Luv N' Care, Ltd. v. Regent Baby Products Corp.
Luv N' Care, Ltd. v. Regent Baby Products Corp.
Opinion of the Court
OPINION AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
Luv n’ Care, Ltd. and Admar International, Inc. (collectively, “LNC”) bring this infringement action against Regent Baby Products Corp. d/b/a Baby King (“Regent”). LNC sells sippy cups and other products for children in the United States and internationally under the NUBY brand name, or through private labels including Precious Moments and Parent’s Choice.
LNC alleges that Regent has infringed its no-spill drinking cup design patent and corresponding trade dress.
II. BACKGROUND
Regent’s motion for summary judgment on trade dress infringement is limited to LNC’s claims as to the flip-top cap and the hard spout cup and cap combination.
LNC also alleges that Regent’s sale of allegedly infringing no-spill cups has tortiously'interfered with its prospective business relations.
III. LEGAL STANDARD ON A MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Summary judgment is appropriate “only where, construing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant and drawing all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor, there is ‘no genuine issue as to any material fact and ... the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’ ”
“[T]he moving party has the burden of showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the undisputed facts entitle him to judgment as a matter of law.”
In deciding a motion for summary judgment, “[t]he role of the court is not to resolve disputed issues of fact but to assess whether there are any factual issues to be tried.”
IV. APPLICABLE LAW
A. Trade Dress Infringement Under the Lanham Act
The Lanham Act provides:
(1) Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which-
(A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person ...
shall be hable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act.20
A plaintiff asserting a trademark infringement claim must show first that its trade dress or trademark is a protectable interest under the Lanham Act, and second that there is a likelihood of confusion.
In order to succeed on a claim of trade dress infringement under Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that its claimed mark is either inherently distinctive or has acquired distinctiveness through secondary meaning; (2) that there is a likelihood of confusion between its trade dress and the defendant’s; and (3) that the trade dress is non-functional.
[T]rade dress is classified on a spectrum of increasing distinctiveness as generic, descriptive, suggestive, or arbitrary/fanciful. Suggestive and arbitrary or fanciful trade dress are deemed inherently distinctive and thus always satisfy the first prong of the test for protection. A descriptive trade dress may be found inherently distinctive if the plaintiff establishes that its mark has acquired secondary meaning giving it distinctiveness to the consumer. A generic trade dress receives no Lanham Act protection.25
To determine whether a trade dress has acquired distinctiveness through secondary meaning, a court should consider six factors: “(1) advertising expenditures, (2) consumer studies linking the mark to a source, (3) unsolicited media coverage of the product, (4) sales success, (5) attempts to plagiarize the mark, and (6) length and exclusivity of the mark’s use.”
The likelihood of confusion inquiry “turns on whether ‘numerous ordinary prudent purchasers are likely to be misled or confused as to the source of the product in question because of the entrance in the marketplace of defendant’s mark.’ ”
B. Tortious Interference Under New York State Law
A tortious interference claim requires a plaintiff to prove that: “(1) the plaintiff had business relations with a third party; (2) the defendant interfered with those business relations; (3) the defendant acted for a wrongful purpose or used dishonest, unfair, or improper means; and (4) the defendant’s acts injured the relationship.”
V. DISCUSSION
A. Trade Dress Infringement
Regent does not argue that LNC has failed to raise sufficient issues of material fact as to secondary meaning or likelihood of confusion. Rather, Regent argues that LNC’s claimed trade dress is unprotected under the Lanham Act because it is generic. According to Regent, “cups just like LNC’s have been sold for decades by other baby products companies” and its claims to trade dress rights “cannot be taken seriously” in light of the many other similar products available on the market.
LNC responds that it does not claim “trade dress rights to the general concept of a hard top cup or a flip-top cup” but rather “it claims rights to specific designs of hard top and flip-top cups as described in [the] Second Amended Complaint.”
LNC describes the protected trade dress of its hard spout cup as follows: “a custom-colored translucent, generally cylindrical shaped cup having a slightly wider upper portion” with a “colored or tinted inner dome cap portion sit[ting] on an outer ring cap portion ... on the body of the cup; the inner dome cap portion having a spout with a bulb-like base and a relatively pointed top.”
LNC describes the protected trade dress of its flip-top cap as follows: “the combination and arrangement of a flip-top ‘football • helmet’ shaped cap, and a ring shaped base, when the cap is considered individually and when attached to a cup.”
“It is axiomatic that generic product designs are not entitled to trade dress protection under the Lanham Act.”
There is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether these designs are generic. LNC’s trade dress descriptions refer to common shapes frequently used in the sippy cup industry — a “generally cylindrical cup with a slightly wider upper portion” and a cap with a “bulb-like base and a slightly pointed top” or a “football-helmet shaped cap” with a “ring shaped base” — that even when configured together would simply be too broad and too general to warrant trade dress protection. Much like the Swedish Fish design is common among candy manufacturers and a black compact is common in the cosmetics industry, these general shapes and configurations are ubiquitous in the sippy cup market and do not warrant Lanham Act protection. “[G]ranting trade dress protection to an ordinary product design would create a monopoly in the goods themselves.”
LNC does not substantively contest Regent’s evidence that the design is common in the market. Rather, LNC argues that the design was intended to “provid[e] the consumer with a unique and distinctive look” and that “it is these unique designs that consumers have grown and learned to associate with LNC.”
Because LNC has failed to define a protectable interest under the Lanham Act, I need not consider likelihood of confusion or the functionality of the trade dresses’ features.
B. Tortious Interference
Regent does not deny that it sold its products to Dollar General. However, Regent argues that the mere sale of these products is insufficient to prove that it intentionally interfered with LNC’s business relationship.
“Under New York law, the [intentional interference element] has been interpreted as requiring direct interference with a third party, that is, ‘the defendant must direct some activities towards the third party and convince the third party not to enter into a business relationship with the plaintiffs.’ ”
Furthermore, LNC fails to provide evidence as to injury. The mere assertion that LNC has potentially lost out on sales, unsupported by facts, is conclusory and insufficient to defeat a motion for summary judgment.
VI. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Regent’s motion for partial summary judgment is granted. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this motion (Docket No. 89). A conference is scheduled for January 6, 2014, at 4:30 p.m. in Courtroom 15C.
SO ORDERED.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
On December 11, 2013, I granted defendant’s motion for partial summary judg
First, plaintiffs’ motion is untimely. Plaintiffs have brought this motion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)
Second, even if plaintiffs’ motion was considered on its merits, plaintiffs have presented no evidence or argument justifying reconsideration of the December 11, 2013 Opinion and Order. The standard for granting a motion for reconsideration pursuant to Local Rule 6.3 is strict in order to “to prevent the practice of a losing party examining a decision and then plugging the gaps of a lost motion with additional matters.”
Plaintiffs assert that the December 11, 2013 Opinion and Order did not adequately consider the “total image embodying [Luv n’ Care’s] trade dress” or the “physical products” of either plaintiff
For the above reasons, plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration is denied. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close plaintiffs’ motion [Dkt. No. 115].
SO ORDERED.
. See Regent Baby Products’ Revised Statement of Undisputed Material Facts Pursuant to Local Civil Rules 56.1 ("Def. 56.1”) ¶¶ 187-189.
. See Second Amended Complaint ("SAC") ¶ 19.
. See Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 2 and 6.
. LNC originally alleged infringement of fourteen different products, including various no-spill drinking cups, pacifiers, pacifier holders, teething keys, and a food storage container. LNC voluntarily withdrew its claims as to nine of those products on October 23, 2013. See 10/23/13 Stipulation of Partial Dismissal With Prejudice and 10/23/13 Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion For Summary Judgment ("PL Opp.”), at 1, n. 1. LNC now brings infringement claims as to five products — 1) the "Gripper Cup” silicone spout cap and cup combination,
. See 10/29/13 Regent Baby Products' Revised Memorandum of Law in Support of Its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Def. Mem.”), at 2.
. 10/23/13 Declaration of Nouri E. Hakim, Chief Executive Officer of LNC, ¶ 10.
. Id. ¶ 12.
. See SAC ¶¶ 62-72.
. See id. n 149-156.
. Id. ¶¶ 152-153.
. Rivera v. Rochester Genesee Reg’l Transp. Auth., 702 F.3d 685, 692 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)) (other quotations omitted).
. Windsor v. United States, 699 F.3d 169, 192 (2d Cir. 2012), aff'd, - U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2675, 186 L.Ed.2d 808 (2013) (quotations and alterations omitted).
. Coollick v. Hughes, 699 F.3d 211, 219 (2d Cir. 2012) (citations omitted).
. Jaramillo v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 536 F.3d 140, 145 (2d Cir. 2008).
. Id.
. Brown v. Eli Lilly & Co., 654 F.3d 347, 358 (2d Cir. 2011) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)).
. Id.
. Cuff ex rel. B.C. v. Valley Cent. Sch. Dist., 677 F.3d 109, 119 (2d Cir. 2012).
. Redd v. New York Div. of Parole, 678 F.3d 166, 174 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000)).
. 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a).
. See Louis Vuitton Malletier v. Dooney & Bourke, Inc., 454 F.3d 108, 115 (2d Cir. 2006).
. See Thompson Med. Co. v. Pfizer, Inc., 753 F.2d 208, 217 (2d Cir. 1985) ("If, however, secondary meaning cannot be established, [the product claiming protection] will be ineligible for protection, and our analysis will conclude without having to address the likelihood of confusion. Absent secondary meaning, purchasers will not associate [the product] with a particular source of origin. By definition, there could not be likelihood of confusion as to source.”).
. Yurman Design, Inc. v. PAJ, Inc., 262 F.3d 101, 117 (2d Cir. 2001) (quoting Landscape Forms, Inc. v. Columbia Cascade Co., 113 F.3d 373, 381 (2d Cir. 1997)).
. See Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 769-70, 112 S.Ct. 2753, 120 L.Ed.2d 615 (1992); Fun-Damental Too, Ltd. v. Gemmy Indus. Corp., 111 F.3d 993, 999 (2d Cir. 1997).
. Fun-Damental Too, 111 F.3d at 999-1000 (citing Two Pesos, 505 U.S. at 769-70, 112 S.Ct. 2753 and LeSportsac, Inc. v. K mart Corp., 754 F.2d 71, 76 (2d Cir. 1985)).
. Cartier Inc. v. Sardell Jewelry, Inc., 294 Fed.Appx. 615, 617 (2d Cir. 2008).
. Jeffrey Milstein Inc. v. Greger, Lawlor, Roth, Inc., 58 F.3d 27, 32 (2d Cir. 1995).
. Yurman, 262 F.3d at 118 (quoting Milstein, 58 F.3d at 32).
. Playtex Prods., Inc. v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 390 F.3d 158, 161 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Cadbury Beverages, Inc. v. Cott Corp., 73 F.3d 474, 477-78 (2d Cir. 1996)).
. Gruner + Jahr USA Publ’g v. Meredith Corp., 991 F.2d 1072, 1077 (2d Cir. 1993).
. See Lois Sportswear U.S.A., Inc. v. Levi Strauss & Co., 799 F.2d 867, 871 (2d Cir. 1986).
. See KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc., 543 U.S. 111, 121, 125 S.Ct. 542, 160 L.Ed.2d 440 (2004).
. See Starbucks Corp. v. Borough Coffee, Inc., 588 F.3d 97, 115 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Polaroid Corp. v. Polarad Elec. Corp., 287 F.2d 492, 495 (2d Cir. 1961)). The Polaroid factors include: (1) strength of the plaintiff's mark; (2) degree of similarity between plaintiff's and defendant’s marks; (3) the competitive proximity of the products; (4) the likelihood that either owner will bridge the gap; (5) the sophistication of the buyers; (6) the quality of defendant's product; (7) actual confusion; and (8) the existence of bad faith. See id. None of these factors is dispositive, and the above list is not exhaustive. See Streetwise Maps, Inc. v. VanDam, Inc., 159 F.3d 739, 743 (2d Cir. 1998). Instead, they are intended to act "as a useful guide” in determining if there exists a likelihood of confusion. Lois Sportswear, 799 F.2d at 872.
. Catskill Dev., LLC v. Park Place Entm’t, 547 F.3d 115, 132 (2d Cir. 2008).
. Def. Mem. at 8.
. Id. at 10 (quoting Yurman, 262 F.3d at 117).
. PL Opp. at 4.
. See ¿d. at 3-11.
. SAC ¶¶ 71-72
. See 9/16/13 Declaration of Roy Pomerantz, Chief Executive Officer and General Counsel of Regent Baby Products ("9/16/13 Pomerantz Decl.”), ¶¶ 110-121; 11/8/13 Declaration of Pomerantz ("11/18/13 Pomerantz Decl.”), ¶ 2. See also Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 168-185. LNC objects to the admission of this evidence on the ground that Regent provided no authentication for the cited catalogs and websites and that the images are "inadmissible hearsay.” Plaintiffs’ Response to Defendant's Statement of Undisputed Material Facts Pursuant to Local Civil Rule 56.1, ¶¶ 168-185. The "appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics” of Regent’s proffered third party catalogs and web-pages are sufficient to authenticate them. Federal Rule of Evidence ("Rule”) 901(b)(4). The catalogs and web pages show hard spout cups matching LNC's trade dress description listed for sale by third party manufacturers and retailers. This evidence is not hearsay because it is not offered for the truth of any assertion contained therein. Rather, the catalogs and web pages are offered to show that these cups have been, and continue to be, commonly sold and available. See Giggle, Inc. v. netFocal, Inc., 856 F.Supp.2d 625, 633 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) ("[Ejvidence of the advertisements and websites, which are themselves not hearsay, ... shows that ... third parties have been actively using the GIGGLE mark in commerce to sell children’s toys, market children’s goods and services to the consuming public, and operate businesses in the children’s goods and services industry.”) (emphasis added). Because Regent’s evidence has been properly authenticated and is not hearsay, it is admissible and properly considered on this summary judgment motion.
. See 9/16/13 Pomerantz Decl. ¶¶ 114-115.
. SAC ¶ 66.
. See 9/16/13 Pomerantz Decl. ¶¶ 133-135 and 11/18/13 Pomerantz Decl. ¶ 4. See also Def. 56.1 ¶¶ 193-203. LNC’s objections as to authentication and hearsay regarding this evidence are the same as those addressed above.
. 11/8/13 Defendant Regent Baby’s Reply Memorandum of Law in Support of Its Motion for Partial Summary Judgment ("Def. Rep.”), at 13.
. Malaco Leaf, AB v. Promotion in Motion, Inc., 287 F.Supp.2d 355, 363 (S.D.N.Y. 2003).
. Fun-Damental Too, 111 F.3d at 1000.
. Milstein, 58 F.3d at 33.
. Mana Prods, v. Columbia Cosmetics Mfg., 65 F.3d 1063, 1069-71 (2d Cir. 1995).
. Id. at 1070.
. Malaco Leaf, 287 F.Supp.2d at 364.
. Kaufman & Fisher Wish Co. Ltd. v. FAO Schwarz, 184 F.Supp.2d 311, 322 (S.D.N.Y. 2001).
. See, e.g., Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. v. American Eagle Outfitters, Inc., 280 F.3d 619, 638 (6th Cir. 2002) (finding generic product configurations unprotectable despite secondary meaning evidence because "no designer should have a monopoly on designs regarded by the public as the basic form of a particular item”); Ale House Mgmt., Inc. v. Raleigh Ale House, Inc., 205 F.3d 137, 142 (4th Cir. 2000) ("Trade dress should be considered generic if well-known or common ... or a common basic shape or design”).
. Landscape Forms, 113 F.3d at 380.
. PL Opp. at 4-5.
. Yurman, 262 F.3d at 118.
. Kaufman, 184 F.Supp.2d at 321 (citing Nora Beverages, Inc. v. Perrier Group of Am., Inc., 164 F.3d 736, 743 (2d Cir. 1998)).
. Medisim Ltd. v. BestMed LLC, 910 F.Supp.2d 591, 615 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).
. See Def. Rep. at 13-14 (“Regent's mere sale of its own products — the only action LNC takes issue with — and nothing more, does not constitute intentional interference.’’).
. Def. Mem. at 11. Accord Def. 56.1 ¶ 209.
. PL Opp. at 15. LNC also asserts for the first time in its opposition that Regent sold allegedly infringing products to Wal-Mart. However, Regent states that it “never sold the remaining items in this case to Wal-Mart.” 11/8/13 Pomerantz Decl. ¶ 5.
. Bekhor v. Josephthal Grp., Inc. No. 96 Civ. 4156, 2000 WL 1521198, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 13, 2000) (quoting Black Radio Network, Inc. v. NYNEX Corp., No. 96 Civ. 4138, 2000 WL 64874, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 25, 2000)).
. Regent notes that LNC has never pled nor argued that Regent was aware of LNC's relationship with Dollar General. See Def. Rep. at 13, n. 61.
. See BellSouth Telecomm., Inc. v. W.R. Grace & Co., 77 F.3d 603, 615 (2d Cir. 1996) ("The party opposing the motion for summary judgment must set forth concrete particulars. It is not sufficient merely to assert a conclusion without supplying supporting arguments or facts.”) (quotations and other marks omitted).
. See 12/26/13 Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Reconsideration of the Court’s Opinion and Order Granting Defendant’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“PL Mem.”), at 1.
. See 1/10/14 Defendant’s Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Rule 60(b) Motion, at 2-5.
. See 12 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore's Federal Practice, § 60.23 (2011) ("The standard test for whether a judgment is 'final’ for Rule 60(b) purposes is usually stated to be whether the judgment is sufficiently ‘final’ to be appealed.”); United States v. 228 Acres of Land & Dwelling, 916 F.2d 808, 811 (2d Cir. 1990) ("An order that denies summary judgment or grants partial summary judgment cannot by itself be the basis for an appeal, since it is nonfinal.”).
. AEP-PRI Inc. v. Galtronics Corp. Ltd., No. 12 Civ. 8981, 2013 WL 5289740, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 19, 2013) (quoting Naiman v. N.Y. Univ. Hosps. Ctr., No. 95 Civ. 6469, 2005 WL 926904, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 21, 2005)).
. Shrader v. CSX Transp., Inc., 70 F.3d 255, 257 (2d Cir. 1995).
. Virgin Atl. Airways, Ltd. v. National Mediation Bd., 956 F.2d 1245, 1255 (2d Cir. 1992) (quotation omitted).
. PI. Mem. at 1.
. Id. at 2-3.
. Plaintiffs’ remaining arguments are frivolous. Plaintiffs argue that Regent "conceded” a material issue of fact by stating that its own products are different from LNC's. However, a statement about Regent’s products does not raise a material issue of fact as to whether LNC’s products are generic. Plaintiffs also claim that their state law unfair competition claims can proceed on generic trade dress. While this may be true, the December 11, 2013 Opinion and Order only addressed the federal Lanham Act claim raised by defendant on its motion for partial summary judgment.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- LUV N' CARE, LTD. and Admar International, Inc. v. REGENT BABY PRODUCTS CORP. d/b/a/ Baby King
- Cited By
- 9 cases
- Status
- Published