Einstein v. Rochester Cas & Electric Co.

The demurrers interposed are placed upon the grounds that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The complaint demands judgment that the defendant the Rochester Gas & Electric Company issue to the plaintiff certificates for $480,000, at its par value, of its paid-up. stock, and, in default thereof, that the defendants, one or both, be required to pay him that sum. It appears from the allegations of the complaint that the Brush Electric Company of Cleveland, Ohio, was the exclusive owner of valuable patents and inventions for the manufacture of electricity for electric lighting and other purposes, and was the manufacturer of machines and machinery for producing and using electricity, and was the proprietor of what was known as the “Brush Electric Light” and “Double Arc Light;” that on the 4th day of March, 1881, it entered into a written agreement with one C. M. Rowley, of Hew York City, by which it gave to him the exclusive license and agency for the sale of the dynamos, electric machines, and apparatus made by it, or the patents owned and con*435trolled by it for electric lighting, etc., in the county of Monroe, state of New York. This agreement we shall, for convenience, designate as “Exhibit A,” and hereafter refer to it in that name.s On the 19th day of May, 1881, Rowley entered into an agreement with James W. Whitney and George E. Mumford, of Rochester, N. Y., in which they agreed to organize a stock company, with a capital of not less than $100,000, for the purpose of introducing the Brush Electric Light in the city of Rochester. In pursuance of such an agreement, they appear to have organized such a corporation; and thereafter, and on the 8th day of June, 1881, Rowley, as party of the first part, entered into an agreement with the corporation so organized, known as the Brush Electric Light Company of Rochester, N. Y., as party of the second part, the material portions of which are as follows:

“Now, therefore, this agreement witnesseth, that the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the issue and delivery to him of §48,000 paid-up capital stock of the said party of the second part, being 48 per centum of the said capital stock, and the agreement of the party of the second part that if at any time hereafter the said capital stock of the said party of the second part shall be increased (otherwise than for stock issued for cash paid therefor at the time of such issue, at par, to the extent of §100,000) in addition to the present capital, 48 per centum of the par value of such increase shall be issued and delivered to said party of the first part, or his assigns, fully paid up, has assigned, transferred, and set over, and by these presents doth assign, transfer, and set over, unto said party of the second part, its successors and assigns, the exclusive agency and license, in the said city of Rochester and county of Monroe, in the state of New York, for the sale and use of the Brush dynamo, electric machines, and- apparatus made and sold, and to be made and sold, by, or the patents which are or shall be controlled by, the Telegraph Supply Company of Cleveland, Ohio [now the Brush Electric Company], as the same are or shall be held and controlled by said party of the first part hereto, under and by virtue of said contract hereto annexed, subject, however, to all the terms and conditions contained in said contract, so far as the same are applicable to said party of the second part, for and during the said term of 17 years from said 24th of April, 1877, and for and during any renewals or extensions of said patents, or any or either thereof. And the said party of the second part, for itself, successors, and assigns, covenants, promises, and agrees to and with said party of the first part, his successors and assigns, that in case, at any time hereafter, the capital stock of said party of the second part shall be increased (otherwise than for cash paid for the said increase at the time, at par, to the extent of §100,000) in addition to the present capital, that then and in that case said party of the second part will issue and deliver to the said party of the first, his successors or assigns, 48 per centum in amount of the par value, fully paid up, of such increase, as a part of the consideration for this agreement, and, in case of any such increase for money paid at the time, the said party of the first part, or his assigns, shall have the right to subscribe for such increase, in the first instance, on the same terms as other stockholders.”

This agreement we shall designate as “Exhibit C,” and hereafter refer to it as such. Thereafter, and on the 13th day of June, 1881, Rowley assigned all his right, title, and interest in Exhibit A to the plaintiff, who subsequently, and on' November 5, 1881, assigned all 'his right, title, and interest in Exhibit A to the Brush Electric Light Company. These assignments, together with that incorporated in Exhibit C, were subsequently approved by the Brush Electric Company of Cleveland, Ohio. On the 27th day of February, 1883, the Brush Electric Company of Cleveland, Ohio, the plaintiff, and Rowley all joined in the execution of an instrument to the *436Brush Electric Light Company, in which they recite the provisions of Exhibit C relating to the increase of capital stock of the company, and also that the purchase and improvement of the water power at the lower falls in Rochester has involved the expenditure of a much larger amount of money than was contemplated, thus requiring an increase in the capital stock beyond the original amount contemplated, and concludes as follows:

“Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, and for value received, we, the undersigned, assignees of the said Charles M. Rowley, of the said contract, and the present owners and holders of the rights and privileges secured to said Rowley in and by said contract, do hereby consent and agree that the said company [referring to the Brush Electric Company of Rochester] shall have the right to increase its capital stock to the extent of $200,000, in cash, in addition to the present capital, instead of $100,000, as stated in said contract, they not being required to issue and deliver to said Rowley, or his assigns, any portion of such capital stock fully paid up, as stated in said contract, and that said contract may be and is changed and modified in the particulars herein stated, and not otherwise.”

Thereafter, the Brush Electric Light Company of Rochester increased its capital stock in the amount of $150,000, making its total capital stock $250,000. The complaint further alleges that the Brush Electric Light Company of Rochester continued to do business in that city until about August 1, 1892; that about that time it was thought by the officers, directors, and managers of the Rochester Gas Company, the Brush Electric Light Company, the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, and the Rochester Electric Light Company that the interest of the stockholders of each would be promoted by consolidating those companies with a largely increased capital stock, and thus obtaining a monopoly of the business of furnishing light to the city and the people of Rochester by either gas or electricity, but the plaintiff’s right to 48 per cent., with any increase in the capital stock of the Brush Electric Light Company, furnished an obstacle to the formal consolidation of the four corporations; that thereupon indirect means were resorted to by the directors and managérs of the four corporations to accomplish, in fact and effect, a consolidation, by putting the property and management of the business into the hands of a new corporation, and thus obtain a monopoly of the lighting business in Rochester, and yet cut the plaintiff out of his right to the 48 per cent, of the increase of the capital stock of the Brush Electric Light Company. For the purpose of putting this scheme into execution, on the 11th day of July, 1892, the Rochester Gas Company, the Edison Electric. Illuminating Company, and the Rochester Electric Light Company entered into a contract of consolidation into a single corporation, to be called ‘the Rochester Gas & Electric Company, organized under chapters 566 and 567 of the Laws of 1890. The capital stock of this company was fixed at $4,300,000, represented by 43,000" shares, of the par value of $100 each. The contract contained a provision that this company should retain in the treasury 12,500 shares of its stock, with which the directors were authorized to purchase not less than two-thirds of the capital stock of the Brush Electric Light Company, paying therefor not more than five shares *437of the stock of the consolidated company for each share of the stock of the Brush Company. The new company, as organized, issued to the stockholders of the gas company 20,500 shares of its capital stock; to the stockholders of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company, 6,000 shares; to the stockholders of the Rochester Electric Light Company, 4,000 shares,—and," with the 12,500 shares retained, it purchased from the stockholders of the Brush Electric Light Company all of the outstanding stock of that company, paying therefor five shares of the stock of the new company for each share of the stock of the old company. It is alleged that the new corporation immediately commenced business, took possession of the property of the old corporations, and that its stock is now worth par.

The plaintiff claims that the transaction was, in effect, an increase of the capital stock of the Brush Electric Light Company in the sum of $1,000,000; that he was entitled to 48 per cent., amounting to $480,000, of such issue; and that the defendant should deliver to him that amount of stock, or pay him therefor. Assuming that the plaintiff is the owner of Exhibit C, and entitled to all the rights and privileges secured by it, we are brought to a consideration of those rights and privileges. What are they? As construed by the plaintiff, the contract entitles him to recover 48 per cent, of any increase in the capital stock of the company over and above the $250,000 authorized by him, whether he is or is not a stockholder. His position may be made more clear by illustration: The original stock was $100,000; of this, $48,000 was issued to Rowley, and $52,000 retained by the other stockholders. Suppose the stockholders were of the opinion that their property was worth $500,000, and should decide to increase their capital stock to that amount. Each person holding a share of the old stock would be entitled to five shares; so that Rowley, holding $48,000 of the old stock, would have his increased to $240,000, and the other stockholders, who held $52,000 of the original stock, would have $260,000. But, under the contract, Rowley is also entitled to 48 per cent, of the increase. There being an increase of $400,000, his proportion thereof would amount to $192,000, which must come out of the stockholders, and reduce the amount going to them in that sum. As stockholder, he gets his share of the increase, and, as owner of the contract, he gets 48 per cent, in addition, making about three-fourths of the entire increase. Rowley was the owner of 48-100 of the plant, property, and business of the corporation, which we have assumed was worth $500,000. Suppose that Rowley had sold his stock before the increase, and received therefor his proportion,—$240,000. The persons who purchased from him would stand in his place, and be entitled to their proportion of any increase in the capital stock that should be made. Assume an increase to have been made, as above stated. Rowley would still be entitled to demand an additional $192,000, even though he had ceased to be a stockholder, and had received his 48-100 of the entire value of the property of the corporation. Again, take the figures as actually presented in this case. Rowley received $48,000 of the capital stock; the other stockholders received $202,-000; making a total of $250,000. Assume that the capital stock was. *438increased in the sum of $1,000,000, making: a total of $1,250,000. Of this sum, Rowley, if he still held the stock originally issued to him, would receive $240,000, and the remaining stockholders $1,010,-000; but, of the $1,000,000 increase, he is entitled to his 48 per cent., amounting to $480,000, which must come out of the stockholders. He thus gets, not only his 48 per cent, of this increase, but, in addition thereto, his proportionate share as stockholder. These results are, to say the least, extraordinary, and cause us to hesitate to assent to such an interpretation of the instrument. Is it possible that the agreement was ever so understood by the parties? Is such a conclusion rational and logical? Let us see. The agreement should be read as of the time it was executed, having in mind the conditions as they then existed. The Brush Electric Light Company had not then commenced business. By this agreement, Bowley conveyed to it the right to use the Brush patents and machines. The company, in turn, transferred to Rowley .his $48,000 of the capital stock. The stock, of itself, had no value. Its value consists in the property and business that it represents. The value of the property, or the magnitude of the business, is not dependent upon the amount of the stock which has been issued to represent it, and its actual value is the same before as it is after an increase of the stock. Fifty-two thousand dollars of the capital stock was held by the other persons. Rowley was in the minority, and it was but natural that he should wish to guard himself, and prevent his stock from being depreciated. He, as we have seen, was the owner of 48-100 of the entire property of the corporation. If the majority of the stockholders should see fit to increase the capital stock without paying therefor, and issue it to themselves or others,—in common parlance, to “water it,”—the effect would be to reduce his interest in the property of the corporation. He had the right to guard against this. Consequently, it was incorporated into the agreement that in case of an increase he should have issued to Mm 48 per centum of such increase, which at that time was his proportionate share. The agreement treats him as a stockholder owning that percentage of the stock, 'and it is in that light that the clause in question must be read. Being a stockholder, he must have issued to him his proportionate share of any increase in the stock, and thus preserve to him his share or interest in the property of' the corporation, and evidently the agreement only contemplates him as a stockholder. The property of the corporation is represented by stock. If Rowley should sell his stock, he .would cease to have any interest in the property of the corporation^ or voice in its management. As soon as he sells, the purchaser takes Ms place, and becomes entitled to all of Ms rights in the corporation. Such purchaser is then interested in maintaining his proportionate share of the stock, and in receiving his just proportion of any new stock that may be issued. TMs the parties evidently had in mind when the provisions of the contract were framed; for we find, in case it should be determined that the capital stock should be increased, “that then and in that case said party of the second part will issue and deliver to the said party of the first part, his successors or as*439signs, 48 per cent, in amount,” etc. Who are Rowley’s successors or assigns, here referred to? Can they be other than those who have taken his place in the corporation,—the person or persons who have succeeded to, or to whom he has assigned, his stock? We think not. The purchasers of his stock, in turn, became entitled to the percentage. If one individual purchased his entire stock, the percentage,would have continued the same. Had he purchased but a portion thereof, his proportion, of course, would be rated accordingly. If we are correct in this view, the agreement was with Rowley, as a stockholder, for the purpose of protecting him as such, and, upon another succeeding to his stock, his successors or assigns, in turn, became entitled to the protection which the contract gave to him. The 48 per cent, mentioned in the contract had reference to his proportionate share of the stock as it then stood, and as it was then, doubtless, expected to remain. Had he sold part of his $48,-000, he could not expect his percentage to remain the same, and his consenting to the increase of the capital stock without the receipt of his proportionate share of such increase, operated to change the rate in case of a subsequent increase. If, as is claimed, the transaction with the Rochester Gas & Electric Company was in effect an increase in the capital stock of the Brush Electric Light Company in the amount of $1,000,000, and Rowley still owned the original stock issued to him, he received his ratable proportion of the new stock. If he had transferred his stock to others, they received it in his stead.

We have thus far considered the provision of the contract pertaining to an increase of the stock when no money is paid,—when the increase is in the nature of a stock dividend. It appears to us that our view is made more clear by the provision which follows, pertaining to an increase of stock for money paid:

“And in case of any increase, for money paid at the time, the said party of the first part, or his assigns, shall have the right to subscribe for such increase, in the first instance, on the same terms as other stockholders.”

In this provision we have no reference to Rowley’s 48 per cent., and for reasons that are obvious. If cash is paid for the stock, it would go into the treasury of the company, and Rowley would thus get his proportion of the benefits. In case the increase is for cash, he is not given 48 per cent, thereof, but is given the right to subscribe for such increase on the same terms as the other stockholders. He is thus placed, on an even footing with them, and given the power to maintain his proportionate share in the company’s property. But, assuming that Exhibit O should be construed as contended for by the plaintiff, we do not understand that there has been an increase of the capital stock of the Brush Electric Light Company. It is not claimed that there has been any such increase, in fact. It is only claimed that the effect of the transaction described is the same as if there had been an increase, and that this plan was resorted to for the purpose of preventing the plaintiff from acquiring any rights under Exhibit C. The question presented is one of right under that contract; and, if the stockholders had the right to do *440what they did do, their intent becomes immaterial. The Brush Electric Company has not become merged in the new company, for it is alleged that directors have been elected, and a separate corporate existence maintained. It was not a party to the consolidation agreement upon which the new corporation ./as organized. Each individual stockholder sold his stock to the Rochester Gas & Electric Company, each receiving for each share |o sold five shares in that company. This they were given the power to do by the express provisions of Exhibit C. The business of the two corporations was similar. The new corporation had the power to purchase the stock of the old corporation, and its president or other officers were eligible to become officers of such corporation, the same as if they were individual stockholders therein. The statute provides that:

“Any stock corporation, domestic or foreign, now existing or hereafter organized, except monied corporations, may purchase, acquire, hold and dispose of the stocks, bonds and other evidences of indebtedness of any corporation, domestic or foreign, and issue in exchange therefor its stock, bonds or other obligations. When any such corporation shall be a stockholder in any other corporation as herein provided, its president or other officers shall be eligible to the office of director of such corporation, the same as if they were individually stockholders therein, and the corporation holding such stock shall possess and exercise in respect thereof, all the rights, powers and privileges of individual owners or holders of such stock.” Laws 1892, c. 688, § 40.

The plaintiff is not alleged to have been a stockholder in the old corporation. He, therefore, had no voice in its management or, control, nor right to share in any of its property, assets, or profits of its business. It is therefore not apparent that he suffered by what was done. The interlocutory judgment should be reversed, and the defendants’ demurrers sustained, with costs, but with leave to the plaintiff to amend his complaint within 20 days upon payment of the costs of this appeal and of the demurrers.

DWIGHT, P. J., and BRADLEY, J., concur. HAIGHT, J., not taking part.