Davis v. Racette
Davis v. Racette
Opinion of the Court
Petitioner Sean Davis, also known as Dwan Rideout, brings the above-captioned petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, in which he alleges that he is being held in state custody in violation of his federal constitutional rights. Petitioner’s claims arise from a judgment of conviction entered on February 27, 1996, pursuant to a guilty plea in New York State Supreme Court, Kings County, on charges of attempted murder in the second degree and robbery in the first degree. Petitioner entered a plea of guilty to both charges and was sentenced to eight and one-half to sixteen years’ imprisonment on each conviction, to run concurrently. Petitioner did not appeal his conviction. On April 29, 2010, Petitioner moved to vacate his judgments of conviction on the grounds that his guilty pleas were not entered knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily because the court did not inform him that his sentence entered pursuant to the 1996 guilty plea would run consecutively to an undischarged term of imprisonment resulting from a prior conviction. On August 17, 2010, the court denied Petitioner’s motion to vacate. (People v. Rideout, Nos. 6882/95 and 7219/95 (N.Y.Sup.Ct. Aug. 17, 2010), annexed to Pet. as Ex. D.) On December 21, 2010, the Appellate Division denied Petitioner leave to appeal. People v. Rideout, No. 2010-10839, 2010 WL 5173631 (N.Y.App.Div. Dec. 21, 2010). In the instant petition, Petitioner asserts that his federal constitutional right to due process was violated when the state trial court did not inform him, at the time of his guilty plea, that his bargained-for sentences were required, under New York State law, to run consecutively to his un
I. Background
On May 27, 1992, Petitioner pled guilty to robbery in the first degree, a violation of New York Penal Law (“NYPL”) section 160.15, in Kings County Supreme Court (“1992 conviction”). (Pet. ¶ 6.) On June 15, 1992, Petitioner was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two to six years, and served his term until he was released from custody on parole on October 6, 1994. (Id. ¶ 7.) While he was on parole, on or about May 24, 1995, Petitioner was at the corner of Albany Avenue and Bergen Street in Brooklyn, New York, and fired a handgun at another individual with the intent to kill him. (Tr. of Plea on Indict. Nos. 6882/95 and 7219/95, dated Jan. 29, 1996 (“Plea Tr.”) 6:6-15, 8:8-14, annexed to Pet. as Ex. A at ECF No. 20.) On or about June 1, 1995, Petitioner stole a television and a videocassette recorder at gunpoint. (Plea Tr. 5:22-6:5.) On January 29, 1996, Petitioner entered a plea of guilty to robbery in the first degree, in violation of NYPL section 160.15(4), and attempted murder in the second degree, in violation of NYPL section 110 and 125.25, for the two crimes, respectively (“1996 conviction”). (Plea Tr. 10:6-18; Pet. ¶ 8.) Due to the 1992 conviction, Petitioner was adjudicated as a predicate felon., (Plea Tr. 9:1-10:3.)
On February 27, 1996, Justice Neil J. Firetog of the Supreme Court, Kings County, sentenced Petitioner to concurrent terms of imprisonment of eight and one half to sixteen years, on each of the charges to which Petitioner pled guilty in the 1996 conviction (“1996 sentences”). (Tr. of Sentencing on Indict. Nos. 6882/95 and 7219/95 dated Feb. 27, 1996 (“Sen.Tr.”) 3:11-13, annexed to Pet. as Ex. A at ECF No. 31; Pet. ¶ 12.) On March 12, 1996, Petitioner’s grant of parole on his earlier term of imprisonment, imposed following the 1992 conviction, was revoked. (Pet. ¶ 13.) As mandated by NYPL section 70.25(2-a), Petitioner was required to serve the remaining two and one half years of his sentence for the 1992 conviction consecutively to his concurrent sentences for the 1996 conviction. (Id.)
Defendant did not appeal from his 1996 conviction. On April 29, 2010, Petitioner moved, pro se, pursuant to New York Criminal Procedure Law (“CPL”) section 440.10(l)(h) to vacate the 1996 conviction. (“440 Motion”) (Id. ¶ 14.) Petitioner maintains that at no time during the plea colloquy did the court, prosecutor, or defense counsel ever advise Petitioner that the 1996 sentences would run consecutive to the Petitioner’s un-discharged prior sentence for the 1992 conviction, as required by NYPL section 70.25(2-a).
Petitioner sought leave to appeal from the Appellate Division, Second Department, which denied his application without opinion on December 21, 2010. (Pet. ¶ 19; see also People v. Rideout, No. 2010-10839, at 1, 2010 WL 5173631 (N.Y.App. Div. Dec. 21, 2010), annexed to Pet. as Ex. E.) Petitioner filed the instant petition on November 15, 2011.
II. Discussion
a. Standard of review
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to a state court judgment may only be brought on the grounds that his or her custody is “in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). A petitioner is required to show that the state court decision, having been adjudicated on the merits, is either “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law” or “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. —, —, 132 S.Ct. 1376, 1390, 182 L.Ed.2d 398 (2012).
For the purposes of federal ha-beas review, “clearly established law” is defined as “the holdings, as opposed to dicta, of [the Supreme] Court’s decisions as of the time of the relevant state-court decision.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). A state court decision is “contrary to,” or an “unreasonable application of,” clearly established law if the decision (1) is contrary to Supreme Court precedent on a question of law; (2) arrives at a conclusion different than that reached by the Supreme Court on “materially indistinguishable” facts; or (3) identifies the correct governing legal rule, but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the petitioner’s case. Id. at 412-13, 120 S.Ct. 1495; see also Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 99-100, 131 S.Ct. 770, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011) (outlining the relevant factors). In order to establish that a state court decision is an unreasonable application, the state court decision must be “more than incorrect or erroneous.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 75, 123 S.Ct. 1166, 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003); see also Portalatin v. Graham, 624 F.3d 69, 79 (2d Cir. 2010) (“If none of these conditions is met, even if the federal court would have reached a different conclusion on direct review, the petition must be denied.”). The decision must be “objectively unreasonable.” Andrade, 538 U.S. at 75, 123 S.Ct. 1166. In addition, factual determinations made by the state court are presumed to be correct, and the petitioner bears the burden of rebutting the presumption of correctness
b. Timeliness
Before proceeding to the merits of the instant petition, the Court must consider whether the petition was timely-filed. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA” or “Act”) signed into law on April 24, 1996, provides for a one-year statute of limitations for the filing of a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to a judgment of a State court. 28 U.S.C § 2244(d)(1). The one-year period runs from the date on which one of the following four events occurs, whichever is latest:
(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review;
(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such state action;
(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or
(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A)-(D); see Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 327, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997) (interpreting § 2244 to apply “to the general run of habeas cases ... when those eases had been filed after the date of the Act.”).
Under New York CPL section 460.10, a party seeking to appeal from a criminal judgement or sentence must file a written notice of appeal within thirty days of the
Prisoners who were convicted prior to the enactment of AEDPA were allowed one year from the effective date of the statute to file a habeas petition. Wood v. Milyard, 566 U.S. —, —, 132 S.Ct. 1826, 1831, 182 L.Ed.2d 733 (2012) (“For a prisoner whose judgment became final before AEDPA was enacted, the one-year limitations period runs from the AEDPA’s effective date: April 24, 1996.”). Because Petitioner’s judgment would have become final on March 28, 1996, the grace period given through the enactment of the AED-PA provided him one year from the date of its enactment to file his petition, which year would have expired on April 24, 1997. The instant petition, dated November 11, 2011, was filed more than fourteen years after the grace period had already expired. Rios v. Mazzuca, 78 Fed.Appx. 742, 743 (2d Cir. 2003) (“Because [Petitioner] was convicted prior to the AEDPA’s enactment, he was required to file his habeas petition within one year of the AEDPA’s effective date, or by April 24, 1997.” (citing Ross, 150 F.3d at 102-03)). Unless Petitioner can show that the one-year grace period was tolled, the petition is untimely and therefore barred by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). The Court therefore considers whether Petitioner is entitled to statutory or equitable tolling of the time requirements.
c. Tolling
i. Statutory tolling
“The time during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending” is not counted toward the limitations period. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2); Saunders v. Senkowski, 587 F.3d 543, 548 (2d Cir. 2009) (“It is clear from the statutory language that the possibility of filing an application for post-conviction relief is not enough to toll the limitations period; instead, an application must be ‘properly filed’ and ‘pending.’ ” (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2))). The post-conviction proceeding, however, does not start the one-year grace period to run anew. Section 2244(d)(2) merely excludes the time a post-conviction motion is under submission from the calculation of the one-year period of limitation. Saunders, 587 F.3d at 548 (noting that a section 440.10 motion is “pending” beginning on the day it is filed
Because Petitioner filed his 440 Motion on April 29, 2010, well after the one year grace period had expired on April 24,1997, he cannot avail himself of statutory tolling. See Plato, 638 F.Supp.2d at 345 (“neither of [petitionerl’s CPL [section] 440.10 mo-tions had any effect on the commencement of the limitations period because they were filed well after the limitations period had actually expired.”) (citation omitted); see also Borges v. Bradt, No. 14-CV-0060, 2015 WL 105966, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 7, 2015) (adopting report and recommendation which held that petitioner was not entitled to a period of statutory tolling because he did not file any state court-challenges to his conviction within the one year statute of limitations (citing Bennett v. Artuz, 199 F.3d 116, 120 (2d Cir. 1999))); Sorce, 73 F.Supp.2d at 297. Therefore, even if Petitioner’s 440 Motion which was filed on April 29, 2010, would have afforded him statutory tolling, the 440 Motion was filed approximately thirteen years after the one-year limitations period expired, and does not render this petition timely filed on November 11, 2011.
ii. Equitable tolling
Petitioner argues that he is entitled to equitable tolling. (Pet’r Reply Mem. ¶ 3.) Petitioner argues that because the one-year limitations period is not a jurisdictional bar, a court may choose to grant equitable tolling. Id Courts will equitably toll the statute of limitations for a period of time if the petitioner shows, for the relevant period, “(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way and prevented timely filing.” Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649, 130 S.Ct. 2549, 177 L.Ed.2d 130 (2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To show that he has been pursuing his rights, a petitioner must demonstrate that he acted with “reasonable diligence throughout the period he seeks to toll.” Smith, 208 F.3d at 17 (citing Johnson v. Nyack Hasp., 86 F.3d 8, 12 (2d Cir. 1996)); see Harper v. Ercole, 648 F.3d 132, 134 (2d Cir. 2011) (A petitioner is “required to show reasonable diligence in pursuing his claim throughout the period he seeks to have tolled.”). Additionally, application of equitable tolling is only warranted in rare and exceptional cases, where “extraordinary circumstances,” meaning severe obstacles to petitioner’s ability to comply with AEDPA’s' limitation period, prevent the petitioner from filing on time. Bolarinwa v. Williams, 593 F.3d 226, 231 (2d Cir. 2010) (noting that mental incapacity may constitute extraordinary circumstances, depending on the facts presented); see, e.g., Nickels v. Conway, 480 Fed.Appx. 54, 56 (2d Cir. 2012) (attorney’s failure to file petitioner’s habeas petition, despite specific instruction to do so, constituted an “extraordinary circumstance” to warrant equitable tolling of the AEDPA’s one-year limitations period); Harper, 648 F.3d at 137 (petitioner’s hospitalization caused his failure to miss the one-year filing deadline under the AEDPA, thereby qualifying him
Here, Petitioner has not shown any'extraordinary or severe obstacle that prevented him from timely filing this petition. Petitioner’s reply merely makes a cursory statement that the Court should exercise its equitable powers, but does not give any reasons which would allow the Court to do so.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for habeas corpus is denied as time-barred pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) and the Court will not issue a certificate of appeal-ability. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this case.
SO ORDERED.
. New York Penal Law § 70.25(2-a) states, in pertinent part:
When an indeterminate or determinate sentence of imprisonment is imposed ... and such person is subject to an undischarged indeterminate or determinate sentence of imprisonment imposed prior to the date on which the present crime was committed, the court must impose a sentence to run consecutively with respect to such undischarged sentence.
. There is no indication that sections (B)-(D) are applicable to the Petitioner’s case, nor does the record reflect that Petitioner makes an argument with respect to these subdivisions. Petitioner simply argues that under Section 2244(d)(1), the petition is timely because he filed an appeal to the Appellate Division on December 21, 2010, and therefore, his 90 day period to file a writ with the Supreme Court expired on March 21, 2011. (Pet. ¶21). Thus, Petitioner appears to be relying on section (A) to argue that the petition is not time barred.
. Petitioner argues that the Court should not apply the statute of limitations to his claim because it was unclear whether the Appellate Division denied his 440 Motion on procedural or federal constitutional grounds. However, Petitioner conflates the time-bar with the jurisdictional requirements of the Independent and Adequate State Ground doctrine. Under the Independent and Adequate State Ground doctrine, the Supreme Court "will not review a question of federal law decided by a state court if the decision of that court rests on a state law ground that is independent of the federal question and adequate to support the judgment.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). In the context of federal habeas review, if a state prisoner’s federal challenge was not addressed in state court because the prisoner failed to meet a state procedural requirement, federal habeas review is barred. Id. at 730, 111 S.Ct. 2546. This rule is grounded in concerns of federalism, so that habeas petitioners may not use the federal court as a way to undermine the state’s interest in enforcing its laws. Id. at 731, 111 S.Ct. 2546. Petitioner’s argument with respect to state procedural grounds as a basis for the state trial court's decision has no effect on the timeliness, but rather, affects the jurisdiction of this Court to review the merits of the case. The Court declines to address the merits of this argument, as the petition was not timely filed.
. "[A] credible and compelling showing of actual innocence under the standard described by the Supreme Court in Schlup [v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 115 S.Ct. 851, 130 L.Ed.2d 808 (1995)] and House [v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 521-22, 126 S.Ct. 2064, 165 L.Ed.2d 1 (2006) ] warrants an equitable exception to AEDPA's limitation period, allowing the petitioner to have his otherwise time-barred claims heard by a federal court.” Rivas v. Fischer, 687 F.3d 514, 518 (2d Cir. 2012). In addition to making no showing to establish that he is entitled to equitable tolling due to extraordinary circumstances, Petitioner does not raise or present facts that would support a finding of "actual innocence” as a reason for the Court to consider the merits of his habeas petition.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Sean DAVIS, a/k/a Dwan Rideout v. Steven RACETTE, Superintendent, Great Meadow Correctional Facility
- Cited By
- 11 cases
- Status
- Published