Lapham v. Marshall

The appellant does not claim that the findings of the jury on the special issues were against the weight of evidence, and we have only to consider the exceptions to the rulings made by the trial judge on the trial of the special issues. The issue of fraud presented the only question in serious dispute. The record shows, and the counsel for the respondent has made his argument as if it were so, that the special term, in disposing of the case on the hearing of the question reserved, adopted without modification the facts as found by the jury. This being so, the judgment rests for its support upon the special verdict, and therefore the exceptions taken on the trial before the jury are properly here for review. Before'this action was commenced, the plaintiff instituted supplementary proceedings against the judgment debtor; and on the hearing before the officer who conducted those proceedings he called and examined as a witness in his own behalf the defendant Martha, whose evidence was reduced to writing and signed by her. On. the trial of the special issues the plaintiff offered in evidence as against the-defendant Martha portions of such deposition, to which she interposed the objection that the same was incompetent-, and was a privileged communication,, by virtue of the provisions of section 2460 of the Code of Civil Procedure, as. it existed at the time of the examination. The objection was overruled, and. the defendant Martha excepted. The examination was in December, 1880, and the said section was amended in 1881, (Laws 1881, e. 122,) and this action was commenced thereafter. As enacted, that section provided that a party or a witness examined in a special proceeding supplementary to an execution is not excused from answering a question on the ground that his examination will tend to convict him of the commission of a fraud, and to-prove that he has been a party or privy thereto, or knowing of, a conveyance, assignment, transfer, or other disposition of the property for any purpose;: * * * but an answer cannot be used as evidence against the person so answering, in a civil, or criminal action, or in any other special proceedings,, civil or criminal. The amendment of 1881 struck out from the last paragraph of this section the word “civil,” thereby limiting the prohibition to the use-*603of the evidence against the party or witness to criminal proceeding only. In this state, by legislative enactment, it has been for a long time made a-misdemeanor for any person to become a party to a conveyance of real or personal property with an intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors; or, being a party thereto, willfully putting the same in use as having been made in good faith. Pen. Code, § 586; 2Rev. St. (3d Ed.) § 3, p. 776. If the conveyance by the judgment debtor to his wife of the premises mentioned was made by him and received by the defendant Martha for the purpose of cheating and defrauding creditors, as charged in the complaint, and as established by the-final judgment, the defendant Martha was guilty of a crime. At the time of her examination, which took place December, 1880, she was liable to a criminal prosecution for the crime which she had committed; and the statute-of limitations applicable to that class of offenses had not run against the right of the people to prosecute her for the offense it is alleged she had committed. Eor these reasons, it is conceded that the defendant Martha, when she was on examination before the officer, could have rightfully claimed her privilege, and declined to answer the questions propounded to her bearing upon the-question of fraud, except for the qualifying clause of section 2460, which in terms declared that any criminating evidence given on an examination of a witness in supplementary proceedings shall not be read against him in any civil or criminal action. The privilege which the law bestows on a witness that he shall not be compelled to give evidence in any judicial proceeding which would tend to convict him of a crime, has its foundation in the precepts and practice of the common law, which are also incorporated in the bill of rights contained in article 1, § 6, of our constitution, which declares that “no-person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” The privilege thus secured to the citizen, the courts are careful not to "invade, and never require a witness to give up the secrets of his own mind, if they would tend to convict him of a crime, unless complete immunity is-granted to him by the law-making power of the state, which in terms prohibits the use of his evidence in a criminal prosecution.

Up to this point in the discussion, the learned counsel who appeared before-us on the argument of this appeal do not materially disagree, but from here-onward their respective arguments are irreconcilable. The plaintiff’s counsel contends that the repeal of the provisions of section 2460, that the evidence given by her should not be used against her in a civil action, limited the protection given to her answer as a privileged communication to criminal, proceedings, and that her deposition was competent evidence in any civil action prosecuted against her, where the same would tend to prove any fact in dispute as between herself and the other parties thereto. The argument presented in support of this proposition is that the statutory provision, so far as it declared that the evidence, which might tend to prove that she had been guilty of a fraud, should not be read against her in a civil action, was a mere-rule of evidence declared by the legislature, which could be repealed or modified at any time, and, when so repealed, evidence which had been previously given could be used the same as if the immunity, so far as it was taken away, had never been given. What is a rule of evidence? The text writers say that the word “evidence,” in legal acceptation, includes all the means by which any alleged matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to investigation, is established or disproved. 1 G-reenl. Ev. § 1. A rule of evidence-may then be defined to be the mode and manner of proving the competent facts and circumstances upon which a party relies to establish the fact in dispute in judicial procedure. It is undoubtedly true that the legislature may change or alter the mere rule of evidence, and establish a new way or manner of proving or disproving a question of fact in controversy. But we think the question under consideration involves something more than a rule of evidence, and the immunity which the statute bestowed upon witnesses examined be*604fore the repeal took place continued after the repeal, and may be invoked in their behalf, when their evidence is sought to be read in a civil action. But for the immunity offered by the statute that the evidence should not be used against the witness in a criminal proceeding, she could not have been compelled to have answered questions propounded to her relative to the consideration which she paid for the deed, n'or the circumstances attending its execution and delivery. It is true that the indemnity offered by the statute as it read before the amendment was broader than it was necessary that the legislature should provide for the purpose of compelling an answer to the inquiry made of the witness, nevertheless it was one of the considerations which the legislature then thought proper to offer for the purpose of inducing the witness to disclose secrets relative to her private transactions. No one will contend that if the legislature had withdrawn all the indemnity given by the statute, including the one that the evidence should not be read on a criminal trial charging the witness with the same fraud as to which the evidence related, the same could be read against the witness upon an indictment charging that *he deed was executed with an intent to cheat and defraud the creditors of the grantor. The provision of the statute which was repealed was as sa•cred as the one which remained in effect, and it would be unjust to the witness not to give her the full benefit of the promise made by the legislature when she gave her evidence, and we think that no such effect should be given •to the amendment. In determining the effect of the amendment, we must ■assume that the legislature did not mean to violate its promise given to the witness, nor to divest her of an acquired right. It is always to be presumed "that a statutory law, as to its legitimate office, was intended to furnish a rule ■as to future actions, to be applied in cases arising subsequent to its enactment. The law is never to have retroactive effect. Only its express letter, or clearly •manifest intention, requires that it should have such effect. In Dash v. Van Kleeck, 7 Johns. 499, Kent, O. J., says “that we are to presume, out of re•spect to the law-giver, that the statute was not meant to operate retrospectively;” and that “a statute ought never to receive such a construction if it be ■susceptible of any other. ” Railroad Co. v. Van Horn, 57 N. Y. 473. In Palmer v. Conly, 4 Denio, 376, Jewett, J., says: “It is a doctrine founded upon general principles of the law, that no statute shall be construed to have a retrospective operation without express words to that effect, either by an ■enumeration of the cases in which the act is to have such retrospective operation, or by words which can have no meaning, unless such a construction is ■adopted.” The only retrospective operation which it would be possible to give ■to this statute would be to take away from a party or a witness the right which existed before its adoption, for as a rule of evidence it could only apj)ly to future examination.

The plaintiff, for the purpose of establishing Marshall’s insolvency at the "time of "the conveyances, was permitted to give in evidence judgments recovered against him after the deeds were delivered, and after the commencement of this action. We think they were incompetent evidence as against the grantee Mrs. Marshall, and that her objection to their reception should have pfewailed.

The first question submitted to the jury was framed as follows: “Was the ■transfer of the premises described in the complaint, on the 26th day of May, .1879, by the defendant William J. Marshall, through the defendant Henry H. Hickox, to the defendant Martha A. Marshall, made with an intent on thu part of William J. Marshall to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors. ” The defendant’s counsel asked the court to charge the jury that, if they find that the sole intent of William J. Marshall in the transfer was to procure means to discharge the claims of Adriance, Pratt & Co., then their verdict should be in "the negative to the first question. The court declined to charge as requested, '•but said to the jury, if they found he had no intent to hinder his creditors, or *605he did not know that the result would be to hinder his creditors, and simply meant to pay the debt, without thinking anything about that, that is so, but refused to charge in the language of the request. The defendant excepted to-the refusal to charge as requested, and to the charge as made. We think the refusal was a correct ruling, because the effect of the proposition was to change-the form and character of the precise question submitted to the jury by the court for their consideration. It was a question for the jury to consider, in-passing upon the question submitted; and if they found .that the sole intent of Mr. Marshall was to raise money to pay off the claims of Adriance, Pratt & Go., then they might have been satisfied that he had no intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors. The judge, by the qualifications which he made in. the request to charge, in effect told the jury that if he had no intent to delay or defraud his creditors, then they could answer the question in the negative. Other exceptions were taken to portions of the charge, and also to the refusal to charge several propositions as proposed by the defendants. We have examined them, and we see no error.

We are now to consider whether a new trial should be granted for the errors which we have indicated. As to the reception of the judgment rolls as evidence upon the question of Mr. Marshall’s insolvency, the error is not so-serious as to induce us to grant a new trial, in view of the rule which prevails in this class of cases, and is stated in section 1003 of the Code of Civil Procedure, that on an application for a new trial any error in the admission or the exclusion of evidence, or any other ruling or direction of the judge upon the trial, may, in the discretion of the court which refused it, be disregarded, if the court is of the opinion that substantial justice does not require that a new trial should be granted. There was no real dispute on the trial. As a matter of fact, Marshall wras insolvent when the lands were deeded. As to the other error which we have indicated, we think it so serious in its character that it cannot be disregarded, and that substantial justice does require that a new trial should be granted, and that the question of fraud be tried and determined upon legitimate and unexceptionable evidence. The portions of Mrs. Marshall’s evidence given in supplementary proceedings, and which were read on this trial, relate to the question of fraud. It bears on.the important question as to the amount, and also the mode and manner of paying the consideration for the deed. It is manifest that, upon reading the whole case, the jury were led to believe that the transaction was fraudulent, for the reason that the consideration paid was not adequate, as they found that she only paid the sum of $500. There is some reason for the contention that the introduction of this evidence compelled the appellant to take the stand as a witness in her own behalf for the purpose of explaining some parts of her evidence given before the officer who conducted the supplementary proceedings. The reception of the evidence deprived the appellant of what we regard as a most sacred as well as substantial right, and unless it can be very clearly demonstrated—as we think it has not been—that no injury resulted to the appellant from its reception, a new trial should be granted. Judgment reversed, and new trial granted upon the special issues, and the costs of this appeal to abide the final award of costs. All concur; Bradley, J., in result.