Welden v. Buck

A witness is said to be examined upon a vok dke, when he is sworn and examined, whether he be not a party interested in the cause, as well as the person for whom he is a witness. Termes De la ley, 581. That this interest may be established, either by proof or by the examination of the witness on his vok dke, at the election of the party, is an ancient and well settled rule. The law gives the party his election to prove a person offered as a witness, interested, two ways; viz. either by bringing other evidence to prove it, or else by swearing the person, himself, upon a vok din-, but, though he may do either, he cannot have recourse to both. Parker, C. J., *16Queen v. Muscot, 10 Mod. 193. If you examine on voir dire, you cannot afterwards prove the party interested. Downing v. Townsend, Ambler, 593; vide Hays v. Butlers, notes to Co. Lit. Lib. 2, ch. 12, sec. 235; N. 287 ; 1 Trial per pais, 205; et vide post, Fanning and Brown v. Myers and Livingston, 47 ; see also next case.

This case was argued at bar, on the points reserved, in February Term, 1809, (4 Johns. 144,) and the court decided, that the holders had a right to commence a suit immediately, upon the protest for non-acceptance, and were not bound to present for payment after such protest. That their right of action being thus complete and perfect, when they commenced this suit, and the bill having been remitted in the usual course of business, it followed, as a necessary consequence, that they were entitled to recover the damages with the usual interest. Vide etiam, Mason and Smedes v. Franklin, 3 Johns. 204. A difficulty has arisen as to the computation of these damages on account of the fluctuation of exchange. In the case of Hendricks v. Franklin, (4 Johns. 119,) the plaintiff claimed the principal and interest with the 20 per cent, damages, and also 2 per cent, as the difference of exchange, he-*17tween, the time of negotiating the bill, and the notice of non-payment. The court, however, held that the 20 per cent, was in lieu of all damages, and that the claim for the difference in the price of the bills, could not be supported. In the case of Graves v. Dash, in the court of errors, (12 Johns. 17,) this decision, as to the difference of exchange, was reversed. In that case the bill had been purchased below par, and on the return of the bill and protest, and at the time of notice to defendant, the rate of exchange was 15 per cent, below par. Damages, however, had been awarded in the supreme court, at the par of exchange, in conformity with the case of Hendricks v. Franklin. This judgment was reversed in the court of errors, and the rate of exchange, at the time of the return, adopted as the true rule. It is to be regretted that, upon so important a point, the reasons of the senators do not appear in the report.

For the purpose of introducing certainty in commercial operations, on the subject of damages on protested bills, statutes have been passed in many of the states regulating the per centage to be allowed, in 1819 the legislature of the state of Hew York enacted:—

1. That on bills drawn or negotiated, within this state, on any person in the states of Maine, Hew Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Hew Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and the district of Columbia, the rate of damages to be allowed on the protest, for non-payment, should be three per cent, on the principal sum specified in such bill.

2. If drawn upon any person in the states of Horth Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, or Tennessee, five per cent, upon the principal sum specified in such bill.

3. If drawn upon any person in any other state or territory of the United States, or any place on or adjacent to this continent, and north of the equator, or in any British or other foreign possessions in the West Indies, or elsewhere in the western Atlantic Ocean, ten per cent, on the principal sum specified in such bill.

4. If drawn on any person, in any part or place, in Europe, ten per cent, upon the principal specified in such bill.

And by the same statute it is expressly provided that such damages shall be in lieu of interest, charges of protest, and all other charges incurred previous to and at the time of giving notice of non-payment. The holder, however, is entitled to interest upon the aggregate amount of the principal sum in the bill, and the damage thereon, from the time of notice of protest and demand of payment. Laws 1819, p. 34.

This statute, being confined to damages upon protests for non-payment, was extended, in 1828, to protests for non-acceptance. Laws 1828, p. 26.