People v. Irving

The act for which the defendant was convicted was striking the complaining witness twice upon his head with a pistol, thereby cutting his head and inflicting a wound upon it about an inch and a half in length; and this was sufficient under the Penal Code to create the offense of an assault in the second degree, for that may be done by inflicting a wound ■ upon another with, or without, a weapon, or by the use of an instrument or thing likely to produce grievous bodily harm. Pen. Code, § 218, subd. 3, 4.

And such an instrument as was in the hands of and used by the defendant would be likely when so Used to produce grievous bodily harm. Certainly there was such a degree of probability that it might be productive of that result as to require the case upon that point to be submitted, as it was upon the trial, to the consideration of the jury.

Upon the cross-examination of the defendant, who was sworn in his own behalf as a witness upon the trial, he was asked whether he had not committed other assaults at other times-upon other persons, and the questions propounded to him for that purpose were objected to-. T.he objection was overruled and exceptions to- the decisions were taken- These inquiries *50may very well have been suggested or induced by similar questions put to the complaining witness upon his cross-examination by the defendant’s counsel. But while that might form such excuse for following the same course in the cross-examination of the defendant, it still would not justify the rulings which were made, if they were erroneous. And that they were erroneous may probably with safety be assumed; for while the defendant may be cross-examined as to other acts of misconduct not involved in the issue to'be tried which may affect his credit as a witness in the case, the inquiry should be limited to acts reasonably attended with that result. Brandon v. People, 42 N. Y. 265 ; Real v. People, Id. 270; People v. Brown, 72 Id 571; People v. Crapo, 76 Id. 288; Ryan v. People, 79 Id. 593. The cross-examination should be restricted to such acts as bear “ directly upon the present character and moral principles of the witness, and therefore, essential to the due estimation of his testimony by the jury.” 1 Greenl. Ev. 7th ed. § 459. And that the defendant may have upon other occasions committed an assault upon other persons would not seem to' be within this principle, for the fact itself would not necessarily or properly tend to impeach his moral character or impair his credit as a witness. •

But all, except two, of the inquiries made were answered in the negative by the defendant, and could not, therefore, have prejudiced him in the least upon the trial. In his answers to the other two he stated that he did strike the persons mentioned in the inquiries, and if the answers had ended there the case Avould probably have required another trial to correct this error. But it did not, for the defendant proceeded to state and explain the circumstances under which he struck these persons, showing that he was excusable for what he did. And in view of the explanations made, the fact that he did strike other persons on two different occasions could have had no effect Avhatever in the way of- prejudicing, the jury against him in this case. Whatever effect might otherwise have been given to the facts themselves was removed by the explanations Avhieli the witness added. In Nolan v. Brooklyn, etc. R. R. Co., 87 N. Y. 63, the witness was asked whether he had not been expelled from the Fire Department, and the court held the question to be “ improper, because *51the fact sought to he proved was neither pertinent to the issue, nor did it relate to any specific fact which tended to discredit the witness or impeach his moral character.” But inasmuch as he added an explanation of the cause of his removal relieving him from the charge of misconduct, it was held that the error was productive of no injurious effect, and, therefore, should form no ground for the reversal of the judgment. Ib. 68. By section 542 of the Code of Criminal Procedure the observance of this principle has now been positively enjoined upon the courts. For it has been provided that after hearing the appeal, the court must give judment without regard to technical errors, or defects, or to exceptions which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties. Those which have been considered are exceptions of this description. As the answers were explained they did not affect any substantial right of the defendant in this case.

The evidence was such as to require the court to submit the case to the jury. Their verdict was reasonably well supported, by it, and the judgment in the case should be affirmed.