Fioranelli v. CBS Broadcasting Inc.
Fioranelli v. CBS Broadcasting Inc.
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM & ORDER
Plaintiff Anthony Fioranelli brings this action against Defendants CBS Broadcasting, Inc. (“CBS”), BBC Worldwide Americas, Inc. (“BBC”), T3 Media, Inc. (“T3 Media”), Brook Lapping Productions Ltd., Testimony Films, RTW Productions, LLC, Paramount Picture Corporation, Morn-ingstar Entertainment, Inc., Creative Differences, LLC, Adams County Productions LLC, Telemaco SRL, JVCT Productions, Inc., Ipse Dixit, Inc., Firecracker Films, LLC, A & E Televisions Networks, LLC, John and Jane Does 1-10, John Doe Corporations 1-10, and John Doe Entities 1-10 (collectively “Defendants”)
I. Factual Background
Plaintiff Anthony Fioranelli is a professional photojournalist. (Compl. ¶ 2.)
On March 7, 2002, Plaintiff and CBS entered into a settlement agreement to resolve a law suit filed by Plaintiff in New York County Civil Court related to the 9/11 Material, and as part of that settlement Plaintiff provided a limited, nonexclusive license to CBS to use his work (“License Agreement”).
Fioranelli hereby grants to CBS, effective as of the date of this Agreement, a non-exclusive, irrevocable, perpetual worldwide right and license to use the Footage in all regularly-scheduled and*535 breaking news programming and all news magazine programs (such as, without limitation, 60 MINUTES and 48 HOURS), and in the advertising, publicity and promotions therefor, produced by CBS owned television stations and CBS News, in all media now known or hereafter developed, except as provided herein. It is understood and agreed by and between the parties that the right and license granted herein does not include authorization to use the Footage in CBS Entertainment Division programming, including docudramas, nor in CBS News documentary specials.... It is understood and agreed by and between the parties that the right and license granted herein does not include authorization to use the Footage in programs produced by CBS News Productions for third party clients; provided however, that in the event that despite commercially reasonable efforts to exclude the Footage from such programs, Footage is included in such programs, CBS shall pay Fioranelli (or his heirs, executors, assigns, agents, affiliated companies, successors, or successors in interest) $8000 per minute (or part thereof) for each minute used within the program, for rights in all media, now known or hereafter developed, in perpetuity. Within twenty (20) days of the initial broadcast of any program produced by CBS News Productions devoted to the subjects of the attacks on the World Trade Center or the events of September 11, 2001, CBS shall provide to Fioranelli a VHS time-coded copy of such program.
(Id. Ex. B ¶ 4(a), (b).)
Plaintiff contends that in or about 2005-2006, in violation of the License Agreement, CBS sublicensed some or all of the 9/11 Material to at least fifteen companies, who constitute the other defendants named in Plaintiffs complaint. (Id. ¶ 34.) Plaintiff also contends that the footage was inappropriately licensed to other entities, necessitating the inclusion of John Doe defendants in the Amended Complaint. (Id.) Plaintiff identifies specific examples of licensing of his footage which violated his copyright. (Id. ¶¶ 35-51.)
II. Procedural History
Plaintiff filed a complaint in this matter on February 9, 2015. (Doc. 1.) On May 1, 2015, Defendants CBS, BBC, T3 Media, MorningStar Entertainment, LLC, and A & E Television Networks, LLC filed a pre-motion letter with Judge Edgardo Ramos indicating their intention to file a motion to dismiss.
On August 28, 2015, Plaintiff filed an amended complaint (“Amended Complaint”) rather than an opposition to Defendants’ motions, (Doc. 53), so I denied Defendants’ motions to dismiss on August 31, 2015 with leave to refile, (Doc. 54). On September 10, 2015, Defendants filed a letter seeking leave to refile, which included a briefing schedule agreed upon by the parties. (Doc. 55.) I approved the proposed briefing schedule on September 11, 2015. (Doc. 56.) On October 1, 2015,1 so ordered a stipulation between the parties voluntarily dismissing Defendant Monkey Kingdom Ltd. without prejudice. (Doc. 57.) On October 2, 2015, Defendants filed their motion to dismiss and accompanying papers. (Docs. 58, 59.) On November 2, 2015, Plaintiff requested additional pages for his response brief, (Doc. 60), and I granted this requested on November 3, 2015, (Doc. 62). Plaintiff also filed his response brief on November 3, 2015. (Doc. 61.) Defendants filed their reply on November 20, 2015, (Doc. 63), and filed a notice alerting me to supplemental authority in further support of their motion to dismiss on December 8, 2015, (Doc. 66). On December 1, 2016, the parties filed a joint letter requesting a decision. (Doc. 68.) Defendants filed a Notice of Supplemental Authority on January 11, 2017, (Doc. 69), and Plaintiff filed a Notice of Supplemental Authority and Response on January 12, 2017, (Doc. 70).
III. Legal Standard
To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). A claim will have “facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inférence that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. This standard demands “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. “Plausibility ... depends on a host of considerations: the full factual picture presented by the complaint, the particular cause of action and its elements, and the éxistence of alternative explanations so obvious that they render plaintiffs inferences unreasonable.” L-7 Designs, Inc. v. Old Navy, LLC, 647 F.3d 419, 430 (2d Cir. 2011).
In considering a motion to dismiss, a court must accept as true all well-pleaded facts alleged in the complaint and must draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiffs favor. Kassner v. 2nd Ave. Delicatessen Inc., 496 F.3d 229, 237 (2d Cir. 2007). A complaint need not make “detailed factual allegations,” but it must contain more than mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (internal quotation marks omitted). Finally, although all allegations contained in the complaint are assumed to be true, this tenet is “inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Id.
IV. Discussion
Defendants contend that all of Plaintiffs claims must fail, and in their briefing di
A. Plaintiff’s Copyright Infringement and Inducement Claims 1. Infringement
Defendants argue that Plaintiff fails to state a copyright infringement claim because the allegations in the Amended Complaint amount to nothing more than a claim that CBS and the other Defendants breached the License Agreement between Plaintiff and CBS. (Defs.’ Br. at 7.)
In response, Plaintiff contends that the actions of Defendants went far beyond what the terms of the License Agreement permit. (Pl.’s Br. at 7.)
Plaintiff is correct, and I find his interpretation of the License Agreement is consistent with its terms.
When a copyright owner grants a nonexclusive license, he generally “waives his right to sue the licensee for copyright infringement.” Graham v. James, 144 F.3d 229, 236 (2d Cir. 1998). “However, if ‘a license is limited in scope and the licensee acts outside the scope, the licensor can bring an action for copyright infringement.’ ” BroadVision, Inc. v. Med. Protective Co., No. 08 Civ. 1478(WHP), 2010 WL 5158129, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 23, 2010) (quoting Jacobsen v. Katzer, 535 F.3d 1373, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2008)); see also Marvullo v. Gruner & Jahr, 105 F.Supp.2d 225, 228 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (“[A] licensor may bring a claim for infringement where a licensee uses copyrighted material beyond the scope of a license.”).
The parties do not dispute that the License Agreement provides a license to CBS with regard to the 9/11 Material being used by CBS for CBS programming, and that such a license “immunizes [CBS] from a charge of copyright infringement, provided that [CBS] uses the copyright as agreed with [Fioranelli].” Davis v. Blige, 505 F.3d 90, 100 (2d Cir. 2007) (citing Graham v. James, 144 F.3d 229, 236 (2d Cir. 1998)). Plaintiffs contentions, howev
2. Inducement
Defendants argue that Plaintiff cannot maintain his inducement claims because he has not adequately pled a predicate act of direct infringement. (Defs.’ Br. at 10.) Since I have found that the allegations in the Amended Complaint adequately plead direct infringement, this argument is moot and I need not consider it further. However, that does not end the inquiry because Defendants also argue that, even if I find Plaintiff has stated adequate direct infringement claims, Plaintiffs inducement claims still fail as to any Defendants other than CBS, BBC, and T3Media. (Id. at 11.) Plaintiff does not directly respond
Here, Defendants are correct; Plaintiffs claim for inducement against all Defendants other than CBS, BBC and T3Media must fail. The Amended Complaint alleges that CBS, BBC, and T3Media sublicensed the 9/11 Material without authorization to other Defendants, (Compl. ¶¶ 4-23), and therefore Defendants concede that if I find that the allegations of direct infringement are sufficient Plaintiff may properly maintain inducement claims against these three Defendants, (Defs.’ Br. at 11). Plaintiff fails to identify how Defendants other than CBS, BBC and T3Media have induced infringement by others. The only allegation in Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint that could arguably be read as alleging inducement by these Defendants states that “all Defendants introduced [sic] retailers to continue this illegal conduct down the chain of sale and commit multiple copying infringements up to and including the consumer level.” (Compl. ¶ 71.) Plaintiff fails to identify such retailers or the specific conduct Defendants took with regard to these unidentified retailers. This bare-bones, conelusory allegation is insufficiently specific to state a plausible inducement claim against the other Defendants. See Premier Fabrics, Inc. v. Woodland Trading Inc., 42 F.Supp.3d 549, 555 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).
B. Plaintiff’s Lanharn Act Claim
Defendants contend that the Supreme Court’s decision in Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 539 U.S. 23, 123 S.Ct. 2041, 156 L.Ed.2d 18 (2003), precludes Plaintiff’s Lanharn Act claim because Plaintiff is merely trying to use the Lanharn Act “as an end run around the copyright laws or to add another layer of protection to copyright holders.” (Defs.’ Br. at 13 (quoting Agence France Presse v. Morel, 769 F.Supp.2d 295, 307 (S.D.N.Y. 2011)).) Further, they note that the Lanharn Act “protects only ‘the producer of the tangible goods that are offered for sale, and not [] the author of any idea, concept, or communication embodied in the goods.” (Id. (quoting Bill Diodato Photography, LLC v. Kate Spade, LLC, 388 F.Supp.2d 382, 395 (S.D.N.Y. 2005)) (emphasis in original).)
Plaintiff claims that Dastar is inapplicable because he is not seeking to add another layer of protection, but rather is seeking to address the activity of Defendants that directly affected his business and not just his copyright rights. (PL’s Br. at 10.) Further, Plaintiff notes that there was no copyright registration regarding the material at issue in Dastar, unlike the registration here. (Id. at 11.) Finally, Plaintiff argues that he is the producer of a tangible good—his 9/11 footage—rather than an idea or communication. (Id.)
Defendants are correct. Dastar bars Plaintiffs claim here, and Plaintiff is not the producer of a tangible good within the meaning of the Lanharn Act. As an initial matter, courts in this district have rejected the argument that the holding in Das-tar should be limited to non-copyrighted material or copyrighted material that have entered the public domain because “the Supreme Court did not articulate any distinction between copyrighted and uncopy-righted material [in Dastar].” Atrium Grp. De Ediciones y Publicaciones, S.L. v. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 565 F.Supp.2d 505, 512-13 (S.D.N.Y. 2008); see also, e.g., Silverstein v. Penguin Putnam, Inc., 522 F.Supp.2d 579, 601 n.12 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (“Dastar’s holding does not seem to ton on the copyright status of the reproduced material.”); Antidote Int'l Films, Inc. v.
I agree with the Atrium court that “the Supreme Court would have declined to extend Lanham Act protection to the [television series at issue], whether it was under copyright or not.”
Plaintiff claims that Defendants’ conduct amounts to unfair competition in violation of Section 1125(a) of the Lanham Act.
In Dastar, the plaintiff brought a reverse passing off claim against Dastar Corp., distributor of the “Campaign” series of videos, which were about the allied campaign in Europe during World War II. Dastar, 539 U.S. at 26-28, 123 S.Ct. 2041. The Campaign videos included footage from the “Crusade” television series but did not attribute the television series as the origin of this footage. Id. The Court held that
reading the phrase ‘origin of goods’ in the Lanham Act in accordance with the Act’s common-law foundations (which were not designed to protect originality or creativity), and in light of the copyright and patent laws (which were), we conclude that the phrase refers to the producer of the tangible goods that are offered for sale, and not to the author of any idea, concept, or communication embodied in those goods.
Id. at 37, 123 S.Ct. 2041 (emphasis omitted). In other words, the “origin of goods” means the manufacturer of the goods, the
Plaintiff argues that, independent of his role as the copyright holder, he is also “the producer” of his own products such that Defendants interfered with his “business” in violation of the Lanham Act. This argument is meritless, as the Complaint clearly designates Defendants as the producers of “their own media products” that used the 9/11 Material. Consumers who viewed the 9/11 Material were “not falsely informed about the origins of the [material] because [Defendants] did in fact produce” it. Atrium, 565 F.Supp.2d at 512. Like the creator of the footage from Crusade in Dastar, Plaintiff is the originator, not the “producer of tangible goods” protected by the Lanham Act. Plaintiff’s Lanham Act claim amounts to nothing more than a copyrighted infringement claim disguised as a Lan-ham Act claim. Stated differently, Plaintiff seeks to add additional protection to his copyrighted work through the Lanham Act. Dastar prevents claims of this nature. For these reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted as to Plaintiffs Lanham Act claim.
C. State Law Claims
Finally, Defendants argue that the Copyright Act preempts all of Plaintiffs state law claims other than Plaintiffs claim for breach of contract. A state law claim is preempted by the Copyright Act if (1) “the work at issue ‘come[s] within the subject matter of copyright,’ ” and (2) “the right being asserted is ‘equivalent to any of the
exclusive rights within the general scope of copyright.’ ” Forest Park Pictures v. Universal Television Network, Inc., 683 F.3d 424, 429 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting 17 U.S.C. § 301(b)). Defendants argue Plaintiffs work clearly falls within the subject matter of copyright, (Defs.’ Br. at 18-19), and Plaintiff does not seem to contest this point, (see Pl.’s Br. at 15).
Therefore, for Plaintiffs state law claims to survive they cannot assert rights equivalent to any of the exclusive rights within the general scope of copyright. See Forest Park Pictures, 683 F.3d at 429. In order to meet this requirement, the Second Circuit generally requires that any state law claims include an extra element “instead of or in addition to the acts of reproduction, performance, distribution, or display ... [and] the extra element changes the nature of the action so that it is qualitatively different from a copyright infringement claim.” Computer Assocs. Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693, 716 (2d Cir. 1992) (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted). Based on the extra element test, courts in this Circuit have found numerous state law claims preempted by the Copyright Act, including claims for (1) tortious interference with contractual relations, see, e.g., Am. Movie Classics Co. v. Turner Entm’t Co., 922 F.Supp. 926, 932 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (noting that in “the Second Circuit, it is well settled that claims for tortious interference based on the unauthorized publication of a work protected by the Copyright Act are preempted”); (2) tortious interference with business expectancy, see, e.g., Gary Friedrich Enters. LLC v. Marvel Enters., Inc., 713 F.Supp.2d 215, 228 (S.D.N.Y 2010) (plaintiff failed to allege any “extra element” apart from the rights protected by federal copyright law); (3) unjust enrichment, see, e.g., Briarpatch Limited, L.P. v. Phoenix Pictures, Inc., 373 F.3d 296, 305 (2d Cir. 2004) (“While enrichment is not required for copyright infringement,
Plaintiff repeatedly asserts in eonclusory fashion that extra elements exist for each of his state causes of action. (PL’s Br. at 14-18.) However, he fails to identify what those extra elements are for each state cause of action; instead, he merely cites to other cases where courts have found extra elements present.
D. Statutory Damages and Attorney’s Fees
Defendants argue that Plaintiff is not entitled to recover statutory damages
Plaintiff concedes that a literal reading of Section 412 would deny Plaintiff attorney’s fees in this case. (Pl.’s Br. at 27.) Plaintiff also appears to acknowledge the accuracy of Defendants’ analysis of the relevant statutes and the applicable Second Circuit case law related to statutory damages and attorney’s fees related to claims brought pursuant to the Copyright Act. (Id. at 27-28.) Therefore, I find that Plaintiff is not entitled to statutory damages or attorney’s fees for his Copyright claims under 17 U.S.C. §§ 504-505. Plaintiff therefore may not pursue statutory damages or attorney’s fees under 17 U.S.C. §§ 504-505.
However, Plaintiff separately requests that I award attorney’s fees based on my equitable powers, and asserts that I am not constrained simply by the limits of the Copyright Act. (Id. at 27-29.) I find that it is premature at this stage of the litigation for me to make any determination concerning whether I should exercise my equitable powers and award attorney’s fees.
V. Conclusion
For the reasons stated herein, Defendants’ motion to dismiss, (Doc. 58), is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART- Plaintiff may continue to pursue claims for copyright infringement against all Defendants, inducement to infringe copyright against Defendants CBS, BBC and T3Media, and breach of contract against Defendant CBS. Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted as to all other claims in this action. Plaintiff also may not seek statutory damages or attorney’s fees under 17 U.S.C. §§ 504-505 for his claims of copyright infringement.
SO ORDERED.
. Plaintiff also initially brought this action against Monkey Kingdom Limited, but voluntarily dismissed Monkey Kingdom Limited from the action without prejudice on October 1, 2015. (Doc. 57.)
. I assume Plaintiff's allegations to be trae for purposes of this motion. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 508 n.1, 122 S.Ct. 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002). My references to these allegations should not be construed as a finding as to their veracity, and I make no such findings.
. "Compl.” refers to Plaintiff's Amended Complaint and Jury Demanded. (Doc. 53.)
. "License Agreement” or "Lie. Agree.” refers to the "Settlement Agreement and Release” between Plaintiff and CBS attached to the Amended Complaint as Exhibit B. Because the License Agreement with CBS is attached to the Amended Complaint, I may properly consider it in connection with this motion to dismiss. See Stratte-McClure v. Morgan Stanley, 776 F.3d 94, 100 (2d Cir. 2015) (noting that a court evaluating a motion to dismiss may "consider ‘any written instrument attached to [the complaint] as an exhibit or any statements or documents incorporated in it by reference ... and documents that the plaintiffs either possessed or knew about and upon which they relied in bringing the suit.' ” (quoting Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 88 (2d Cir. 2000))).
. On May 4, 2015, this case was reassigned to me. (ECF Entry May 4, 2015.)
. "Defs.' Br.” refers to the Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Amended Complaint for Failure to State a Claim. (Doc. 59.)
. "PL’s Br.” refers to the Plaintiff's Response to Defendants' Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). (Doc. 61.)
. Specifically, the License Agreement provides that Plaintiff “grants to CBS, effective as of the date of this Agreement, a non-exclusive, irrevocable, perpetual worldwide right and license to use the Footage in all regularly-scheduled and breaking news programming and all news magazine programs (such as, without limitation, 60 MINUTES and 48 HOURS), and in the advertising, publicity and promotions therefor, produced by CBS owned television stations and CBS News, in all media now known or hereafter developed, except as provided herein.” (Lie. Agree. ¶ 4(a).)
. Defendants have not moved to dismiss Plaintiff's breach of contract cause of action and therefore concede that Plaintiff can pursue a claim for breach of contract against CBS for any uses' of the 9/11 Material that violated the terms of the Licensing Agreement.
. Indeed, as noted in Atrium, courts ■ have consistently applied Dastar’s rule to copyrighted material. See, e.g., Atrium, 565 F.Supp.2d at 512-13 (citing cases); LaPine v. Seinfeld, No. 08 Civ. 128(LTS)(RLE), 2009 WL 2902584, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 10, 2009); Michael Grecco Photography, Inc. v. Everett Collection, Inc., 589 F.Supp.2d 375, 387 (S.D.N.Y. 2008); Hudson v. Universal Studios, Inc., No. 04 Civ. 6997(GEL), 2008 WL 4701488, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 23, 2008).
. Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a), provides:
Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which—(A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person, or (B) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person's goods, services, or commercial activities, shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act.
. Plaintiff claims, for example, that "every one of the state claims” have as an extra element the "multiple promises set forth in the Amended Complaint that require CBS to do and avoid certain things which are separate from copyright infringement.” (PL’s Br. at 15.) This assertion fails for several reasons. First, Defendants do not seek to dismiss Plaintiffs breach of contract claim so the existence of additional promises in the License Agreement is of no moment. Second, Plaintiff does not identify the "additional promises” purportedly contained in the Amended Complaint or link such promises to any other state cause of action other than his breach of contract cause of action. Third, as noted above, the existence of an extra element does not end the inquiry since any extra element must "change[ ] the nature of the action so that it is qualitatively different from a copyright infringement claim.” Computer Assocs. Int’l, Inc., 982 F.2d at 716 (citation omitted). Plaintiff fails to allege how these additional promises are qualitatively different from his copyright infringement claims. Fourth, the eonclusory assertion of the existence of "additional promises” as purported extra elements without more is not sufficient to " ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937; see Eyal, 784 F.Supp.2d at 447 (dismissing state law claims as preempted where complaint states only existence of extra elements in eonclusory fashion).
. Defendants further argue that Plaintiff has failed to allege essential elements of his false advertising, tortious interference, and intentional tort claims. (Defs.' Br. at 25-29.) However, because I find Plaintiff’s state law claims are preempted by the Copyright Act, I decline to consider these additional arguments.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Anthony FIORANELLI v. CBS BROADCASTING INC., BBC Worldwide Americas, Inc., T3Media, Inc., Brook Lapping Productions Ltd., Testimony Films, RTW Productions, LLC, Paramount Pictures Corporation, Morningstar Entertainment, Inc., Monkey Kingdom Limited, Creative Differences, LLC, Adams County Productions LLC, Telemaco SRL, JVCT Productions, Inc., IPSE Dixit, Inc., Firecracker Films, LLC, A & E Television Networks, LLC, John and Jane Does 1-10, John Doe Corporations 1-10, and John Doe Entities 1-10
- Cited By
- 6 cases
- Status
- Published