Merit Non-Menthol.

To certify the objectivity of the research, Lorillard retained Dr. Russell I. Haley, an expert in the Marketing Research field and Professor of Marketing at the University of New Hampshire. Dr. Haley assisted in the study design and verified the results of the test in accordance with generally accepted.research practice. Dr. Haley's opinion of this research can be found at the end of this report.

The consumer research is described in detail, in the remainder of this booklet.

METHOD

The research method employed was an unidentified paired comparison taste test. Each participant tested Triumph and one of four other Non-Menthol brands — Winston Lights, Marlboro Lights, Vantage or Merit.

Participants were recruited in 25 geographically dispersed shopping centers using a standard intercept approach. The demographic composition was 60% male, 40% female; 60%.were 21-39 years of age, 40% were 40 years of age or older. This demographic profile was *862 utilized because it is representative of the National king size non-menthol cigarette market.

The participants were required to have all of the following qualifications:

• be 21 years of age or older

• smoke king size filter non-menthol cigarettes

• smoke 10 or more cigarettes a day

If all qualifications were met the participants .were given one of the two test cigarettes and were then told to smoke as much of the cigarette as they wished. Participants were randomly assigned test brands; the brands other than Triumph being Winston Lights, Marlboro Lights, Vantage and Merit. After the first cigarette had been smoked the participants were asked to drink some water to remove the taste of the first cigarette. The participants were then given the second test cigarette and were told to smoke as much of the cigarette as they wished. After the participants had smoked each of the two cigarettes, they were advised of the tar level of each cigarette they smoked and asked which of the two test cigarettes they preferred to smoke.

The remainder of the interview was then administered.

All cigarettes were masked with white tipping paper so that it was not possible to identify the two test cigarettes.

Throughout the test, the cigarettes smoked were rotated on a "Tried First'V'Tried Second" basis to eliminate position bias.

Field work was conducted between April 9 and April 30, 1980.

Note: The test employed for statistical significance was:

CITIES AND SAMPLE SIZE

The cities and number of non-menthol king size cigarette smokers in each city who participated in these tests were as follows:

*863

NUMBER OF INTERVIEW'S PER PAIRED COMPARISON TEST

Triumph vs. Winston Lights —310

Triumph vs. Marlboro Lights —313

Triumph vs. Vantage —309

Triumph vs. Merit —325

RESULTS OF THE BLIND TEST

(comparing Triumph and Winston Lights)

Stated below' are the results of the blind test comparison of Triumph against Winston Lights. Appearing under the column labeled "Total" is the number of smokers preferring each brand. Appearing under the column labeled "Respondents" is the percentage preferring Triumph and the percentage preferring Winston Lights. In other words, 66% of the respondents preferred Triumph, 29% preferred Winston Lights and 5% had no preference. This difference is statistically significant.

Appearing below is the number of smokers stating that Triumph is... much better tasting, somewhat better tasting, about the same in taste, somewhat worse tasting or much worse tasting than Winston Lights. As in the nrevious table the second column contains the percentages of respondents expressing these opinions. 66% find the taste of Triumph as good as or better than Winston Lights. This is a significantly larger percentage than the percentage of people stating that Winston Lights taste better. Similarly 52% say Triumph is better tasting w'hile only 34% say Winston Lights are better tasting. This again is significant.

*864 RESULTS OF THE BLIND TEST (comparing Triumph and Marlboro Lights)

Stated below are the results of the blind test comparison of Triumph against Marlboro Lights. Appearing under the column labeled "Total" is the number of smokers preferring each brand. Appearing under the column labeled "Respondents" is the percentage preferring Triumph and the percentage preferring Marlboro Lights. In other words 62% of the respondents preferred Triumph, 33% preferred Marlboro Lights and 5% had no preference. This difference is statistically significant.

Appearing beiow is the number of smokers stating that Triumph is...much better tasting, somewhat better tasting, about the same in taste, somewhat worse tasting or much worse tasting than Marlboro Lights or had no opinion. As in the previous table, the second column contains the percentages of respondents exoressing these opinions. 61% find the taste of Triumph as good as or better than Marlboro Lights. This is a significantly larger percentage than the percentage of people stating Marlboro Lights taste better. Similarly, although the difference is not statistically significant, 43% say Triumph is better tasting while only 39% say that Marlboro Lights are better tasting.

*865 RESULTS OF THE BLIND TEST (comparing Triumph and Vantage Non-Menthol)

Stated below are the results of the blind test comparison of Triumph against Vantage. Appearing under the column labeled "Total" is the number of smokers preferring each brand. Appearing under the column labeled "Respondents" is the percentage preferring Triumph and the percentage preferring Vantage. In other words 60% of the respondents preferred Triumph. 36% preferred Vantage and 4% had no preference. This difference is statistically significant.

Appearing below is the number of smokers stating that Triumph is...much better tasting, somewhat better tasting, about the same in taste, somewhat worse tasting or much worse tasting than Vantage. As in the previous table the second column contains the percentages of resppndents expressing these opinions. 62% find the taste of Triumph as good as or better than Vantage. This is a significantly larger percentage than the percentage of people stating that Vantage tastes better. Similarly, although the difference is not statistically significant, 45% say Triumph is better tasting while only 38%'say that Vantage is better tasting.

*866 RESULTS OF THE BLIND TEST (comparing Triumph and Merit Non-Menthol)

Stated below are the results of the blind test comparison of Triumph against Merit. Appearing under the column labeled "Total" is the number of smokers preferring each brand. Appearing under the column labeled "Respondents" is the percentage preferring Triumph and the percentage preferring Merit. In other words 53% of the respondents preferred Triumph, 42% preferred Merit and 5% had no preference. This difference is statistically significant.

Appearing below is the number of smokers stating that Triumph is.. .much better tasting, somewhat better tasting, about the same in taste, somewhat worse tasting or much worse tasting than Merit or had no opinion. As in the previous table, the second column contains the percentages expressing these opinions. 60% find the taste of Triumph as good as or better than Merit. This is a significantly larger percentage than the percentage of people stating that Merit tastes better. The difference between those stating Triumph is better tasting and those stating Merit is better tasting is not statistically significant.

*867

May 22, 1980

Mr. J. R. Ave

Executive Vice President - Marketing

Lorillard

666 Fifth Avenue

New York, New York

Dear Mr. Ave:

I have reviewed the research project entitled "A National Taste Test: Triumph Non-Menthol vs. Winston Lights, Marlboro Lights, Vantage, and Merit Non-Menthols" and conducted on behalf of Lorillard by SE Surveys, Inc. in April 1980. I .have examined it from the standpoint of the research design employed, sampling procedures, the questionnaire, and the analysis of the results obtained.

I find the study to have been professionally done, the procedures used to be in accordance with generally accepted research practice, and the results accurately stated in the Lorillard test result booklet.

Sincerely yours,

RIH/sb