Peters v. Tipton, 07 Ha 3 (3-19-2008)
Peters v. Tipton, 07 Ha 3 (3-19-2008)
Opinion of the Court
{¶ 3} The Pike truck was covered by a business auto policy issued on August 1, 2001 by Liberty Mutual. Appellant was also issued a company vehicle, which was insured under this policy. The policy had three million dollars worth of bodily injury liability coverage with a $500,000 deductible. Pike rejected uninsured/underinsured motorist (hereinafter collectively referred to as UM) coverage.
{¶ 4} On January 12, 2004, appellant filed a complaint against Tipton, Grim, Pike, and Liberty Mutual. Motions for summary judgment were filed. Originally, on November 16, 2004, the trial court held that a valid offer and rejection of UM coverage was not established by the four corners of the insurance policy and that under Seventh District precedent, it could not view extrinsic evidence on the matter. SeeBranch v. Lapushansky,
{¶ 5} New summary judgment motions were permitted after Liberty Mutual cited a new Supreme Court case holding that the writing requirements for the offer of UM coverage had been relaxed by the statutory amendments applicable to the case at bar. See Hollon v. Clary,
{¶ 6} On March 5, 2007, the trial court issued a decision granting full summary judgment to Liberty Mutual. The court noted that a valid offer and rejection need no longer be established on the face of the rejection form. The court concluded that Pike made a knowing and valid rejection of UM coverage and thus UM coverage did not arise by operation of law. The court alternatively stated that even if UM coverage arose by operation of law, appellant did not qualify as an insured under the definition of insured contained in the liability section of the policy. The court also concluded that even if appellant were an insured and even if UM coverage arose by operation of law, any UM coverage would be subject to a $500,000 deductible.
{¶ 7} After dismissing the remaining parties, appellant filed notice of appeal from the trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Liberty Mutual. See Denham v. New Carlisle (1999),
{¶ 9} Summary judgment can be rendered if, after construing the evidence in a light most favorable to the non-movant on the material facts, it appears that reasonable minds can only come to a conclusion adverse to the non-movant. Civ.R. 56(C). We review the propriety of granting summary judgment de novo. See Comer v. Risko,
{¶ 10} If the terms of an insurance policy are unambiguous, the interpretation of the policy is a matter of law that is reviewed de novo on appeal. Dorsey v. Federal Ins. Co.,
{¶ 12} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT, THOMAS D. PETERS, IN GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF APPELLEE, LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, ON APPELLANT'S ASSERTED UNINSURED MOTORIST CLAIM AGAINST LIBERTY MUTUAL BUSINESS AUTO POLICY * * *."
{¶ 13} Currently, Ohio does not require mandatory offering of UM coverage or imposition of UM coverage by operation of law. See S.B. 97 version of R.C.
{¶ 14} Pursuant to S.B. 267, an automobile liability policy cannot be delivered or issued for delivery unless UM is offered to the insured. R.C.
{¶ 15} Initially we note that although Pike had generally been insured by Liberty Mutual since 1987, there was a three-year period just prior to the August 1, 2001 policy period at issue where Pike utilized a different insurer. Thus, the policy at issue is not a renewal policy for purposes of the exception contained in R.C.
{¶ 16} We next address appellant's suggestion that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Liberty Mutual received the signed rejection form prior to the commencement of the policy period and whether Pike's Secretary-Treasurer may have backdated the form. The rejection form purports to have been signed on July 25, 2001, which is prior to the commencement of the August 1, 2001 policy period. Pike's Secretary-Treasurer confirmed in his affidavit and in his deposition that he signed the rejection on July 25, 2001. To dispute this date, appellant points to the deposition of Liberty Mutual's underwriter, who identified a letter to Pike's Secretary-Treasurer from a Liberty Mutual employee. The letter was dated August 9, 2001 and asked a Pike representative to sign the enclosed rejection forms and to use July 31, 2001 as the date. Pike's Secretary-Treasurer added a handwritten response to the face of the letter stating that all forms were signed as requested. (Enright Depo. at 42-45 and Exhibit 14).
{¶ 17} Contrary to appellant's suggestion, the letter does not conclusively establish that a Pike representative had not already signed a rejection; rather, it shows merely that one employee at Liberty Mutual had not yet received the rejection. Still, *Page 6 viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to appellant, one could find that there is a genuine issue as to whether the signed rejection was received by Liberty Mutual before the beginning of the policy period and whether the rejection form was signed before the commencement of the policy period at issue. However, not all issues of fact are material. The next logical question is whether the rejection form must be signed by the insured and received by the insurer prior to the policy period to be statutorily valid in a case where it was signed and submitted prior to the accident.
{¶ 18} The Supreme Court once held that "in order for a rejection of UM coverage to be expressly and knowingly made, such rejection must be in writing and must be received by the insurance company prior to thecommencement of the policy year." Gyori v. Johnston Coco-Cola BottlingCo. (1996),
{¶ 19} Here, the rejection was signed and returned at the latest within days of the commencement of the policy period and monthsprior to the January 2002 accident, unlike the facts in Gyori. See Enright Depo. Exhibit 14 (showing receipt in August 2001) and Exhibit 15 (a November 2001 e-mail showing underwriter possessed Pike's rejection forms to send on to other department). Thus, the facts here are distinguishable from those in Gyori. Regardless, Gyori interpreted the S.B. 20 version of R.C.
{¶ 20} "A named insured's or applicant's written, signed rejection * * * shall be effective on the day signed, shall create a presumption of an offer of coverages * * *, and shall be binding on all other named insureds, insureds, or applicants." R.C.
{¶ 21} These additions remained in the S.B. 267 version, which is at issue in this case. Since the rejection is effective on the day signed for policies issued after September 3, 1997, the 1996 Gyori holding that the rejection must be received prior to the commencement of the policy period is no longer valid for such policies. There is plenty of case law in support of this conclusion. (We note that in reviewing cases *Page 7 mentioning Gyori, it is important to determine whether the case is evaluating a policy which pre-dates or post-dates H.B. 261.)
{¶ 22} The Third District has opined that H.B. 261's changes rejectedGyori's holding that the parties are precluded from executing mid-term rejections. Turek v. Vaughn,
{¶ 23} The First, Fourth and Ninth Districts have also agreed that the 1997 amendments to R.C.
{¶ 24} Finally, we note that the latest Supreme Court case reviewing the requirements for a valid offer and rejection does not mention any need for the rejection to be provided prior to the policy period but rather merely cites the language of R.C.
{¶ 25} We conclude that under the relevant version of R.C.
{¶ 26} In order to realize the extent of the current requirements of an offer and rejection, it is prudent to review the background law and the specific refinements made over the years. In Linko, the Supreme Court held that for a valid rejection of UM coverage under S.B. 20 (the pre-1997 amendment version of R.C.
{¶ 27} The relevant portion of said amendment provides that: "A named insured's or applicant's written, signed rejection of both coverages * * * shall create a presumption of an offer of coverages * * * and shall be binding on all other named insureds, insureds, or applicants." R.C.
{¶ 28} The Court later clarified/amended its position in Hollon v.Clary,
{¶ 29} The Hollon Court pointed out that after H.B. 261, a signed rejection creates the presumption that a valid offer of coverage has been made. Id. at ¶ 12. The Court thus opined that the Linko requirements are arguably less relevant to H.B. 261 policies than they were to the Linko S.B. 20 policy. Id. The Hollon Court held:
{¶ 30} "The Linko requirements are a means to an end. They were chosen to ensure that insurers make meaningful offers. A `meaningful offer' is `an offer that is an offer in substance and not just in name' that `allow[s] an insured to make an express, knowing rejection of [UM/UIM] coverage.' Linko,
{¶ 31} "Accordingly, we hold that a signed, written rejection of UM/UIM coverage is valid under the H.B. 261 version of R.C.
{¶ 32} Based upon this case, the trial court in the case at bar found that Pike's rejection was valid. It is undisputed that the written offer (the rejection form) here contained a sufficient description of the coverage, which need only be brief. See Hollon,
{¶ 33} The Liberty Mutual offer/rejection form had blanks for premiums for various levels of coverage. However, none of the blanks were filled with a premium amount. Under the pre-1997 amendment version of the statute, UM coverage would *Page 10
have arisen by operation of law by merely viewing the offer. Now, however, the signed, written rejection allows us to presume a valid offer was made. R.C.
{¶ 34} The coverage limit of three million dollars and the ability to choose lesser coverage limits was disclosed to Pike. The written offer (rejection form) specified that Ohio law requires we provide you with UM coverage at a limit of liability equal to the policy's bodily injury liability limit. Although the bodily injury limit is not thereafter shown (because the three million dollar limit was higher than the preprinted limits in the form), extrinsic evidence established that Pike was fully aware of the fact that they had three millions dollars worth of liability coverage. This was the amount provided in the actual insurance contract itself. Furthermore, this was the amount specified by Pike as desired in seeking bids on primary policies. As such, the coverage limit element is satisfied. Thus, the remaining element to consider is the premium for the offered UM coverage.
{¶ 35} Internal documents from Liberty Mutual's underwriting file advised that an exhibit with a list of premiums for various UM coverages would be provided to Pike (actually to Pike's insurance consulting firm used to conduct its commercial insurance bidding around the nation) during the bidding process so that an accurate total quote could be provided. (Enright Depo. 18). Pike's Secretary-Treasurer stated that the rejection form was the only communication he received regarding the Ohio UM coverage, and as aforementioned, the rejection form (written offer) signed by Pike did not state any premiums for UM coverage. Pike's Secretary-Treasurer, who signed the rejection form, admitted that he was not informed at the time of the offer what the exact premium for three million dollars worth of UM coverage would be for this particular year. (Banner Depo. 24-25).
{¶ 36} Still, he stated that he worked at Pike for more than thirty years and that Pike had been insured by Liberty Mutual since 1987, with the exception of the three-year period just prior to the policy at issue. He noted that the bidding process was for the purchase of insurance for seventeen or eighteen states and explained that they *Page 11 reject UM coverage every year in all states possible. (Banner Depo. 19). When asked about the circumstances under which UM coverage could be accepted or rejected in Ohio, he responded, "We didn't really delve into each of these states and that sort of thing because I've rejected this forever." (Banner Depo.21). He could not recall what the conversations specifically entailed during the bidding process, but he did disclose:
{¶ 37} "* * * when it comes to electing uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage that has not been something that we spend a lot of time on. We talked about that years ago and decided that for any of the premium that we — the high deductible we had, we just elect out of this coverage and we just do it every time." (Banner Depo. 22).
{¶ 38} "* * * over the years we had discussed a premium versus the coverage and we had decided some years ago that we didn't think it was worth it, so this year there was no specific talk about what the premium would be.
{¶ 39} "We had always just assumed that we did not — we did not want the coverage. We did not think it was worth it for what we paid for it with our exposure that we would have with such a high [half million dollar] deductible as we carry." (Banner Depo. 25).
{¶ 40} He later added that in estimating costs, he considered any potential UM losses to the company as falling under half a million dollars, the amount of the desired deductible. (Banner Depo. 43). Essentially, he opined that regardless of the exact 2001 premium, with a half million dollar deductible, UM coverage would be pointless because UM losses to the company are extremely unlikely to exceed the deductible.
{¶ 41} The Hollon Court advised us to avoid elevating form over substance and to heed the expressed intent of the parties, i.e. the insurer and the employer. Hollon,
{¶ 42} As outlined earlier, an insurer need not make the offer each year when renewing a policy for an insured, but Liberty Mutual cannot rely on this statutory exception to mandatory offering because there was a three-year gap in coverage. See R.C.
{¶ 43} Finally, we note that the Ninth District decided a case where the employer had two million in liability coverage and elected to purchase only $50,000 in UM coverage. Wilson v. Murch, 9th Dist. No. 05CA46,
{¶ 44} Pike's representative could be described as having more than "working knowledge" of the premiums and savings. He has prior knowledge of such element imparted to him from the insurer at issue herein. Pike specifically intended to reject coverage and had a substantial base of knowledge behind their decision including the input of a hired consultant who assisted them in receiving bids for their eighteen-state area of operation.
{¶ 45} In conclusion, the failure to renew the knowledge after a three-year hiatus in coverage was not fatal to a valid rejection under the circumstances herein. *Page 13 The extrinsic evidence sufficiently established the elements of a meaningful offer and thus a valid rejection here. Thus, UM coverage did not arise by operation of law.
{¶ 46} Since there is no UM coverage, the other questions raised, regarding whether appellant was an insured and whether the $500,000 deductible applies to UM coverage that arises by operation of law, are moot.
{¶ 47} For the foregoing reasons, the trial court's entry of summary judgment is hereby affirmed on the grounds that the insurer made a valid offer of UM coverage from which the employer made a knowing and timely rejection.
DeGenaro, P.J., concurs. Donofrio, J., concurs.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Thomas Peters v. Pamela Tipton
- Cited By
- 1 case
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- Published