People ex rel. Cayuga Nation of Indians v. Board of Commissioners of Land Office

This is a hearing upon a return to a writ of certiorari by which the relators seek to review the action of the respondents in denying the relief asked in a petition presented to them by the relators. The first point made by the respondents is that the relators have no standing in court, inasmuch as they do not come either as indi_ viduals or in any corporate capacity. The reply of the relators to this is a reference to chapter 234, Laws of 1841. The fourth section of that act imposes on the respondents the duty “to hear and determine all questions which may arise in relation to moneys under the control of this State belonging to any Indian tribe or nation, or individual Indian or his descendants, or an j part or portion of them, and all questions which may arise between the various parties of such tribe or nation in relation to any of their lands in this State, or the avails thereof.” Section 5 gives power to the respondents to make arrangements with any tribe or nation of Indians, or with any part or portion of them, or with any individual Indian or Indians, who have any claim upon moneys belonging to them under the control of the State.

Here we have power given to determine questions and make arrangements with a tribe or nation, with individual Indians, and with a part or portion, or parties of a tribe or nation. This evidently contemplated the fact that there was, or the possibility that there might be, portions, or parts or parties of a tribe or nation, with whom arrangements should be made and questions determined, not quite as individuals but as bodies possessing some organization and capable of acting. It appears further, as a matter of fact, that there are distinct portions or parts of this tribe of Indians: one residing in Canada, one residing in New York, and one, quite small, west of the Mississippi, and that the respondents have from time to time made arrangements in regard to the money in question with some of these parts or portions of the nation. Thus a construction has been given to the act; a construction which seems reasonable and necessary when we consider the fact of this separation of the *594tribe into these parts or portions. It conld hardly have been intended that the arrangements mentioned in the act should be made with every individual Indian. But it must have been intended that these portions of the tribe might severally act in respect to these moneys as distinct bodies. It seems to us, therefore, that we ought not to dismiss this matter on the ground that the individual Indians are not petitioners. In fact the petitioners seem to claim that they really compose the nation, having among them the sachems and an hereditary head chief and three-fourths of the whole number of the tribe.

On the 25th of February, 1789, the State made a treaty with the-Cayugas, by which that nation ceded most of its land, in consideration among other things of $500, to be paid annually to the Cayugas and their posterity forever. On the 27th of July, 1795, a grand council of the Cayugas was held at Cayuga Ferry, at which were gathered the chiefs and warriors, as well those residing in the State, as those residing in Canada; and a treaty was made with the State, by which the Cayugas sold all their land, except three small pieces, for $1,800 annually. And it was agreed that these two annuities, making $2,300 annually, should be paid at Canandaigua^ It was agreed that the receipt for these annual payments should be indorsed on the counterpart or duplicate treaty in possession of the Cayugas. The head chief of the Cayugas is known as O-jageht-ti. And this duplicate treaty is now in the possession of the head chief in Canada, known by that name, who is the successor of the head chief living when the treaty was made. One of the excepted pieces of land was reserved to him, a piece one mile square at Cannogai.

In 1807 the Cayugas, for a consideration paid at the time, ceded all the reserved land except this piece of one mile square reserved to the head chief. In 1809 and 1810 a large number of the Cayugas, with their head chief and sachems, removed to Canada, making, with those already there, more than three-fourths of the whole, and they have remained there ever since. No part of the annuity has been paid to them since that time, because, being subjects of Great Britain, they took part in the war of 1812 against the United States. Some of the Cayugas who remained in the United States had removed to Sandusky, Ohio. Up to 1809 the annuity *595was apportioned among the three different branches; the Canada branch, the Sandusky branch, the New York branch, each receiving a portion. In 1829 an arrangement was made with the Sandusky branch, by which their share of the annuity was' to be sent to them. This portion of the nation was about to remove in 1831 beyond the Mississippi, and in that year another arrangement was made between them and the State, by which the State was .to pay them $1,700, and those residing near Buffalo $600. Several times since 1841 the board of commissioners of the land office have made apportionments of the annuity between the New York branch and the western branch, and the whole annuity has been distributed between these branches of the nation.

The petitioners now ask the board to hear them and to take evidence as to their right to a portion of the annuity, insisting that they number 850, while all who are in the United States are only 276; that among them is the head chief O-ja-geht-ti and the lawful chiefs or sachems, and that the head chief has the duplicate treaty in his lawful possession.

The board of commissioners admit by the opinion of the attorney general, which they adopted, that they undoubtedly have jurisdiction in the matter under the statute above cited. But they insist that the granting the petition involves questions of State policy; that a report made by the board to the legislature in 1849, favorable to the claim of the Canada branch, was not acted upon by the legislature ; that long usage is contrary to the petitioners’ claim, and that the subsequent agreements' to pay the whole annuity to other branches deprive the petitioners of their rights. These are the grounds, which appear in the return, for denying the petitioners’ claim. ‘

Upon the argument of this certiorari, however, the respondents insist that the Indians cannot sue or be sued in our courts. The statutory restrictions referred to by counsel seem to apply to Indians residing in this State and vvho are, therefore, under its protection. Nor can this restriction be intended to prevent the. respondents from discharging the duty imposed on them by the statute above cited. If that statute imposes a duty in respect to Indians, which the respondents refuse to discharge, there must be -a remedy in the courts to compel the respondents to do this duty.

*596We may further remark that this proceeding is not open to the objection that the petitioners are suing the State upon treaty rights. The petitioners are only seeking to compel the tribunals, which the State has itself appointed, to do the duty which the State has imposed upon it. We see nqthing in the statute already cited which forbids this court from exercising that control over the respondents in this matter, which it may lawfully exercise in other cases. There is nothing to indicate that the action of the respondents is beyond review by the proper authority; at least to the extent asked by the petitioners.

Again, it is said that, in'making the treaty of 1795 and those which preceded, the Cayugas acted in a sovereign capacity, as a nation, and that the rights thereby acquired are to be enforced only as other treaties are enforced between sovereign States. Now, we ought not permit words such as “ sovereign States,” “ treaties,” and the like, to conceal the real facts. The Cayugas were an independent nation of Indians, possessing a large amount of land in this State. The State by its “ treaty ” with them bought all (that is, substantially all) this land. We know that this purchase practically deprived the nation of its home, and resulted in its separation into three parts, and the removal of these parts to different places. We know, also, that the nation did not own these lands in the manner in which this State (for instance) owns lands. The State owns lands in absolute proprietorship, as an individual does. An individual may not trespass on' the land of the State. While, on the contrary, the lands of the Cayugas belonged to each member of the tribe, and each had the right of enjoyment and using the same. It is in recognition of this that the State has divided up and distributed the annuity among the branches, in some proportion to the numbers belonging to each branch.

This same idea is indicated by the fact that the annuity is payable to the Cayugas “ and their posterity forever.” Now, this word “posterity” would be applicable only if the payment were'to be for the benefit of the individual members who should compose, the nation. A nation is not said to have posterity. For the nation is perpetual, if it exists as a nation; and therefore when the yord “ posterity ” was used it indicated that a time was anticipated when there would be no longer a nation as such, though there would still *597remain the posterity of the individuals. We can hardly think of any people as a nation who have not a part of the earth’s surface belonging to them as such; and this is especially true of such a nation as the Cayugas were.

But this argument must take another form. It may be said that, granting the right of these several branches to present their several claims, inasmuch as they cannot, or do not, any longer act as one nation, yet such claims should be presented to the legislature and not to the courts. There might be much force in this if it was not that the legislature, by the statute already recited, had conferred power on these respondents to act in the matter and to adjust these claims. Certainly the State may give power to the board of commissioners to hear the matter, even though otherwise it would be a matter only for the legislative power; and the respondents admit their power to be undoubted. Now, in conferring this power on the respondents we must understand that the legislature intended to authorize them to do justice. It was not intended to commit to them any questions of State policy. Indeed it is difficult to see what questions of that nature arise. The war of 1812 is long passed. To pay these petitioners (if they show themselves entitled) will not be to give aid and comfort to an enemy. After a lapse of some seventy years it is not probable that there are many of these petitioners who fought against us. Furthermore there is nothing to indicate that this debt was ever confiscated to the State, or to the United States, during that war, even if we admit that the war had the effect to suspend the payment. It. seems to us, therefore, that there is no question of State policy to prevent the respondents from acting.

But, again, it is insisted that these respondents have made subsequent treaties (so to call them), by which the State has agreed to pay this annuity to other branches of the nation than those in Canada. In reply, we may say that these agreements cannot be properly treaties, since they appear to be made only with two branches of the nation, and those not the majority of the whole. -Nor does it appear that these are permanent arrangements, since changes therein have been made. Nothing is shown which indicates- that there have been made any arrangements which cannot be changed. The statute provides for the settlement of questions *598between tbe various parties of the nation. Suppose, after such settlement, one of the parties should become extinct. Can there be no new adjustment ? Furthermore, if these petitioners have a right to be heard, and they certainly come within the language of the statute, how can any aiTangement with another part of the nation to which they are not a party, or when they have not been heard, deprive them of their rights? The statute evidently estab lished the respondents as a tribunal to hear and determine these conflicting rights of the several portions of the tribe. The respondents, without hearing these petitioners, allot to the other claimants the whole amount in dispute; call such allotment a treaty, and, as a treaty, allege that it is conclusive against the petitioners. That is not just. They were charged with the duty of hearing and determining the questions. They have not heard and determined the question on the claim of these petitioners. But, furthermore, if by the action of these respondents the State has become liable to pay to the portions in the United States, that may increase the liability of the State. It does not diminish the claim of these petitioners. They stand on the treaty granting this annuity. For that annuity their ancestors sold their land. The State has had the consideration, and must pay the purchase-money. And the State must pay to the lawful claimants; not arbitrarily to those whom they prefer. If the State establishes a tribunal to determine who are entitled, these petitioners must be heard and their rights legally passed upon.

Suppose the treaties of 1789 and 1795 had never been made, all of these, who are now the posterity of the Cayugas of the date of those treaties, would have had their rights in this great property. All of them would practically have been owners of it. They should all have the same rights now in the annuity, which was promised in payment for the land. It matters not where they live, whether under this government or under that of England, their rights are the same. Nor does it matter that they are broken up into portions and can no longer be called one nation, or that their several rights are thus in conflict. So far as is possible, the rights of all should be protected, so that, in the way best suited to their habits, every family or every individual should enjoy the benefit of the annuity.

*599We are of tbe opinion that tbe relief asked by tbe relators should be granted. The exact form can be determined on settling the order.

Order granted as prayed for by the petitioners; form of order to be settled by Learned, P. J.