Prince v. American Airlines, Inc.
Prince v. American Airlines, Inc.
Opinion of the Court
DECISION
The plaintiff was a flight attendant with defendant American Airlines (“the Airlines”) and was a member in good standing with the Association of Professional Flight Attendants (“the Union”) (both being the named defendants in this action).
On June 1, 1981, while employed aboard a flight from New York to Puerto Rico, the plaintiff sustained a physical injury due to turbulence. For several months, she was carried by her employer as being out because of an injury on duty. The plaintiff initially was reluctant to get medical attention. Her employer took her off the injured-on-duty status and placed her on sick leave, which diminished her benefits under
On February 5, 1982, the plaintiff filed a grievance with her Union. In March, a first level grievance hearing was held and the Airlines rejected her complaint.
While the workers’ compensation claim was pending, the plaintiff instituted this action,
On November 6, 1985, following the scheduling of a second level grievance procedure in New York, the Airlines paid plaintiff a gross sum of $13,013.66 in satisfaction of that grievance. Because that did not settle the pending litigation, the Union insisted upon keeping the grievance open albeit no further proceedings have occurred during the last two years.
A nine day trial of this action was held. Numerous witnesses were called and voluminous exhibits introduced.
The plaintiff had served as an airline flight attendant (formerly known as stewardess) for 22 years. During most of this time, the employment relationship was mutually satisfactory. However, in the 1970’s, some problems developed. Initially, she had a slight overweight problem. She corrected this so successfully that she soon was found to be underweight. The Airlines’ medical staff was after her to raise her weight. Some disagreement arose over the nature of the problem which the Air
The accident occurred when the plane hit unexpected clear air turbulence. The Captain was on his way to a lavatory at the time and the flight attendants were dealing with food and beverage carts. Several of the flight attendants, as well as some of the passengers, were violently thrown about. They suffered physical injuries of varying degrees. The Airlines apparently did not perceive of either the accident or plaintiff's physical injuries as being of any major consequence. Almost from the outset, she had a feeling that they were not adequately responding to her condition. She reacted by becoming reclusive and refusing their directions concerning the need for medical care. When she did get medical assistance, the doctor’s reports concerning her physical injuries tended to be equivocal. A hostility developed between the plaintiff and her supervisors as her absence from work became prolonged without any supporting medical justification. While plaintiff was immediately and understandably emotionally distressed about her physical injuries, this employment conflict deepened and increased her emotional problems. She did then seek psychiatric assistance, but her psychological condition continued to deteriorate. As described in the decision of the Social Security Administration awarding disability insurance benefits:
Since her injury the claimant has also complainted [sic] of anxiety and depression. Kent Shinbach, M.D. reported in April 1982 that he has been treating the claimant due to anxiety and depression. He reported that since her injury, the claimant’s personal habits, daily activities, interests and manner of relating to others have been severely restricted. He noted that t[h]e claimant has been uncooperative with treatment due to her psychiatric condition.
A consultative psychaiatric [sic] examination by Frederick Zuckerman, M.D. in April of 1982 revealed an individual who appeared 30 years older than her stated age. The psychiatrist noted that the claimant was obviously severely depressed. It was noted that the claimant was unable to complete sentences. Her affect was flat and she was severely preoccupied. The claimant was unable to recall or state things. She had great difficulty producing speech. Attention and concentration were disturbed. The diagnosis was psychotic depressive reaction. Another consultative psychiatric examination was conducted by Dr. Baker in July 1982. Dr. Baker noted that the claimant was extremely emaciated and shabbily dressed. The claimant’s speech was vague and hesitant. Her responses were relevant [sic] and she had difficulty with her memory. It was noted on mental status examination that the claimant had no friends. She depended upon her sister for assistance with activities of daily living. The diagnosis was chronic undifferentiated schizophrenia with conversion and dissociative features. It was felt that the claimant’s personal, social and occupational adjustment was poor. M. Olehansky, M.D. reported in July 1982 that he had been treating the claimant on a psychiatric basis since June 1982. He reported that the claimant’s*1495 symptoms including fearfulness, confusion, bizarre ideation and seclusive. There was deterioration in her personal habits. The psychiatrist noted that the claimant essentially never leaves her own apartment. He concluded that the claimant was a marginally compensated schizophrenic. He was of the opinion that the claimant was severely impaired in all areas of functioning. (Exhibit numbers omitted.)
The psychiatrists’ diagnoses of the plaintiff’s problems have not been uniform. For example, she obtained her own psychiatric evaluation (for possible use in this litigation) which diagnosed her as having an “adjustment disorder with disturbance of mood.” It is generally conceded, however, that regardless of how categorized, the plaintiff has been suffering a severe emotional disturbance during the past six years. It has been the Court’s observation, however, that during the last year or two, as she has taken over the management of the litigation herself, she has shown significant improvement. The plaintiff attributes her psychological difficulties solely to the actions of the defendants with respect to the benefits she sought as a result of the employment injury.
The significant factual issue in this case, therefore, is the cause of the psychological and emotional disturbances experienced by the plaintiff during the last six years. The Court finds their original cause to have been an innate psychological vulnerability of the plaintiff activated by the accident of June 1, 1981. This finding is consistent with the Workers Compensation Board memorandum decision which, based upon the testimony of psychiatrists and other doctors, found that the plaintiff “has a marked partial causally related disability both of a physical and psychiatric nature subsequent to September 3, 1981.”
It is probable that her emotional disturbances have been increased by her claims conflicts with the defendants. However, the aggravation of the plaintiff’s emotional problems was not due solely to her conflicts with the defendants. She has had lingering physical ailments due to the accident which have not corrected themselves. For example, she has difficulty in remaining seated for extended periods of time. Indeed, while the Airlines’ long-term disability plan is limited to two years of benefits for psychiatric disability, they have continued payments to her because her physical injuries continue to contribute to her psychological state.
The benefit package provided by the Airlines and the bargaining agreement are extremely generous. However, they are also quite complex and many of them depend upon the cause of an illness or disability. The Airlines was not particularly helpful or sympathetic in attempting to assist the plaintiff in understanding what benefits she was entitled to and how to receive them. Eventually, she got legal advice and the matters were clarified, but they were a long time in being resolved because of the joint decision of the defendants to await the outcome of the workers’ compensation proceeding. This lengthy delay constitutes the major component of plaintiff’s complaint. The Airlines desire to await the outcome is understandable. The Union officials testified that they agreed to this policy since the workers’ compensation proceedings are more likely to result in a favorable decision to the employee than is the Union grievance-arbitration proceeding, and that it is usually completed more rapidly. That may be generally true, but as it impacted on this particular claimant, she needed substantial assistance in dealing with fringe benefits, and, in particular, medical insurance.
Because most of the plaintiff’s injuries and damages are directly and causally related to the accident, her exclusive remedy as to them is the workers’ compensation benefits which she is already receiving. O’Rourke v. Long, 41 N.Y.2d 219, 391 N.Y. S.2d 553, 359 N.E.2d 1347 (1976); Pahmer v. Hertz Corp., 36 A.D.2d 252, 319 N.Y.S.2d 949, aff'd 32 N.Y.2d 119, 343 N.Y.S.2d 341, 296 N.E.2d 243 (1971). To the extent that plaintiff proffers other claims, there appears to be little jurisdictional basis for awarding damages as to them.
One legal basis for her claims is Section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act. However, that Act specifically exempts matters subject to the provisions of the Railway Labor Act. The Railway Labor Act provides, in turn, for compulsory arbitration for all provisions imposed in collective bargaining agreements. 45 U.S. C. § 153. The grievance proceedings appear to be the exclusive remedy available to the claimant. Andrews v. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, 406 U.S. 320, 325, 92 S.Ct. 1562, 1565, 32 L.Ed.2d 95 (1972).
Even if the plaintiff could pursue a Union grievance, she would have to establish that the Union breached its duty of fair representation by “substantial evidence of discrimination that is intentional, severe and unrelated to legitimate objectives____” Amalgamated Ass’n v. Street, Elec. Ry. & M.C. Employees v. Lockridge, 403 U.S. 274, 301, 91 S.Ct. 1909, 1925, 29 L.Ed.2d 473 (1971). A Union breaches its duty of fair representation only when its conduct is arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith. Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171, 190, 87 S.Ct. 903, 916, 17 L.Ed.2d 842 (1967). We do not find that the Union’s conduct in this matter approaches that standard. The Union is a weak one with small monthly dues and few paid full-time employees. There is no business manager in New York to pursue problems such as this. While the Union was neither effective nor overly helpful in obtaining assistance for the plaintiff until 1985, it was not discriminatory or acting in bad faith.
The plaintiff also attempts to sue under the Employees Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 for delay in processing her benefit claims. The Supreme Court has held, however, that a beneficiary does not have a private cause of action under Section 409(a) of E.R.I.S.A. for extra contractual damages caused by such delays. Mass. Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Russell, 473 U.S. 134, 105 S.Ct. 3085, 87 L.Ed.2d 96 (1985).
In the final analysis, the plaintiff has received all of the specific benefits to which she was entitled,
Her real claim here is for “compensation neurosis,” the extent to which her psychological problems have been exacerbated by her difficulties and delays in obtaining her benefits. It is not entirely clear that the law of New York recognizes such a claim. To the extent that it may be the equivalent of a “prima facie tort” (i.e., intentional infliction of harm), plaintiff has failed to prove that anyone acted intentionally to harm her. The Airlines supervisors and employees’ benefits personnel were un
It would totally emasculate the workers’ compensation laws were an injured employee, who suffers both physical and psychological injuries from an on-the-job accident, able to sue additionally for the emotional travail involved in pursuing a workers’ compensation claim. While the plaintiff ultimately prevailed in her claims, there was at least a good faith basis for questioning whether her psychological problems grew out of her on-the-job injury. She is not entitled to additional damages because the defendants questioned her claim. The defendants are entitled to judgment, dismissing the plaintiff’s complaint. The Clerk will enter such judgment.
SO ORDERED.
. A third defendant, The Republic National Bank of Dallas, is apparently a trustee of the Airlines pension funds and as such is merely a nominal party. A fourth defendant, John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, was dropped some time ago.
. The grievance process consists of three possible levels. The second level of hearings normally is conducted in Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, the Airlines headquarters. The plaintiff desired a hearing in New York, claiming she was too ill to travel. This became a factor delaying further proceedings at a later time.
. The plaintiff also filed a discrimination claim with the Board, alleging that she had been discriminated against in retaliation for filing workers’ compensation claim. That claim was denied.
. These various benefits do not cumulate. The group insurance payments are intended to be net of the others. (Because of clerical error by the Airlines' benefit department' she was substantially overpaid on the long term disability by their failure to deduct other sources.)
. The preceding year she commenced an action in New York State Supreme Court, New York County, against these and other defendants. The present status of that action is unclear.
. Most of the witnesses and exhibits were introduced by the plaintiff who appeared at trial pro se. (She started the action with counsel but he withdrew at an earlier time.) Because of plaintiffs lack of legal training, most of the evidence she offered was adverse to her position.
. September 3, 1981 was the date on which she was taken off full-pay status as having been injured on duty by the Airline.
. Because the workers’ compensation insurance carrier was disputing the causality of her disability, it would not pay for her medical benefits. Her medical insurance would have provided coverage for sickness benefits, but it required the plaintiff to submit a form stating that in the event she prevailed in the workers’ compensation proceeding, thereby obtaining coverage, she would reimburse the medical insurance carrier. The plaintiff refused to sign such a form, claiming she was not adequately advised as to the necessity of it. Eventually, the insurance com
. She points to $100 or $200 of miscellaneous expenses for cabs, etc., which she claims she should have additionally received, but her entitlement to this de minimus amount was not established either factually or legally.
. They made several errors in dealing with her claims. However, on a couple of occasions, their errors were substantially in her favor, paying benefits in excess of those to which she was entitled.
. In addition, the plaintiff has neither pleaded nor proved special damages as is required in an action for prima facie tort. Curiano v. Suozzi, 63 N.Y.2d 113, 480 N.Y.S.2d 466, 469 N.E.2d 1324 (1984). Moreover, to the extent she is claiming punitive damages, such are not recoverable in an action against a Union for breach of duty of fair representation. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers v. Foust, 442 U.S. 42, 52, 99 S.Ct. 2121, 2128, 60 L.Ed.2d 698 (1979).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Pamela PRINCE v. AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC., The Association of Professional Flight Attendants, The Republic National Bank of Dallas, and John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company
- Cited By
- 1 case
- Status
- Published