Erie Group LLC v. Guayaba Capital, LLC
Erie Group LLC v. Guayaba Capital, LLC
Opinion of the Court
OPINION AND ORDER
Erie Group LLC (“Erie”), an investor in the hedge fund Guayaba Capital Total Return Fund L.P. (the “Fund”), asserts violations of section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder against Guayaba Capital, LLC (“GCL”), the Fund’s investment manager, Guayaba GP, LLC (“GGL”), the Fund’s general partner, and Keith Espinosa, GCL’s sole member. Erie also asserts a violation of section 20(a) of the Exchange Act against Espinosa, and common law claims for fraud, negligent misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, and aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty against all defendants.
1. BACKGROUND
A. General Background
Espinosa was the managing member of GCL and GGL.
In October 2012, Belozersky, in his capacity as a trader for GGL, approached Erie regarding a potential investment in the prospective Fund.
B. The Omissions and the Deal Documents
Each misstatement identified in the Complaint is alleged as a failure to disclose. The Complaint alleges that defendants did not disclose: (1) the failed Lom-bardo investment; (2) the material liability incurred as a result of negotiating with Lombardo; (3) the intent to pass that liability on to the Fund as a start-up expense; (4) the intent to hold the Fund liable for the costs of operating GCL and GGL, including the legal fees associated with negotiating and drafting the operating and employment agreements for Espi-nosa’s LLCs; (5) the plan to shift all material liabilities of GCL and GGL to the Fund in the event the Fund was not successful; and (6) that Erie held 92.6 percent of the limited partnership interest in the Fund.
C. The Fund and Its Failure
The Fund began trading with Mouse Trap in April 2013.
Following Erie’s withdrawal, Espinosa dissolved the Fund.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A. Motion to Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(6)
In deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the court must “accept! ] all factual allegations in the complaint as true and draw[ ] all reasonable inferences in the plaintiffs favor.”
When deciding a motion to dismiss, “a district court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as exhibits, and documents incorporated by reference in the complaint.”
B. Heightened Pleading Standard Under Rule 9(b) and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”)
Private securities fraud claims are subject to a heightened pleading standard. First, Rule 9(b) requires plaintiffs to allege the circumstances constituting fraud with particularity. However, “[mjalice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.”
Second, the PSLRA provides that, in actions alleging securities fraud, “the complaint shall, with respect to each act or omission alleged to violate this chapter, state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.”
C. Leave to Amend
Whether to permit a plaintiff to amend its complaint is a matter committed to a court’s “sound discretion.”
III. APPLICABLE LAW
A. Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5
Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act prohibits using or employing, “in connection with the purchase or sale of any security ... any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance ...,”
1. Material Misstatements or Omissions
In order to satisfactorily allege misstatements or omissions of material fact, a complaint must “state with particularity the specific facts in support of [plain
2. Scienter
The required level of scienter under section 10(b) is either “intent to deceive, manipulate, or defraud”
B. Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act
Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act creates a cause of action against “control persons” of the primary violator.
A. The Complaint Does Not State a Claim Under Section 10(b)
This case is not about the poor performance of the Fund and the trading losses Erie sustained as a result, or misrepresentations concerning the efficacy of Mouse Trap. Instead, Erie alleges that defendants “conceal[ed] significant material liabilities [of GCL and GGL], thereby inflating the value of the limited partnership interest held by [Erie].”
1. The Complaint Fails to Plead Any Actionable Misstatements or Omissions
The Complaint fails to “state with particularity the specific facts in support of [plaintiffs] belief that [defendants’] statements were false when made.”
“Rule 10b-5 forbids the making of any untrue statement of a material fact or the omission of any material fact necessary in order to make the statements made not misleading.”
The only specific allegation is that “[defendants disguised [] material liabilities within the financial books and records of companies plaintiff did not own an interest in, thus preventing plaintiff! ] from discovering these liabilities through due diligence.”
2. The Complaint Fails to Adequately Allege Scienter or Reasonable Reliance
The Complaint’s scienter allegations consist almost entirely of legal conclusions that are not entitled to a presumption of truth. Particularly glaring is that the Complaint is devoid of allegations concerning Espinosa’s motivation to defraud Erie. The Complaint does not “with respect to each act or omission alleged to violate this chapter, state with particularity' facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.”
The facts alleged in the Complaint tend to' undermine any plausible inference of intent in connection with the initial sale of securities. Espinosa only sought to charge the fees after Erie withdrew and the Fund was dissolved. The Complaint does not allege how Espinosa could have extracted these fees if the Fund had continued to perform and Erie did not withdraw. In addition, Erie’s responsibility for 92.6 percent of the Fund’s expenses also appears to be a function of the timing of the dissolution of the Fund, not any intentional conduct by Espinosa: had the Fund been successful, other investors may have joined or existing investors may have
Finally, plaintiff does not even argue, let alone plead, that at the time of transacting with defendants it inquired about the debts of the enterprise, whether there had been previous but failed attempts to attract investors, or whether there were other investors. Nor does plaintiff describe the due diligence it conducted prior to entering into the partnership. In other words, plaintiff fails to plead reasonable reliance. In fact, the far stronger inference is that plaintiff failed to undertake the due diligence expected of a sophisticated investor in an arm’s length transaction. Thus, the Complaint fails to plead the required elements of a claim under section 10(b). Accordingly, this claim must be dismissed.
B. Control Person Liability
A primary violation of the securities laws is an element of control person liability under section 20(a).
C. State Law Claims
Because there are no remaining federal claims, I decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over plaintiffs state law claims.
D.Leave to Replead
Plaintiff requests leave to amend in the event any portion of defendants’ motion is granted. Leave to amend should be freely given “when justice so requires.”
First, plaintiff has already had an opportunity to amend its claims and had notice of defendants’ anticipated defenses prior to the filing of this motion to dismiss.
Finally, at its core, this case is about Erie being charged $124,469 in expenses after the dissolution of the Fund. It is not about investment losses due to misrepresentations about the value of a security. Whether or not those expenses were rightly included in the charges passed along to Erie is a question of contract law, but the facts of this case do not suggest a securities fraud violation.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion is GRANTED, the securities fraud claims are dismissed with prejudice, and the common law claims are dismissed because I decline to exercise jurisdiction over them. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this motion (Docket No. 18) and this case.
SO ORDERED.
.The Verified Complaint ("Complaint”) indicates that Erie brings this action individually and on behalf of the Fund. For example, Erie asserts derivative claims on behalf of the Fund for fraud, negligent misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, and aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty against defendants SS & C Technologies, Inc. ("SS & C”), the Fund's outside administrator, and Gus Sacoulas, an employee of SS & C. It appears, however, that the securities fraud claims are brought by Erie solely in its individual capacity, as the purchaser of a limited partnership in the now-dissolved Fund. See Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss ("Pl. Opp.”), at 22 ("The Complaint establishes that plaintiffs [sic ] have standing to bring this suit as purchasers of a security interest within the Fund. Plaintiff was a limited partner in the Fund.”). As this Opinion and Order primarily address- , es the securities fraud claims, I will refer to Erie as the "plaintiff.”
. The facts below are taken from the Complaint.
. See Compl. ¶ 22.
. See id. ¶¶ 32, 35.
. See id. ¶ 36-37.
. See id. ¶¶ 43-46.
. See id. ¶¶ 47-48.
. See id. ¶ 49.
. Id. ¶ 51.
. See id. ¶ 55.
. See id. ¶ 56.
. See id. ¶¶ 57-62.
. See id. ¶¶ 17, 18, 67.
. See id. ¶ 73.
. See id. ¶ 74.
. See id. ¶¶ 75-76, 78.
. See id. ¶¶ 79-81.
. See id. ¶ 82.
. See id. ¶ 83.
. See id. ¶ 84.
. See id. ¶ 85.
. See id. 11V 90-92. The Complaint also contains several allegations that only appear once and receive no further elaboration. See id. VV 10 (“Defendants failed to disclose that the trading fees, short interest, and commissions would be a significant part of the trading losses.''), 11 ("Defendants misrepresented the value of plaintiffs' interest in the fund when, they provided the plaintiff with several monthly reports with inflated financial information.”).
. Grant v. County of Erie, 542 Fed.Appx. 21, 23 (2d Cir. 2013).
. See 556 U.S. 662, 678-79, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).
. Id. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
. Id. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
. Id. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
. Id. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
. Id. (quotation marks omitted).
. DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable LLC, 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2010) (citing Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir. 2002)).
. Id. (quoting Mangiafico v. Blumenthal, 471 F.3d 391, 398 (2d Cir. 2006)).
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b).
. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2).
. McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 200 (2d Cir. 2007).
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a).
. Hayden v. County of Nassau, 180 F.3d 42, 53 (2d Cir. 1999).
. See ATSI Communications, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 108 (2d Cir. 2007).
. See Dougherty v. Town of N. Hempstead Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 282 F.3d 83, 87-88 (2d Cir. 2002).
. 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b).
. 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5.
. Stoneridge Inv. Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., 552 U.S. 148, 157, 128 S.Ct. 761, 169 L.Ed.2d 627 (2008).
. Rombach v. Chang, 355 F.3d 164, 172 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).
. Operating Local 649 Annuity Trust Fund v. Smith Barney Fund Mgmt. LLC, 595 F.3d 86, 92-93 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).
. Id. Accord Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 90 (2d Cir. 2000).
. Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 193, 96 S.Ct. 1375, 47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976).
. South Cherry St., LLC v. Hennessee Grp. LLC, 573 F.3d 98, 109 (2d Cir. 2009) ("By reckless disregard for the truth, we mean 'conscious recklessness — i.e., a state of mind approximating actual intent, and not merely a heightened form of negligence. ’ ") (quoting Novak v. Kasaks, 216 F.3d 300, 308 (2d Cir. 2000)).
. ATSI, 493 F.3d at 99 (citing Ganino v. Citizens Utilities Co., 228 F.3d 154, 168-69 (2d Cir. 2000)).
. Kalnit v. Eichler, 264 F.3d 131, 142 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
. Novak, 216 F.3d at 308.
. Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 314, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007).
. See 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a).
. ATSI, 493 F.3d at 108.
. See id. See also In re eSpeed, Inc. Sec. Litig., 457 F.Supp.2d 266, 297-98 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
. Compl. ¶ 3.
. Id. ¶8.
. See id. V 99. However, Erie does not allege that it would not have invested in the Fund had it known about the undisclosed liabilities. Rather, Erie alleges that "[a]s a result of the omissions and false material misrepresentations of the Defendants, Plaintiff purchased [a] limited partnership interest in the fund at [an] inflated valuation.” Id. ¶ 101.
. Rombach, 355 F.3d at 172 (internal quotation marks omitted).
. Dalberth v. Xerox Corp., 766 F.3d 172, 182 (2d Cir. 2014) (quotation marks and alterations omitted). Accord Glazer v. Formica Corp., 964 F.2d 149, 156 (2d Cir. 1992) (explaining that "there is no liability under Rule 10b-5 unless there is a duty to disclose [the information]"); Monroe County Employees' Retirement Sys. v. YPF Sociedad Anonima, 15 F.Supp.3d 336, 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (stating that an "omission is only actionable 'when the failure to disclose renders a statement misleading' ”) (quoting In re Alstom SA, 406 F.Supp.2d 433, 453 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (citing In re Time Warner Inc. Sec. Litig., 9 F.3d 259, 268 (2d Cir. 1993))).
. The Complaint also does not attach as exhibits the Private Offering Memorandum or the Limited Partnership Agreement, or otherwise refer to the provisions of these Agreements concerning Erie’s potential liability for partnership expenses.
. Compl. ¶ 5.
. See id. ¶¶ 83, 55, 47. Erie does not challenge the accuracy of the expense accounting or allege that the charges were in breach of the parties’ Agreements.
. See id. ¶ 47.
. See ECA, Local 134 IBEW Joint Pension Trust of Chicago v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d 187, 204 (2d Cir. 2009) (stating that the "use of a percentage as a numerical threshold, such as 5%, may provide the basis” for determining whether an alleged misstatement could be material) (quotation marks omitted).
. In its opposition papers, plaintiff also refers to a $25,000 fee that Lombardo collected from Espinosa. But that fee is not mentioned in the Complaint. Furthermore, the inclusion of an additional $23,150, or 92.6 percent of $25,000, would still not give rise to an inference of materiality.
. The failure to disclose that Erie held an interest of over ninety percent or that the Lombardo transaction was a failure do not by themselves suggest either falsity or materiality. Likewise, although the Complaint alleges that defendants intended to charge Erie certain fees, the Complaint does not allege that charging these fees constituted a breach of the terms of either the Private Offering Memorandum or the Limited Partnership Agreement.
. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(2).
. See ATSI, 493 F.3d at 108.
. See Pitchell v. Callan, 13 F.3d 545, 549 (2d Cir. 1994) (stating that "it is axiomatic that a court should decline to exercise jurisdiction over state-law claims when it dismisses the federal claims prior to triar’).
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2).
. See Individual Rules and Procedures of Judge Shira A. Scheindlin, Rule IV.B (stating that parties must exchange letters prior to bringing a motion to dismiss to "attempt to eliminate the need for [the] motion[]”).
. See 3/25/13 Limited Partnership Agreement of Guayaba Total Return Fund LP, Ex. B to the Amended Declaration of Igor Severinovskiy, the Managing Member of Erie, in Opposition to Defendants [sic ] Motion to Dismiss ("Severinovskiy Deck”), §§ 4.02 ("All other expenses shall be borne by the Partnership and shall include: the Management Fee; the Partnership's legal, compliance, administrator, audit and accounting expenses (including third party accounting services); organizational expenses ... [;] and any other expenses related to the purchase, sale, preservation or transmittal of Partnership assets.), 4.03 ("The organizational expenses of the Partnership (including expenses of the initial offer and sale of limited partnership interests) will be paid by the Partnership.”); and 3/-/13 Confidential Private Offering Memorandum, Ex. D to the Severinovskiy Decl., at 7-8 (de
. Compl. ¶ 56.
. Based on the terms of the parties' Agreements, Erie cannot plead facts consistent with reasonable reliance. Plaintiff nonetheless directs the Court's attention to a December 2012 Confidential Private Placement Memorandum of Guayaba Capital Total Return Fund, LLC ("CPPM”), which is attached as Exhibit C to the Severinovskiy Declaration. However, according to the Complaint, it is Erie’s investment in, and the charges incurred by the Fund, a limited partnership, which are at issue in this action, not charges to Guayaba Capital Total Return Fund, LLC, a fund in which Erie did not invest. Moreover, the Complaint alleges that Erie relied on the Private Offering Memorandum, not the CPPM. The language plaintiff cites from the CPPM is irrelevant — and potentially misleading to the Court. The Private Offering Memorandum upon which plaintiff is alleged to have relied explicitly permits charging the Fund for certain fees, even assuming the CPPM does not, but plaintiff fails to quote the operative provisions of the Private Offering Memorandum in the Complaint.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- ERIE GROUP LLC, Individually and on behalf of Guayaba Capital Total Return Fund L.P. v. GUAYABA CAPITAL, LLC, Guayaba GP, LLC, Keith Espinosa, SS & C Technologies Inc., and Gus Sacoulas
- Cited By
- 6 cases
- Status
- Published