Preston v. Southwick

(dissenting):

The testimony of all the parties to the bills of sale establishes, beyond any reasonable question, that one was given to secure to Southwick the payment of McIntyre’s debt to him, and the other to secure Wells against loss upon his liability as indorser for McIntyre. This testimony is cited in the brief of the counsel *296for the appellant. The inspection of the case verifies the citations and fails to disclose any evidence in contradiction.

The bills of sale were delivered upon the oral understanding that they were such security, and that McIntyre, the debtor, was to continue in possession and dispose of the goods from his store in like manner as before the sale, except, however, as agent for South-wick and Wells. All that Southwick and Wells wanted was protection from loss, and the inference is justified that if the proceeds coming to them from the sale of the goods exceeded that amount the surplus was to be accounted for to McIntyre. Southwick, acting for himself and for Wells, went, directly after the interview with McIntyre, in which McIntyre delivered the bills of sale, to the office of counsel. He returned to McIntyre, within an hour after the bills of sale had been delivered, and before they were filed, and presented McIntyre with a paper which he and McIntyre both signed, and which Southwick never filed,- but kept for the benefit of himself and Wells. That paper was as follows:

“ It is hereby agreed by me, James D. McIntyre, that I will pay over to Thomas L. Southwick all moneys realized upon articles sold, described in the bills of sale made by me to said Southwick and to George Wells, both dated Dec. 29, to be by said South-wick applied in payment of the sums mentioned in said bills of sale due said Southwick & Wells, and I agree to act as their agent in making said sales, and not otherwise. The entire proceeds of such sales to be applied to the reduction of said indebtedness. On the part of said Southwick & Wells we authorize said McIntyre to sell the articles described in the two bills of sale as our agent only, and not otherwise, and on condition that he pay over the proceeds as above and apply them to the indebtedness to us.

“Dated Deo. 29. 1884.

“JAMES D. MoINTYRE

“ THOMAS L. SOUTHWICK.”

The inference, justly deducible from this transaction and the paper, is that the oral agreement, contemporaneous with the bill of sale, was, in part at least, reduced to writing, and, hence, to that extent supercedes the oral arrangement and forms part of the same transaction as the bills of sale. The two should be construed together. (Haydock v. Coope, 53 N. Y., 69.) This paper con-*297elusively shows that the entire transaction was in the nature of a security. The proceeds of all sales are thereby agreed to be “ applied in payment of the sums mentioned in said bills of sale due said South wick and "Wells.”

Nothing could be due them if the goods had been sold to them in satisfaction or in payment of their claims. Nothing more could be applied in payment upon claims already paid. “ The entire proceeds to be applied to the reduction of said indebtednss.” This could not be done unless the indebtedness continued, nor could any more be applied in reduction of the indebtedness than sufficient to cancel it; and because no more of the proceeds of the sales is appropriated to the benefit of South wick and Wells than sufficient to cancel the indebtedness, the surplus did not belong to them, and McIntyre continued the owner thereof, or of an equity of redemption therein, and South wick & Wells’ control over the property would cease with the satisfaction of their claims. (Charter v. Stevens, 3 Den., 33; Cameron v. Irwin, 5 Hill, 272.) Both papers together, therefore, constituted a mortgage. (Bragelman v. Dune, 69 N. Y., 74; Coe v. Cassidy, 72 id., 137; Leitch v. Hollister, 4 id., 216; Knapp v. McCowan, 96 id., 86; Smith v. Beattie, 31 id., 542.)

This is a contest between creditors. South wick and Wells claim as vendees under their bills of sale. If, however, they are mortgagees, and not absolute vendees, they have no title to the goods against the creditors represented by the plaintiff, unless they have taken the statutory steps necessary to validate a mortgage lien against the claims of judgment creditors. The statute (chap. 279, Laws 1833, § 1) declares that “every mortgage or conveyance intended to operate as a mortgage of goods and chattels hereafter made, which shall not be accompanied by an immediate delivery, and be followed by an actual and continued change of possession of the things mortgaged, shall be absolutely void as against the creditors of the mortgagor * * * unless the mortgage, or a true copy thereof, shall be filed,” etc. South wick and Wells, at best, only took constructive possession, and left McIntyre in actual possession under the agreement that he should only act as their agent. Such constructive possession is of no force. Actual open and public possession of the mortgagee, to the exclusion of the appearance of control on the part of the mortgagor, is required. (Hale v. Sweet, *29840 N. Y., 101; Steele v. Benham, 84 id., 634; Crandall v. Brown, 18 Hun, 461.) Immediate possession is the imperative requirement of the statute; hence possession taken two months later, and when the receiver’s title had vested, is of no force. (Dutcher v. Swartwood, 15 Hun, 31.)

Both papers constituted the mortgage and only one was filed, hence the statute was not, in this respect, complied with. The statute says “the mortgage” shall be filed, and that means the papers making it, however many of .them. (Ely v. Carnley, 19 N. Y., 496.) If the defendants rest upon the bill of sale and the oral contemporaneous agreement, it is difficult to see how the statute could be complied with, for in that case one part of the mortgage is written and the other not. The bills of sale omitted a material part of the goods in McIntyre’s store, but they were ultimately disposed of by the defendants in the same manner as if they had been included. The referee erroneously, as we think, allowed McIntyre to testify that he intended to include everything, but by inadvertence failed to do so. If we are right in our view that the relation created between McIntyre and Southwick and Wells was that of mortgagor and mortgagees, theu this intention of McIntyre to put in the things he left out in no way cures the omission. Clearly, as to the goods omitted from the instrument, Southwick and Wells have no shadow of title against the judgment creditors of Southwick, however much they might have against McIntyre. They have not complied with the statute and, therefore, are not within its protection. Why they omitted any step is an idle inquiry. The referee decided this case upon the theory that the bills of sale gave to Southwick and Wells a title to the property, good against judgment creditors. The appellant urges upon us that if the instruments were bills of sale only, they are fraudulent and void against creditors, because given and received to enable McIntyre to appropriate a portion of the property to his own support and to hinder and defeat other creditors.

We have not thought it necessary to examine the case in that aspect. We think the transaction created the relation of mortgagee and mortgagor, and that the mortgage was void against creditors, not because of fraud but because the statute was not complied with.

Judgment affirmed, with costs.

The bills of sale from McIntyre to Southwick and to Wells were executed and delivered December 29, 1883. They were filed December 31, 1883, in the proper office. The intervening day, December thirtieth, was Sunday.

If there was an oral agreement that these bills of sale should be, in fact, mortgages, sueh oral agreement could not be filed. All that could be done under the statute (chapter 279, Laws of 1833, sec. 1) was to file the bills of sale. And that was done promptly. The statute speaks ’of a “ conveyance intended to operate as a mortgage” and requires its filing. And of course nothing more can be done, where the agreement rests in parol, by which a bill of sale, absolute on its face, is in fact a mortgage. The character of the bills of sale? tiiat is, whether they were absolute or intended as mortgages, must rest upon the agreement existing at the time when they were delivered. It was subsequent to such delivery and (according to the testimony of Southwick) subsequent to the filing of the bills of sale in the county clerk’s office that Southwick executed to McIntyre the authority to sell the goods. This was not signed by Wells.

Now, if the oral agreement, on which the bills of sale were delivered, made them in fact mortgages, then this authority, signed by Southwick, was no part of the chattel mortgages, and it was not necessary to file it. If the bills of sale were chattel mortgages when they were executed, then they were properly filed, for the written authority signed by Southwick was not in existence when the bills of sale were delivered.

But that written authority was not material to the contract between Southwick and Wells on the one side and McIntyre on the other, in respect to the transfer of his property to them. It might be useful as evidence tending to show what the actual oral contract was; but it was not a part of the contract. It was only an authority from one of the two separate mortgagees (perhaps acting for both) to McIntyre to dispose of their property, and to pay the avails to South-wick, the mortgagee; such avails to be applied to the debts for which the bills of sale had previously been given as security. It did not *295make chattel mortgages out of the bills of sale; but it only acknowledged the duty of the mortgagees which already rested upon them by the oral agreement. It refers to the sums mentioned in the bills of sale due said Southwick and Wells. And the bills of sale had expressed these amounts as the consideration. Suppose this paper had been executed to some third party (as it might have been), who was to sell these goods for Southwick and Wells? Would there have been any necessity for filing it ?

The case of Ely v. Carnley (19 N. Y., 496), holds only that, where a copy of a chattel mortgage is filed, after the lapse of the first year (under sec. 3 of the Act), and the statement of the amount claimed was too much by $100, such filing was not good. But that does not hold that where a bill of sale, absolute on its face, is, by oral agreement, a chattel mortgage; such bill of sale cannot be filed. Yet such bill of sale does not show the amount of the lien.

I find no case which requires the filing of such an instrument as the power executed by Southwick to McIntyre; and I do not think that the bills of sale (assuming for the present that they were chattel mortgages) were void because this paper was not filed. That where a bill of sale is, by oral agreement, intended as a mortgage, it is a full compliance with the statute to file the bill of sale, seems to me evident. The statute says: “ A conveyance intended to operate as a mortgage.” Now, if the instrument is on its face a mortgage, then this language is inappropriate. The language must be intended for the case where the instrument is absolute on its face, but “intended to operate as a mortgage ” by oral agreement. It seems to me that the mortgages (assuming them to be such) were properly filed under the statute.

I think the judgment should be affirmed, with costs.