Oakes v. De Lancey

The property is situated on Long Island sound, at a place where the tide ebbs and flows, and the contention is settled by the decision of the question whether the land between low and high water mark is included or excluded from the measurements and description called for by the deed. If this piece of land is to be included, the land conveyed contains 22.57 acres, and the defend ant is entitled to judgment. If it is to be excluded, the grant contains but 18.734 acres, and the plaintiff is entitled to recover. The plaintiff rests his right of action on the proposition that where the shore of the sea, bay, navigable river, or tide-water is named as the boundary of land in a grant of title, the land to ordinary high-water mark is intended. This is undoubtedly the rule. Ger. Real Est. (3d Ed.) 517; People v. Appraisers, 33 N. Y. 461; Mayor, etc., v. Hart, 95 N. Y. 443; Same v. Starin, 106 N. Y. 1, 12 N. E. Rep. 631; Commissioners v. People, 5 Wend. 443; People v. Tibbetts, 19 N. Y. 523; Gould v. Railroad Co., 6 N. Y. 522; Wheeler v. Spinola, 54 N. Y. 377; 3 Kent, Comm. 432. The defendant concedes the law to be as stated, but claims that the grant in this instance is not bounded “by” the shore, and hence not within the rule referred to. The boundary on the water front is shown by the first two courses in the deed, which read as follows: “Thence running along said division line north, 42 degrees and 47 minutes east, about 865 feet, to a point on the shore of Long Island sound; thence running along said shore and sound, as the same bend and turn easterly; and thence southerly, to their intersection with the center line of De Lancey avenue aforesaid.” The surveyors all agree that the description contained in the deed to the plaintiff carries the grant to low-water mark, so that, if the grantor had title to the land between low and high water mark, it passed by the deed delivered to the plaintiff. In construing the description of two deeds running to the shore of a navigable stream, the court, in Storer v. Freeman, 6 Mass. 435, said, inter alia: “The shore has two sides,—high-water mark and low-water mark. Elwell’s corner is described as a known monument. If it is at low-water mark, it is by the shore, as well as if it was a high-water mark. Yow, if it be a fact that this corner was a known monument at low-water mark, the plaintiff might be admitted to prove it by oral testimony. Then the boundary line", running to Elwell’s corner, would cross the flats to low-water mark; and the next boundary line, running by the flats, must run by the same side of the flats on which Elwell’s corner stands; and thus the flats would be included by the boundaries of the land conveyed, by the second deed. And further, from this fact, the first deed would receive a similar consideration, as it was executed by the same grantor.” The deed to the plaintiff conveys title along a certain line, “about 865 feet, to a point-on the shore of Long Island sound,” and if, as decided by the last case, low-water mark is by the shore, as well as high-water mark, the point indicated by the “865 feet” carried the line directly to that point on the shore. The metes and bounds show clearly that the defendant intended to and did convey to low-water mark. If the plaintiff was misled by this fact, and did not intend to purchase to low-water mark, he might, perhaps, have obtained from-the court relief from the sale; but he made no such application. If deceived in respect thereto, to his damage, he might, on such ground, have some legal remedy, but he has invoked none. The sole question to be decided is whether the deed conveyed 22.57 acres of land, and it undoubtedly did. It is conceded that, as a rule, land between low and high water mark, where the tide ebbs and flows, is by the common lavr vested in the state. Ger. Beal Est. (2d Ed.) *296714; Ang. Water-Courses, §§ 544-546, except in certain eases of colonial charters, [Mayor, etc., v. Hart, 95 N. Y. 443,) or colonial grants, [Trustees v. Strong, 60 N. Y. 56.) The land on Long Island sound, between low and high water mark, is likewise vested in the state, in the absence of colonial grants s.uch as were proved in the case of Trustees v. Strong, supra. Whether a similar grant exists in respect to the property in question, or whether the -state has released its title to the lowland to the owner of the upland, as authorized by statute, (1 Rev. St., 6th Ed., 602,) could not be ascertained, for the reason that the plaintiff did not litigate the defendant’s title, and declined to litigate that issue. For all the purposes of this litigation it must be assumed, therefore, that the defendant, in some legal manner, acquired title to the .lowland, and that it passed by his deed, if the lowland is sufficiently covered by the descriptive words of the deed, and as matter of fact it is. notwithstanding the rule of construction which bounds a grant by the line of high-water, it will not do to hold that a conveyance of land on the shore will not, .under any circumstances, convey the land between high and low-water mark. If the grantor of the land has title to the lowland, and a deed of the upland will convey the lowland,, if the descriptive words of the grant contain metes and bounds which include the lowland as well as the highland, and this is the situation of.the parties here. The plaintiff argues, and with reason, that there are no natural or artificial monuments at low-water mark to locate the boundary line, as in Storerv. Freeman, supra, and that the words, “about 865 feet to a point on the shore,” etc., do not meet legal requirements, yet this is a question which might be made clear in an action involving the question of title. As to the meaning of the term “about,” see Belknap v. Sealey, 14 N. Y. 143. The question is novel, and.not entirely free from doubt, and one which merits review by the court of last resort. ■ Upon the issues litigated there must be judgment for the defendant, but without prejudice to a new action alleging want of title in the defendant.to the lowlands, in which the latter may be required to produce whatever grants vest in him the title .he undertook to convey.