Although the Plaintiff was not an alien enemy at 'the time this demurrer was put in, he was an enemy adhering to an organized force at war with the Government of the United States, which had been recognized as belligerents, both by the civil Courts and the executive branch of the Government.

The same reasons which make it proper that an alien enemy should be incapacitated from making contracts, or from maintaining actions, apply with equal force to any other kind of enemy adhering to an organized force which is prosecuting war against the Government.*

In the one case as well as the other, if the enemy had the legal capacity to do these things, it would lead to consequences which may have the effect of contradicting the operations of the war, of throwing obstacles in the way of the public efforts, and of causing disorder, imbecility, and an augmentation of treason.

The fact that the enemy is also guilty of treason, in no way lessens the weight of these objections, but, on the contrary, increases them, by adding to his position of enemy the moral guilt of rebellion, and the possible evil effect of his example.

Open, organized rebellion is war, and has to be opposed and encountered like any other war, with the same precautions, operations, and avoidance of obstacles.

In Mrs. Alexander’s case (2 Wallace, 404) it was held, that all the people of any district that was in insurrection against the *309 United States in the late rebellion, were to be regarded as enemies, except in so far as bj action of the United States Government itself that relation may have been changed; consequently, seventy-two bales of cotton belonging to Mrs. Alexander, seized by the Federal force under General Banks* on its expedition to the Bed Biver, was considered a proper subject of capture; and it was asserted by the Chief-Justice, in delivering the opinion of the Court, that they must be governed by the principle of public law so often announced from that bench as applicable alike to civil and international wars; that all the people of each State or district in insurrection against the United States must be regarded as enemies until, by the action of the Legislature and the executive, or otherwise, that relation is thoroughly and permanently changed.

Thus it is established by the highest authority, that an individual remaining voluntarily' in territory of the Confederate States after the civil war has commenced, is subject to all the liabilities of an alien enemy; and, it is scarcely necessary to add, subject also to all the disabilities of an alien enemy.

The principles of the law of nations, as announced by Yattel and other writers on public law, justify these conclusions. When a revolt rises from the form of an insurrection or rebellion into the proportions of a civil war, and when a nation becomes divided into two parties, absolutely independent, and no longer acknowledging a common superior, the State is dissolved, and the character of the war between the two parties, in every respect, is the same with that of a public war between two different nations. The obligation of observing the common laws of war is, therefore, absolute — indispensable to both parties — and the same which the law of nature obliges all nations to observe in the prosecution of war against each other. (See Yattel’s Law of Nations, Book III., chapter 18.)

It cannot, then, be doubted, that' a person adhering to the Confederate States in the late civil war, is as incapable of prosecuting an action in this State as if he was an alien enemy.

It has been, 1) owe ver, always'held, that this incapacity only *310 applies to persons actually present in their own country at the time of the war.

This is not specifically alleged of the Plaintiff in the supplemental answer; but the general allegation that the Plaintiff is a resident of the State of Florida, and has been for several years, is probably sufficient to bring him within the rule.

The judgment or order should be affirmed, with costs.

Affirmed.

JOEL TIFFANY,“

State Reporter.