Governmental Employees Insurance v. Ohio Casualty Group
Governmental Employees Insurance v. Ohio Casualty Group
Opinion of the Court
OPINION AND ORDER
This action arises out of a dispute between two excess insurance providers.
GEICO disagrees, arguing that the two sides were required to contribute pro rata to the satisfaction of the underlying claim. GEICO thus brought suit against Defendants in New York State Supreme Court, New York County. See Aff. of Marshall T. Potashner Ex. 1 (“Compl.”).
The Court heard oral argument on Defendants’ motion on July 18, 2014. For the reasons discussed below, that motion is hereby GRANTED.
I. Factual Background
The following facts are based on the allegations in the Complaint, which the Court accepts as true for purposes of the instant motion. Koch v. Christie’s Int’l PLC, 699 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 2012).
The underlying personal injury suit involved an automobile accident that occurred in February 2008. Compl. ¶ 14. Defendants insured the owner of one of the vehicles, State Bancorp, Inc. (“Ban-corp”). Id. ¶ 15.
Bancorp’s primary insurer, Utica National Insurance Company (“Utica National”), defended the state court action. Id. ¶ 27. ■ Bancorp also had a $10 million excess insurance policy through Utica Mutual Insurance Company (“Utica Mutual”). Id. ¶ 29. Utica Mutual commenced a separate state court declaratory judgment action against GEICO, and the state court ruled that Utica Mutual’s policy was excess to GEICO’s. Id. ¶ 30-31. That decision was affirmed on appeal. Id. ¶ 34.
The underlying action settled for $6.75 million. Id. ¶¶ 18, 35. Utica National tendered its $1 million policy limit, and GEI-
Plaintiff filed suit on the theory that Defendants are liable to contribute to the settlement because their policy, by its terms, does not negate contribution or indicate that it is excess to other excess insurance. Id. ¶43. More specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ policy fails to identify any other policy, including the Utica Mutual policy, to which it is excess. Id. ¶ 44.
Plaintiff seeks declaratory relief and indemnification. Id. ¶¶ 55-64. Since Plaintiffs policy limit was $3 million and Defendants’ was $10 million, Plaintiff demands indemnification in the amount of $2,269,230.77, or 10/13 of the amount it contributed to the settlement. Id. ¶¶ 50-52. Plaintiff also seeks to recover costs, including attorneys’ fees, and interest. Id. ¶ 64.
Defendants ask the Court to dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint in its entirety or, in the alternative, to dismiss that portion of the Complaint that seeks recovery of attorneys’ fees. Doc. 5.
II. Legal Standard
When ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must accept all factual allegatipns in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiffs favor. Koch, 699 F.3d at 145. However, the Court is not required to credit “mere conclusory statements” or “threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)); see also id. at 681, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 551, 127 S.Ct. 1955). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter ... to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Id. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955). A claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955). More specifically, the plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to show “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 “marks a notable and generous departure from the hyper-technical, code-pleading regime of a prior era, but it does not unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions.” Id. at 678-79, 129 S.Ct. 1937. If the plaintiff has not “nudged [his] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible, [the] complaint must be dismissed.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955.
The first issue confronting the Court is whether the plain terms of the insurance policy issued by Defendants preclude GEICO’s claim.
Given the procedural posture of the case, the Court’s ruling on this issue turns on a determination as to whether the policy language in question is ambiguous. See Subaru Distributors Corp. v. Subaru of Am., Inc., 425 F.3d 119, 122 (2d Cir. 2005) (citing Int’l Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 62 F.3d 69, 72 (2d Cir. 1995) (per curiam)) (noting that contractual ambiguities should be resolved in the plaintiffs favor in the context of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion); see also D.C. USA Operating Co., LLC v. Indian Harbor Ins. Co., 2007 WL 945016, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2007) (“[W]hen considering a motion to dismiss, courts should resolve any contractual ambiguities in favor of -the plaintiff without resorting to parol evidence.” (citing Subaru, 425 F.3d at 122)).
“New York law treats an insurance policy as a contract and construes it in accordance with general contract principles.” Cont’l Ins. Co. v. Atl. Cas. Ins. Co., 603 F.3d 169, 180 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, PA. v. Stroh Companies, Inc., 265 F.3d 97, 103 (2d Cir. 2001)). The question of whether a contract is ambiguous is to be determined as matter of law. See Diesel Props S.r.l. v. Greystone Bus. Credit II LLC, 631 F.3d 42, 51 (2d Cir. 2011). “A contract is unambiguous if the language it uses has ‘a definite and precise meaning, unattended by danger of misconception in the purport of the [agreement] itself, and concerning which there is no reasonable basis fór a difference of opinion.’ ” Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman, LLP v. Duane Reade, 98 A.D.3d 403, 950 N.Y.S.2d 8, 11 (2012) (alteration in original) (quoting Breed v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 46 N.Y.2d 351, 413 N.Y.S.2d 352, 385 N.E.2d 1280, 1282 (1978)), aff'd, 20 N.Y.3d 1082, 965 N.Y.S.2d 71, 987 N.E.2d 631 (2013). Conversely, a contract is ambiguous where its language is susceptible to multiple reasonable interpretations. Brad H. v. City of New York, 17 N.Y.3d 180, 928 N.Y.S.2d 221, 951 N.E.2d 743, 746 (2011). Ambiguity will not be found “where one party’s view ‘strain[s] the contract language beyond its reasonable and ordinary meaning.’ ” Seiden Assocs., Inc. v. ANC Holdings, Inc., 959 F.2d 425, 428 (2d Cir. 1992) (alteration in original) (quoting Bethlehem Steel Co. v. Turner Constr. Co., 2 N.Y.2d 456, 161 N.Y.S.2d 90, 141 N.E.2d 590, 593 (1957)).
The Court thus starts with the plain language of Defendants’ policy and concludes that the disputed language unambiguously provides that the policy applies in excess of a $10 million underlying limit.
Item 5 lists just one insurance policy, as follows:
(ITEM 5) UNDERLYING INSURANCE_
CARRIER, POLICY TYPE OF COVERAGE LIMITS OF INSURANCE NUMBER AND PERIOD_
FIRST UNDERLYING LEAD UMBRELLA $10,000,000 EACH OCCURANCE
INSURANCE TO BE $10,000,000 AGGREGATE
FURNISHED $10,000,000 PRODUCTS — COMPLETED OPERATIONS AGGREGATE
TO BE FURNISHED
09/30/2007-09/30/2008_
Id. at 8 of 25. Thus, the plain terms of the pohcy provide that it covers losses in excess of $10 million.
In attempting to identify an ambiguity in the policy, GEICO relies on the fact that Item 5 does not identify a specific lead umbrella policy to which it is referring. See, e.g., PL’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n at 5. While GEICO is correct that the carrier name and the pohcy number are omitted from the Declaration, that alone is insufficient to render the provision ambiguous when read in light of the pohcy as a whole.
Thus, even assuming, arguendo, that GEICO is correct regarding priority of coverage (ie., assuming that Utica Mutual’s policy occupies the tier above Defendants’ policy),
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED. To the extent Defendants seek to recover costs other than attorneys’ fees pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d)(1), see Defs.’ Reply Mem. of Law in Further Supp. at 10, they are directed to Local Civil Rule 54.1.
The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to terminate the motion (Doc. 5) and to close this case.
It is SO ORDERED.
. This entity was incorrectly captioned as "Liberty Mutual Company” in the Notice of Removal that was filed with this Court (Doc. 1), though the proper name appears in the body of that document.
. A copy of the Complaint is also attached as Exhibit 1 to the Notice of Removal.
.The parties dispute whether Ohio Casualty Group and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company are properly named in the Complaint. See Defs.’ Mem. of Law in Supp. at 1 n. 1; Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n at 2-3; Defs.' Reply Mem. of Law in Further Supp. at 1 n. 2. Given that the outcome of the instant motion renders the issue moot, the Court need not address it at the present time.
. As will be discussed below, the policy or policies occupying the lower tiers of coverage are to be listed in Item 5 of Defendants’ policy’s Declarations. According to Plaintiff, "[t]here is no way to identify from this declaration which policy [Defendants] refer[ ] to in' Item 5.” Compl. ¶ 44.
. Plaintiff also alleges that the premiums that the respective insurers charged for coverage demonstrate that Defendants’ policy was not intended to serve as the final tier of coverage. Id. ¶¶ 46-48.
. Defendants' policy is properly before the Court on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion because "the complaint ‘relies heavily upon its terms and effect,’ which renders the document ‘integral’ to the complaint.” Chambers v. Time Warner,Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir. 2002) (quoting Int’l Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 62 F.3d 69, 72 (2d Cir. 1995) (per curiam)).
. Because this determination is dispositive as to the viability of GEICO’s claim, the Court need not reach the question of whether Defendants can be forced to contribute to a settlement to which they did not consent.
. The statement appears twice on page 12 of 25, in sections I and II.B.l.
. The applicable underlying limit could theoretically be less than $10 million if prior losses cut into the aggregate amount available under the underlying policy. See Ohio Policy at 12 of 25. However, since GEICO’s position is that Item 5 did not identify any insurance policy over which Defendants' policy is excess, any exhaustion argument is inapposite. GEICO, whose Complaint sets forth the universe of applicable policies and their respeclive limits, neither alleges nor argues exhaustion as a basis for its claim.
.The Court cannot credit GEICO’s suggestion that the absence of a carrier name and policy number renders the policy in Item 5 a "nullity,” such that "no policy of insurance is 'listed,' ‘stated,’ or 'shown,' ” in that portion of the Declaration. PL’s Mem. of Law in Opp'n at 7. The description provided is certainly not "vague to the point of meaninglessness,” id. at 8, and the fact that it is, at worst, incomplete does not mean it can be ignored.
. There is again an exception for reduction or exhaustion of the aggregate limit on account of prior losses. Ohio Policy at 15 of 25. As discussed, however, that consideration is not at issue in the present case.
. At oral argument, GEICO argued that there could be "an inference that a policy was being examined that was eventually rejected, wasn’t purchased.” Oral Arg. Tr. at 28:21-28:23. This argument is self-defeating for the reasons discussed.
. The validity of this assumption is far from clear. GEICO takes the position that a "[fjailure to identify a specific policy over which a policy is excess results in the policy being viewed as a general excess policy.” Pl.'s Mem. of Law in Opp'n at 7. The case GEICO cites in support of this proposition examined a policy that expressly indicated that it was excess over all other policies unless one of those other policies was specifically intended to apply in excess to it. See Bovis Lend Lease LMB, Inc. v. Great Am. Ins. Co., 53 A.D.3d 140, 855 N.Y.S.2d 459, 469 (2008). In other words, the policy was designed to occupy the highest tier of coverage unless another policy was purchased specifically to be excess over it. There was no evidence that the second policy at issue in Bovis met that criteria, and thus this second policy was held to be primary to the first. See id. However, the state court suggested that the outcome in Bovis may have been different had the second policy at least included a reference to the first policy’s limit, even if the policy itself was not specifically named. See id. Defendants' position is that Item 5 of their policy does precisely that with respect to the Utica Mutual policy. See Defs.’ Mem. of Law in Supp. at 10-11.
.The error in GEICO’s reasoning is highlighted by their treatment of the "Maintenance of Underlying Insurance” condition. See PL’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n at 7. GEICO argues that, under Defendants’ interpretation of Item 5, this condition would require the insured “to maintain an unnamed, unidentified policy in order to retain coverage.” Id. This premise is incorrect for two reasons. First, Item 5 does not require that the insured maintain any one particular "unnamed, unidentified” lead umbrella policy; it simply requires that the insured maintain a lead umbrella policy that matches the description pro
Reference
- Full Case Name
- GOVERNMENTAL EMPLOYEES INSURANCE CO. v. OHIO CASUALTY GROUP, Ohio Casualty Insurance Company, and Liberty Mutual Company
- Cited By
- 5 cases
- Status
- Published