{¶ 32} While I agree with the majority's conclusion that the trial court improperly issued a nunc pro tunc order amending its original judgment entry, I disagree with the manner in which the case was resolved. The majority explains on remand of Marks I the trial court was free to set a hearing if the trial court did not originally consider the requisite factors. The majority then explains, if the trial court did originally consider the factors and their exclusion from the original judgment entry was a mere oversight, the trial court was free to simply modify the order to include those original considerations without holding a hearing. The majority continues, "We do not and cannot presume, as Appellant does, that the factors were not considered at all, necessitating a new sentencing hearing."

{¶ 33} With this language, the majority seems to suggest R.C.2953.08(G)(1) requires merely that, on remand, a trial court need only fill in the language that was initially, and presumably by "mere oversight", omitted from the record. The majority's interpretation of R.C. 2953.08(G)(1) however completely ignores both our original holding in Marks I and R.C. 2929.19.

{¶ 34} As this very court so aptly stated in Marks I, since the enactment of S.B. 2, we can no longer presume from a silent record that a trial court considered the appropriate sentencing factors. This court then concluded in Marks I,

{¶ 35} "As previously mentioned, R.C. 2953.08(G)(1) requires us toremand the case for resentencing if the record fails to show that the trial court considered the factors in R.C. § 2929.13(B). Because there is neither a general statement in the record that the trial court considered the factors in R.C. 2929.13(B), nor any indication that the court considered any particular factor, we must remand this case forresentencing." (Emphasis added)

{¶ 36} Significantly, we did not remand this case so that the trial court could simply replace the omitted language, nor did we leave "to the trial court's discretion the manner in which such a goal was to be ultimately accomplished," as the majority suggests. We clearly remanded this case for resentencing. If the majority feels a remand for resentencing entails only a mere rubber-stamping of an appropriately filled out judgment and nothing more, I simply cannot agree. To do so would not only detract from the importance of S.B. 2, it would be in violation of R.C. 2929.19 which states:

{¶ 37} "The court shall hold a sentencing hearing before imposing a sentence under this chapter upon an offender who was convicted of or pleaded guilty to a felony and before resentencing an offender who was convicted of or pleaded guilty to a felony and whose case was remandedpursuant to section 2953.07 or 2953.08 of the Revised Code." (Emphasis added.)

{¶ 38} Although, R.C. 2919.19 states a trial court shall hold a hearing before resentencing such an offender, I would find a trial court's failure to conduct a hearing in the presence of the defendant, which admittedly would be error, does not warrant an automatic reversal. As the Ohio State Supreme Court held in State v. White, (Ohio 1998)82 Ohio St.3d 16, 693 N.E.2d 772, a defendant's fundamental right to be present at all critical stages of criminal trial is not absolute.

{¶ 39} The United States Supreme Court reached a similar conclusion in Rushen v. Spain (1983), 464 U.S. 114, 104 S.Ct. 453,78 L.Ed.2d 267. In Rushen, a juror had two ex parte communications with the trial court regarding whether or not the fact that a witness had murdered her childhood friend would impact her ability to render an impartial verdict. The defendant claimed the ex parte communications violated his right to be present at all critical stages of the proceedings. The Ninth Circuit found that an unrecorded ex parte communication between trial judge and juror can never be harmless error. The United States Supreme Court "emphatically" disagreed. Id. at 117.

{¶ 40} The Court opined:

{¶ 41} "Our cases recognize that the right to personal presence at all critical stages of the trial and the right to counsel are fundamental rights of each criminal defendant. `At the same time and without detracting from the fundamental importance of [these rights], we have implicitly recognized the necessity for preserving society's interest in the administration of criminal justice. Cases involving [such constitutional] deprivations are [therefore] subject to the general rule that remedies should be tailored to the injury suffered and should not unnecessarily infringe on competing interests.' United States v.Morrison, 449 U.S. 361, 364 (1981); see also Rogers v. United States,422 U.S. 35, 38-40 (1975)." Id. at 118, (footnotes omitted).

{¶ 42} The Court went on to apply a harmless error analysis to the alleged misconduct. Similarly, in Kentucky v. Stincer (1987), 482 U.S. 730,107 S.Ct. 2658, 96 L.Ed.2d 631, the United States Supreme Court held that the privilege of presence is not guaranteed when "presence would be useless, or the benefit but a shadow." Id. at 745, citing Snyder v.Massachusetts (1934), 291 U.S. 97, 106-107. However, a defendant is guaranteed the right to be present at any stage of the criminal proceeding that is critical to its outcome if his presence would contribute to the fairness of the procedure. Id.

{¶ 43} This court followed that same line of reasoning in Statev. Callahan (Mar. 22, 2000), 7th Dist. No. 97 CA 224. In Callahan, we held with respect to a Crim.R. 43 violation involving the defendant's right to be present during the reading and answering of jury questions:

{¶ 44} "While a defendant does enjoy this right under certain circumstances, it is by no means absolute. State v. Meade (1997),80 Ohio St.3d 419, 421. Every instance in which a defendant is absent from the proceedings does not give rise to the reversal of an otherwise valid conviction. State v. White (1998), 82 Ohio St.3d 16, 26 citingState v. Williams (1983), 6 Ohio St.3d 281, 286. In order to warrant reversal, a defendant must illustrate that prejudice resulted due to the fact that he was not present. Prejudice under this type of circumstance can only be exhibited by a showing that a fair and just hearing was thwarted by defendant's absence. White, supra citing Snyder v.Massachusetts (1934), 291 U.S. 97, 108. See, also, State v. Schiebel (1990), 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 92. Similarly, a defendant must show that his absence bore a reasonably substantial relationship to his opportunity to defend. State v. Spivey (Feb. 11, 1998), Mahoning App. No. 89-CA-172, unreported at 7 citing State v. Williams (1969), 19 Ohio App.2d 234, 241." Id. at 4.

{¶ 45} Because Marks has failed to show he was prejudiced in any way by the conduct of the trial court, I would not reverse his conviction based upon the trial court's failure to conduct a sentencing hearing in his presence. However, I would not go so far as the majority and say the decision to hold a sentencing hearing on remand is within the discretion of the trial court. Pursuant to R.C. 2929.19, the trial court shall hold a hearing. Therefore, I would limit the holding in this case to its particular facts so as not to encourage trial courts to circumvent the mandates of R.C. 2929.19. I would conclude the trial court did not act within the bounds of our directive and erred by not conducting a hearing. As previously stated, however, the error did not result in prejudice. Therefore, I would affirm the decision of the trial court on other grounds.

{¶ 2} After a jury found Appellant guilty of felony theft and burglary, the trial court sentenced him to five years of incarceration for burglary and eighteen months for theft, the maximum terms allowed by law. The court also directed that those sentences should be served consecutively.

{¶ 3} Appellant appealed his conviction and sentence to this Court. In State v. Marks, 7th Dist. No. 823, 2001-Ohio-3300, we affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded the matter for resentencing. We did so because when the trial court imposed a prison term for theft, in this case a fourth degree felony, it failed to make the requisite findings on the record pursuant to R.C. 2929.13(B)(1).

{¶ 4} On remand, the trial court addressed the deficiency during a telephone conference with Appellant's counsel and the prosecutor. Appellant contends that he was unaware that such a "conference" took place until after he received a copy of a modified sentencing order entered nunc pro tunc and filed that same day.

{¶ 5} Appellant now appeals from that order and raises the three following assignments of error:

{¶ 6} "The trial court erred and denied Mr. Marks due process by failing to resentence Mr. Marks at a hearing at which Mr. Marks was present and by resentencing Mr. Marks with a nunc pro tunc entry. (August 28, 2001 Nunc Pro Tunc Entry).

{¶ 7} "Mr. Marks was denied his constitutional right to a resentencing in open court. (Entry of August 14, 2001; copy of letter from court reporter filed in the appellate record on January 15, 2002; August 28, 2001 Nunc Pro Tunc Entry).

{¶ 8} "Trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the improper resentencing of Mr. Marks. (Entry of August 14, 2001; copy of letter from court reporter filed in the appellate record on January 15, 2002; August 28, 2001 Nunc Pro Tunc Entry)."

{¶ 9} As these assignments of error all involve the same general issue, they are most efficiently addressed together.

{¶ 10} Appellant contends the trial court violated his constitutional right to due process by failing to hold a hearing in open court after we remanded the matter for the trial court to resentence or modify its order to reflect that it had, in fact, made the findings necessary under R.C. 2929.13(B). As we noted in our previous decision, when the trial court sentences a person convicted of a fourth or fifth degree felony, the record must affirmatively demonstrate that it considered the following factors:

{¶ 11} "(a) In committing the offense, the offender caused physical harm to a person.

{¶ 12} "(b) In committing the offense, the offender attempted to cause or made an actual threat of physical harm to a person with a deadly weapon.

{¶ 13} "(c) In committing the offense, the offender attempted to cause or made an actual threat of physical harm to a person, and the offender previously was convicted of an offense that caused physical harm to a person.

{¶ 14} "(d) The offender held a public office or position of trust and the offense related to that office or position; the offender's position obliged the offender to prevent the offense or to bring those committing it to justice; or the offender's professional reputation or position facilitated the offense or was likely to influence the future conduct of others.

{¶ 15} "(e) The offender committed the offense for hire or as part of an organized criminal activity.

{¶ 16} "(f) The offense is a sex offense that is a fourth or fifth degree felony violation of section 2907.03, 2907.04, 2907.05, 2907.22,2907.31, 2907.321, 2907.322, 2907.323, or 2907.34 of the Revised Code.

{¶ 17} "(g) The offender previously served a prison term.

{¶ 18} "(h) The offender committed the offense while under a community control sanction, while on probation, or while released from custody on a bond or personal recognizance.

{¶ 19} "(i) The offender committed the offense while in possession of a firearm." R.C. 2929.13(B)(a) through (i).

{¶ 20} Appellant maintains that when this Court remanded his case for resentencing, we were directing the trial court to modify his sentence, and not just to modify the entry. According to Appellant, therefore, due process considerations and Crim.R. 43(A) required his presence in court at the time of the modification. State v. Coach (May 5, 2000), 1st Dist. No. C-990349; State v. Carpenter (Oct. 9, 1996), 1st Dist. No. C-950889; State v. Bayer (1995), 102 Ohio App.3d 172,656 N.E.2d 1314; and State v. Jones (Mar. 18, 1999), 10th Dist. No. 98AP-639. Appellant further ventures that because he was not in court when the court made its modifications, he is now entitled to an entirely new sentencing hearing. Appellant's argument reveals that he has misconstrued the nature of our order in Marks I.

{¶ 21} When this Court remanded the matter, we did so to enable the trial court to satisfy the statutory requirements of R.C. 2929.13(B). We left to the trial court's discretion the manner in which such a goal was to be ultimately accomplished. The trial court's handling of our directive was entirely consistent with the provisions of R.C.2953.08(G)(1).

{¶ 22} Effective October 10, 2000, the General Assembly rewrote the above section, which sets forth the parameters for our review of sentencing decisions generally, to require as follows:

{¶ 23} "If the sentencing court was required to make the findings required by division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13 * * * of the Revised Code relative to the imposition or modification of the sentence, and if the sentencing court failed to state the required findings on the record, the court hearing an appeal under division (A), (B), or (C) of this section shall remand the case to the sentencing court to state, on the record, the required findings."

{¶ 24} We further note that the trial court's modified order did not change the sentence originally imposed by the trial court. Rather, in issuing the modified order, the trial court indicated that it had considered the required factors at the time of the original sentencing and concluded that a term of imprisonment was required on the fourth degree felony theft count. (Jan. 2, 2002, Judgment Entry, p. 2). Neither due process nor Crim.R. 43 requires Appellant's presence for such a ministerial and nonsubstantive undertaking.

{¶ 25} A defendant has a, "fundamental right to be present at all critical stages of his trial." State v. Hill (1995), 73 Ohio St.3d 433,444, 653 N.E.2d 271. Crim.R. 43(A) requires the defendant's presence at every stage of the trial, including the imposition of sentence. SeeColumbus v. Rowland (1981), 2 Ohio App.3d 144, 440 N.E.2d 1365. Accordingly, had the trial court intended to modify the terms of Appellant's sentence on remand, we would undoubtedly conclude that Appellant's presence at such a hearing was required. See, Cleveland v.Clemons (1993), 90 Ohio App.3d 212, 628 N.E.2d 141. If the trial court had not originally considered the factors, it was free to set the matter for actual hearing. If, however, the trial court merely failed to specifically state which factors were considered in its original order, but the factors were, in fact, considered and their specific inclusion into the order was mere oversight, the trial court was free to correct its order by modifying it to include those original considerations. We do not and cannot presume, as Appellant does, that the factors were not considered at all, necessitating a new sentencing hearing. Since the trial court has merely clarified its original sentencing entry, no further remand is required. Moreover, because there was nothing objectionable about the procedure the trial court employed in issuing the modified order, we cannot find that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object.

{¶ 26} Nevertheless, the trial court's designation of the modified order as nunc pro tunc is improper and requires us to modify the order by removing this language.

{¶ 27} Under Crim.R. 36(A) a trial court may correct clerical mistakes in judgments, orders, or other parts of the record, and errors in the record arising from oversight or omission. Typically, the trial court makes such accommodations via "nunc pro tunc" entries. The purpose of a nunc pro tunc order is to make the record reflect the trial court's true action. It is used to record the action the trial court actually took but, for one reason or another, failed to record. It is an order issued now, which has the same legal force and effect as if it had been issued at an earlier time, when it ought to have been issued. Thus, a nunc pro tunc order is limited to memorializing an action the trial court actually did take at an earlier point in time. State v. Stevens (August 2, 1995), 9th Dist. No. 16998.

{¶ 28} Nunc pro tunc orders are also used to supply information which existed but was omitted, to correct mathematical calculations, and to correct typographical or clerical errors. Id. Nevertheless, the court is barred from using a nunc pro tunc order to supply omitted action, to indicate what it might or should have decided, or to reflect what the trial court intended to decide. Its proper use is limited to memorializing what the trial court actually did decide and may include the addition of matters omitted from the record by inadvertence or mistake. State v. Greulich (1988), 61 Ohio App.3d 22, 25, 572 N.E.2d 132; accord, State ex rel. Fogle v. Steiner (1995), 74 Ohio St.3d 158, 164,656 N.E.2d 1288.

{¶ 29} The mistakes, however, to which nunc pro tunc orders are directed are mechanical in nature and apparent on the record. They may not involve a legal decision or judgment. Dentsply Internatl., Inc. v.Kostas (1985), 26 Ohio App.3d 116, 118, 498 N.E.2d 1079. The trial court in the instant case entered its nunc pro tunc order after initially failing to include the requisite findings under R.C. 2929.13(B). In its nunc pro tunc journal entry, the trial court simply incorporated the previously omitted findings into the modified entry. Absent this entry, it is impossible to ascertain from the record exactly which factors the trial court considered relevant pursuant R.C. 2929.13(B). Certainly, the record provides some facts from which to glean this information. However, in order to determine which facts the trial court specifically determined were important, we would be forced to conjecture. This is what R.C. 2929.13(B) is designed to prevent. Because the record provides no guidance with respect to the trial court's reasoning in its original sentencing entry, we must conclude that a nunc pro tunc designation is improper and should be removed.

{¶ 30} Also, we note that the modified entry includes a section advising Appellant of the potential imposition of statutory "bad time." Such an inclusion is, in fact, a modification of sentence and not just a modification of the trial court's original entry. This language must be removed for other reasons, however, thus rendering this error harmless. In State ex rel. Bray v. Russell (2000), 89 Ohio St.3d 132, 729 N.E.2d 359, the Supreme Court held that R.C. 2967.11(B), which created statutory "bad time," violates the state constitution's separation of powers doctrine. Consequently, we modify the amended judgment entered by the trial court to remove this language, as well.

{¶ 31} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment entered by the trial court, but modify the journal entry according to law and consistent with this Opinion.

Donofrio, J., concurs.

DeGenaro, J. concurs in judgment only; see concurring in judgment only opinion.