Unlike most of the cases brought before us for ex- • animation, the whole merits of the case are under review. • It is governed by section 460 of the Code, which enacts that, “ in all cases of appeal to the Court of Appeals, in actions which were originally commenced in the late Court of Chancery of this State, the Court of Appeals shall review the cause upon the facts and the law, without any statement or specification *186of facts found, or any exception taken at the trial of any or either of them, and it shall be, and is hereby declared to be, the duty of the Court of Appeals, in any and all such cases, to review the whole matter, upon the evidence as well as ■ . the law.”.

The bill alleges that, in 1828, the original plaintiff and defendants entered into the lumber business in the county of Saratoga, sharing equally in the losses and profits; that the keeping of the accounts .was intrusted solely to Eogers, and were kept by him in his own name; that, from time to time, Eogers exhibited statements to which the plaintiff was induced to assent in writing, and that the plaintiff has recently discovered that all of the said statements are erroneous; that the first of such settlements took place on the 20th of December, 1830, when the plaintiff exhibited two papers, marked No. 1 A. and No. 1 B., which were signed by the plaintiff and Eogers, on the representation of Eogers that the same were correct; that the statement" No. 1 A., erroneously charged to the plaintiff, as if received by him, the note of Southwick, Canon & Warren, at nine months, on sale of timber,.................................. $4,770 00

And Eoswell Butler, draft on nine months, from 2d of December, 1829, due September 2, 1830, 4,000 00

And the note of Southwick, Canon & Warren on account of Butler, dated 'January 5, 1830, at nine months,..............,..............: 865 02

And the note of Southwick, Canon & Warren on account of Butler, due 22d of October, 1830,. 500 00

The plaintiff charged that said sums were, in fact, received by Eogers, and not by him.

The complaint further alleged that the statement No.. 1 B, was erroneous, and that the plaintiff’ was therein credited with the following items:

“Account of money due from Bailes & Eoberts, $3,023 00

Judgment against Peck,...................... 1,550 95” which items the plaintiff alleges were afterward collected and received by said Eogers, and that the plaintiff was entitled to one-third part thereof.

*187The plaintiff alleges that upon the statement marked Mo. 1 B. was and is a memorandum in the handwriting of Rogers, in these words: “ Due John McIntyre, for advances on white oak, sent to Canada in the years 1829 and 1830, $4,451.30,” which statement the plaintiff admits to be correct, and avers that the same has never been paid to him.'

The plaintiff further alleges that, on the 20th March, 1831, another settlement was required by him, which he alleges to .be erroneous, and that he is therein charged with the amount of a note of Seaman & Barker, for $136.66, which he charges was never received by him, but was received by Rogers.

That on the 9th of March, 1832, another statement was made out by said Rogers, and signed by the said plaintiff, wherein the plaintiff is erroneously charged with the following items:

“ G-. and E. Curtis’ note, December 21st, 1830,... $1,372 24

Interest on said note to 13th of May, 1831,..... ' 41 62

Errors in his credit of $1,000, June 22d, 1829, of $1,000 to Roswell Butler, which was included in the notes, and deducted therefrom........ 1,000

Interest 1 year 10 months 21 days, to 13th of May, 1831,.................................... 132 40”

The plaintiff further avers that this (Curtis’) note was procured to be discounted by Rogers, who applied the proceeds to his own use, and that the note was taken in payment of the Peck judgment charged to plaintiff in Mo. 1 B; and that the $1,000 credited June 22d, 1829, was paid by him to Butler, and was properly credited to him.

The complaint further alleges that, on the 9th of March, 1832, Rogers presented and the plaintiff signed another statement marked Mo. 3 B, wherein the amount in the hands of Southwick, Canon & "Warren, to the credit of said Rogers, is stated at $3,116.08, while the same, in fact, amounted to $11,359.75, and that the same had been paid to Rogers by being credited in. an account between him and Southwick, Canon & Warren; and that the Reuben Whallar account, mentioned in said statement as $3,528.56, amounted in reality to $4,864.60.

*188Other general errors are alleged, and it is there stated that after the last settlement, and on the 27th of April, 1839, Rogers represented that there had been an error against him of $1,000 in settling said accounts, and without examination, the plaintiff gave Rogers his note for $1,000, payable in three months from date, which was afterward paid by him by the transfer to Rogers, of the note of H. R. Marshall, which was fully paid by Marshall to Rogers.

That afterward, by like representations, the said Rogers obtained from him another note for $1,500, which was paid by him to Rogers, and is now in the hands of Rogers’ representative.

The plaintiff alleges that all the foregoing representations on the part of Rogers were fraudulent, and made with intent to defraud the plaintiff, and that he never discovered said errors or frauds, until within six years before the commencement of the action, "and that in 1843, he applied to Rogers to correct the accounts and pay him the balance due. him. That the accounts were partially examined, and it was conceded that there were mistakes and omissions on, both sides. That in April, 1846, the plaintiff and Rogers again met in Hew York, and th.e parties signed the paper respecting the statute of limitations set forth in the complaint. That in 1846, the matters were verbally submitted to 'General Clark, as a mutual friend, to examine and decide the same. That the parties met before Clark, and agreed upon several items, and Clark made a memorandum of the same, which items, some in favor of the' plaintiff, amount to $7,119.22, and some in favor of Rogers, amount to $2,689.29, are set forth in the complaint; that other claims were presented which Rogers refused to allow, and that he also refused to allow Clark further to examine the matter, and withdrew the same from his examination.

The trial before the referee was brief, and consisted of few items of evidence, which will be hereinafter noticed. It is to be observed, however, here, that the charge of fraud was not established, indeed, it was not attempted to be sustained. The claim of the plaintiff, upon the evidence, is simply that *189these accounts, so long since' settled and' adjusted by the parties, shall be opened and readjusted. To entitle a party to this relief) error or fraud must be clearly and certainly established, and it must appear, upon a review of all the accounts, that there are errors still existing, to the injury of the plaintiff, and the onus, in the full sense of the expression, rests upon the party making the claim. (Thorn v. Lockwood, 1 Kern., 170; Wilde v. Imley, 4 Paige, 481.) In the latter case the court say, “ the modes of keeping accounts are so various, that it is difficult for third persons to understand them, in many cases, with all the light which the evidence can throw upon the transactions. The practice of opening accounts, therefore, which the parties who could best understand them, have themselves adjusted; is not to be encouraged. And it should never be done upon a mere allegation of errors; supported by doubtful, or even probable testimony only, especially where the parties to the settlement stood upon terms of perfect equality, so that there could be no pretense of fraud or imposition practiced by one party upon another. ' In the language of a distinguished judge, ‘the whole labor of 9 proof lies upon the party objecting to the account, and errors which he does not plainly establish cannot be supposed to exist.’ ” In Chapfelaine v. Decheneaux (4 Cranch., 306), Chief Justice Marshall said, “no practice could be more dangerous than that of opening accounts which the parties themselves have adjusted, on suggestions supported by doubtful, or by only probable testimony.”

I have given a statement of so many of the errors, alleged by the plaintiff to exist, not because they have been proved, or testimony of such nature has been given, as to create •serious question as to their accuracy, but as an illustration of the ease with which charges may be made, and of the manner in which difficulties are supposed to exist, and as to which the party apparently becomes satisfied that he is himself mistaken, and of which, it might still be difficult for the other party, to establish the accuracy. I will refer to some of these charges. The first charge in order in the complaint, is that certain items in exhibit Ho. 1 A, are erroneously *190charged to the plaintiff. These items consist of a note of Southwick, Canon & Warren, at nine months, given on sale of timber, for $4,770; a draft of Boswell Butler, at nine months, from December 2d, 1829, and due September 2d, 1830, for $4,000; another note of Southwick, Canon & Warren, dated January 5,1830, at nine months, for $865.02; and another note of the same parties, due October 22d, 1830, for $500. The heading of this account shows that it was a settlement made on the 22d of October, 1830, and two of the notes, alleged to be fraudulent or erroneous, it will be perceived, either matured or bore date on that very day; and the note for $4,000 matured within a few weeks thereafter, to wit: on the 2d of December following. It is scarcely within the limits of possibility, that a man of ordinary intelligence, would erroneously sign and acknowledge the accuracy of an account in which he was conspicuously charged with $10,135, alleged to have been received by him, or to have matured, almost at the very tirne of such acknowledgment. These items are large in amount, and each occupy three lines of an account, before the sum is carried out in dollars and cents, and occur at the close of an account. They are not hidden or concealed by the manner of making the account, but are quite conspicuous, so far as the printed form would indicate. Accordingly, when the trial occurred, no attempt was made to sustain the charge by evidence. After a lapse of thirty odd years, it would, however, have been very difficult for the defendant to have rebutted any supposed admission, or other apparent .proof of error. The charge, however, is urged in the bill with the same gravity and seriousness as the other items complained of, and of which proof was given.

The next subject of complaint in order arises upon exhibit No. 1 B, in which it is charged that plaintiff is credited with the items, “ the amount of money due from Bailes & Boberts, $3,023,” and “the amount of judgment against Peek, $1,550.95,” and which item it is alleged has since been collected by said Bogers. No evidence was given of any error or fraud in relation to these items. Indeed an examination of the exhibit shows the fallacy of the charge of error in *191respect to it. 'It is not the statement of an account between Rogers and McIntyre, in which the latter is charged with these amounts, but it is simply a statement of the transaction itself. It is headed, “Dr., pine timber and spars, bought per account of John McIntyre,” and not Dr. John McIntyre or Or. Halsey Rogers. In confirmation of this view, on the other side of the page, the same items, “ Du'e from Bailey & Roberts, $3,023,” and “Peck judgment $1,550.95” are entered as “ assets due the company.” If they were still due the company it could not have been intended that the items should be credited or charged to any one. The collections thereon would form the subject of a future account, in relation to- which we have no information.

It is also alleged that in exhibit No. 3 A, the plaintiff was erroneously charged with G. & E. Ourtis’ note Dec. 21,1830, for $1,372.24,” and with “ error in his credit of $1,000, June 22d, 1829, to Roswell Butler, which was included in the note and deducted therefrom, $1,000.” This account appears to have been made up on the 13th of May, 1831, and it seems incredible that the plaintiff should not then have known whether, within six months previous, he had received the (Ourtis) note of $1,372, and it seems equally incredible that he should have admitted an error of $1,000, and refunded the amount as occurring within two years previously, if not satisfied that honesty and accuracy required such admissions. On the trial, no attempt was made to sustain the $1,000 item alleged to be erroneous, but proof was given tending to -show that Rogers had admitted before General Clark that a note of a similar amount, though differing ten days in its date, made by the Curtises, was erroneously charged to the plaintiff. It did appear, however, that in exhibit No. 2 A, the plaintiff was credited with “ G. & E. Curtis’ note at 1 year cash, $1,372: 24,” under date of November 30th, 1830. He, therefore, stood as charged and credited in the account with the same items, thus balancing its effect. The Peck judgment, which is shown to be also for the Ourtis debt, is credited to McIntyre, December 20th, 1830, in No. 1 B. So of the allegation of errors in exhibit No. 3 B. that there waAin the hands of *192Southwick & Canon $11,359 instead of $3,116, as stated therein, and that Whallen’s account was larger than therein mentioned, the statement is unimportant. The exhibit was not a statement of accounts between the parties, but of assets on hand, headed “ Pine Timber Company,” and we are to look to the subsequent settlements of the parties to ascertain the fact of error or accuracy.

I will not pursue further the subject of the charges of the complaint, except as they may he established by the proof at the trial, and will now examine the -evidence given before the referee. The evidence of Mr. Cramer showed that in August, 1828, he received a deed executed by Bogers and wife, and McIntyre and wife, of certain property in the • city of Mew York, in which $2,600 was the consideration named, and that he paid that sum for the purchase to Mr. Bogers. Mo evidence was given to show that this money had not been accounted for; no statement of accounts respecting the land transaction was given in evidence, but it was allowed to rest as the simple receipt of the money by Mr. Bogers thirty-five years before the trial. This was entirely insufficient to establish any right of recovery upon the principles heretofore laid down. This evidence was also an illustration of the dangerous character of the action, as Mr.- Cramer testified, that, except for the presence of the deed, his evidence would have been, that he paid to Mr. Bogers the sum of $3,000, but as the deed expressed $2,600 as the consideration, he believed that to be the sum paid.

Further, to establish his case, the plaintiff called as a witness Edwin Smith, the son-in-law of Mr. McIntyre, who testified to an interview at the Troy House, in October, 1846, between -Bogers, McIntyre, General Clark and himself, in which an attempt was made to settle the difficulties between the parties. The witness states that the parties were engaged in the interview nearly all day, and in looking over their accounts; that they agreed upon certain items, which Clark set down on a paper, which was not signed by the parties, and that there were some items in favor of each party. The paper was copied by the witness the same day, and his copy was pro*193duced in court. In answer to the question, what was said by Eogers, in relation to the item, “ 1830, Dec. 11th, G-. & E. Curtis’ note for Peck judgment, $1,312.21 ? Ans. I cannot tell the particular conversation as to each item. Ques. Tell the substance of what was said about that item, if anything was said? Ans. The substance was that the note belonged to John McIntyre, and should be credited to him. This was said by Mr. Eogers.” The witness testified substantially in the same manner as to each of the items on the debtor side of the papen He some times testified, “ Eogers said that was right,” sometimes “ he said that was correct,” sometimes adding, “ as near as I can recollect.” On his cross-examination he testified that he is not able to state who were present during the interview except the’ four persons. before named. He cannot tell whether Mr. Warren, the present defendant, was present, nor whether James Eogers was present, nor whether John Eogers was present. He cannot say whether the parties had all their .books of account there, nor whether they went through an examination of all the accounts, nor can he give the language employed by either of the parties in discussing either or any item of that account. He states that he made no written memorandum of the conversation, or any part of it which took place at the interview, then or anytime since, and that his recollection was not, at the trial, such as that he was able to detail any conversation had by Eogers at that interview. He further testifies, that before the interview broke up they got into a dispute about the accounts, and he says, “ in substance, Eogers refused to have anything more to do with the negotiation.” On his reexamination he testifies that the dispute he speaks of did not refer to the items mentioned in the paper produced, that he means, “ that they did not go through with their whole accounts and come to any conclusion as to a final balance, but they broke up in a dispute in reference to their accounts.”

This evidence was competent, certainly, b6ut, to my mind, quite unsatisfactory. The conversation took place in 1816, and the testimony was given in 1863, after a lapse of seventeen *194years. Mo memorandum of it had ever been made by the witness. It did not appear that his recollection had ever been refreshed or strengthened by any circumstance or event calculated to produce that result, or that he had ever discussed the subject with General Clark, that he had ever repeated the conversation to any one before testifying, or that it had ever been brought to his own mind, during that period of seventeen years. His want of recollection of the various subjects to which I have referred, the absence of any memorandum of the statements of the parties, his confessed inability to repeat any language that was used by Rogers in the conversation, the fact that Rogers broke up the interview and refused, to have anything more to do with the negotiation, are circumstances that detract greatly from the effect of the evidence. The evidence is not so clear and distinct as will justify the breaking up of settlements made under the signatures of the parties, more than thirty years before the trial, and never called in question for fifteen years after their settlement, so far as is shown by the evidence adduced. There is no evidence that Mr. McIntyre was not fully capable of understanding the accounts and protecting his own interests, or that he was inferior to Mr. Rogers in sagacity or intelligence.

The items of the memorandum are not,- of themselves, entirely satisfactory. I have already shown that, if there was an error in the. charge of the Curtis note of $1,372.24, it was balanced by a credit of the same amount. Mr. Rogers could not have intended to promise the payment; or admit his liability for the payment of a note which he did not owe. There must be either an error on the part of the witness, or the account had been only conditionally stated, subject to further examination, and the point of inquiry, which would show the tru.e state of the case, had not been reached when the negotiation was broken off, and the interview ended. The memorandum produced by the witness contains not only items to be charged against Rogers, but five items to be credited to him in his account with the plaintiff, all of which, the witness testifies, were assented to on both sides. The last *195of these items was in these words: “ 18th July, 1846. Judgment, paid Bank of Troy, being balance due on dock-sticks, $839.31.” If this item had been credited to Mir. Bogers, and deducted from any claim McIntyre might have established against him, it would have been a clear error. On the trial, it was proved that, although Bogers had paid this sum to the Bank of Troy for McIntyre, in July, 1846, yet that, on the 6th of October, in the same year, McIntyre had refunded the same to him and taken his receipt for the amount. It does not, therefore, appear to be at all probable that the parties had arrived at any absolute conclusion, respecting the items embraced in the memorandum. It would seem more likely that the items had been written down as proper subjects of inquiry, but that no absolute conclusion had been reached when the interview was ended in anger. Upon a review of the whole matter upon the evidence, as well as the law, I think the judgment of the referee and of the court below should be affirmed. Having reached this conclusion upon the merits of the case, it is unnecessary to discuss the questions arising upon the statute of limitations.

Judgment should be affirmed.