[Cite as State v. Morris,

.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-150421 TRIAL NO. B-1403375 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :

ANTHONY MORRIS, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Vacated in Part, and Appellant Discharged in Part

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: August 24, 2016

Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Judith Anton Lapp, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,

Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Marguerite Slagle, Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

D E W INE , Judge.

{¶1} Anthony Morris was convicted of multiple counts of kidnapping and

aggravated robbery and one count of felonious assault. The charges involved two

victims, both of whom ultimately jumped from a balcony in an attempt to escape. Mr.

Morris raises several issues on appeal, only one of which we find to have merit. In order

to convict Morris for one of the aggravated-robbery counts, the state had to show he

recklessly inflicted or attempted to inflict serious physical harm. Here, the injury upon

which that count was premised occurred as a result of the victim’s jump from the

balcony. We conclude that Morris did not “inflict” the injury that occurred when the

victim jumped in an attempt to escape. Thus, we must vacate one of the aggravated-

robbery convictions. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in all other respects.

I. Background

{¶2} The incident began when Morris approached the victims, Keith Gates

and Camber Lawson, at a grocery store and offered to sell them marijuana. Mr. Gates

agreed to follow Morris to a house to do the deal. After parking, Mr. Gates gave Morris

$10 through his car window. Explaining that he did not have the drugs on him, Mr.

Morris told Gates they would have to go to a house down the street. When Gates refused

and asked for his money back, Mr. Morris produced a large knife and ordered Gates to

follow him. Ms. Lawson ignored Gates’s advice to remain in the car and went with the

two men into the house.

{¶3} Mr. Morris directed them to a second-floor apartment and told them to

sit on the couch. As Gates and Lawson sat on the couch, two other men entered the

room and began discussing more drug sales. While they talked, Mr. Morris was pacing

in and out of the room. Suddenly, Mr. Morris jumped on top of Gates, held the knife to

2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

his throat and demanded money. When Gates resisted, Mr. Morris said, “Just listen to

me. Do what I say.” Mr. Gates told Morris the money was in his car, so Morris took the

keys from Gates’s pocket. Before going to Gates’s car to get the money, Mr. Morris told

Gates and Lawson not to leave, threatening that they would not like what would happen

if they did. The two other men in the room advised listening to Morris, explaining that

he was “crazy.” Once Morris left, Mr. Gates went to the balcony where he saw a police

officer driving down the street. He was unable to get the officer’s attention so he jumped

from the balcony. After he jumped, he saw Lawson fall to the ground behind him. Ms.

Lawson later explained that she had jumped because she had panicked when she saw

Morris hold a knife to Gates’s throat and felt that her life was in danger. She suffered

severe injuries as a result of her jump.

{¶4} Mr. Morris was charged with two counts of kidnapping for each victim,

one count of felonious assault as to Lawson and two counts of aggravated robbery—one

for brandishing a deadly weapon (a knife) while committing a theft and one for

recklessly inflicting or attempting to inflict serious physical harm on Lawson while

committing a theft. A jury found him guilty of all seven counts. The court merged the

kidnapping counts for each victim so that Morris stood convicted of two counts of

kidnapping, two counts of aggravated robbery and one count of felonious assault. The

court imposed consecutive sentences for all the counts for an aggregate term of 24 years.

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

{¶5} In his first assignment of error, Mr. Morris argues that three of his

convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence. He claims that the conviction for

kidnapping Lawson fails because the state did not show that he had removed Lawson

3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

from the car by force or deception.1 He also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence of

felonious assault because the state failed to show he caused Lawson serious physical

harm. Finally, he contends he could not be convicted of one of the counts of aggravated

robbery because the state did not prove he had inflicted serious physical harm on

Lawson. We consider each conviction in turn.

A. Kidnapping

{¶6} To convict Morris of kidnapping Lawson, the state was required to show

that he removed or restrained her by force, threat or deception for the purpose of

committing a felony. See R.C. 2905.01(A)(2). Mr. Morris insists the kidnapping

conviction charged in count one of the indictment was insufficient because the state

failed to prove he removed Lawson from the car by force or deception. Indeed, Ms.

Lawson testified that she willingly got out of the car and went into the house.

{¶7} If the offense had stopped when Lawson followed Morris and Gates into

the apartment, he would have a strong argument that the evidence was insufficient to

establish the force or deception element required by the kidnapping statute. But it

didn’t stop there. Once Lawson was inside the apartment, Mr. Morris restrained her on

the second floor. A victim is restrained when her freedom of movement is limited in any

fashion for any period of time. State v. Grant, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-971001,

, *32 (March 23, 2001). “[M]erely compelling a victim to stay

where he is constitutes restraint.” Id. at *32-33. Mr. Gates testified that once they were

in the upstairs bedroom, Morris ordered them to sit on the couch. Ms. Lawson testified

that after they sat down Morris locked the apartment door. He then used a knife to

threaten and assault Gates as Lawson sat nearby on the couch. Mr. Gates stated that

1In his brief, Mr. Morris challenges convictions under both counts of kidnapping Lawson, but he was convicted of only one—count one. The court merged the counts.

4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

Morris warned them not to leave, and that the other two men in the house told them to

listen to Morris because he was “crazy.” Ms. Lawson explained that she was afraid and

felt that her life was threatened. This evidence was sufficient to establish Morris

restrained Lawson by force or threat.

B. Felonious Assault

{¶8} Mr. Morris also claims that the evidence was insufficient to support his

felonious-assault conviction. The state was required to prove that Morris knowingly

caused serious physical harm to Lawson. See R.C. 2903.11(A)(1). As Morris sees it, the

state could not prove he “knowingly caused” Lawson’s injuries because they resulted

from her voluntary decision to jump off of the balcony.

{¶9} Knowingly, as differentiated from purposely, does not require the

offender to have the specific intent to cause a certain result. R.C. 2901.22(A) and (B);

see State v. Dixon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82951,

. A person acts

knowingly when, regardless of purpose, “the person is aware that the person’s conduct

will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A person has

knowledge of circumstances when the person is aware that such circumstances probably

exist.” R.C. 2901.22(B). An accused is presumed to intend the natural, reasonable and

probable consequences of his voluntary acts. State v. Johnson,

,

(1978).

{¶10} Both Mr. Gates and Ms. Lawson testified that Morris held a knife to

Gates’s throat and demanded money. They were warned not to leave, which was

reinforced by the other two men in the house. When she saw Gates jump off of the

balcony, Ms. Lawson tried to think of what to do. She was scared and did not want to be

in the apartment anymore, so she jumped off of the balcony after Gates. Ohio courts

have found an effort to escape to be a “natural consequence” of being held hostage.

5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

State v. Bromley, 9th Dist. Lorain Nos. 93CA005738 and 93CA005739,

(June 22, 1994); State v. Jarvis, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 14CA010667, 2015-

Ohio-4219, ¶ 16; see State v. Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 80879,

, ¶

60 (“one consequence of holding an individual at gunpoint is escape”). Ms. Lawson

feared for her life. It was perfectly reasonable for her to try to escape her captor after

being threatened with a deadly weapon and future violence. Because Lawson’s injuries

were sustained while attempting to escape, we find that the state adduced sufficient

evidence that Morris knowingly caused her serious physical harm in order to sustain the

felonious-assault conviction.

C. Aggravated Robbery

{¶11} Mr. Morris again focuses on Lawson’s voluntary jump from the

balcony in his challenge to the aggravated-robbery count involving her injury. To

find Morris guilty of aggravated robbery, the state needed to show that Morris recklessly

inflicted or attempted to inflict serious physical harm on Lawson while committing or

attempting to commit a theft offense. See R.C. 2911.01(A)(3) and 2901.21(C)(1). Mr.

Morris argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction for the

aggravated robbery involving the harm to Lawson because the state failed to show that

he “inflicted” the harm that was occasioned by her jump from the balcony. We agree.

{¶12} “Inflict” is not defined in the Ohio Revised Code, so we apply its plain

and ordinary meaning. See Chari v. Vore,

,

(2001); R.C. 1.42. “Inflict” means “to give by[,] or as if by[,] striking.” Merriam-

Webster Online, available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inflict?ut

m_campaign=sd&utm_medium=serp&utm_source=jsonld (accessed August 4,

2016). The legislature’s use of the word “inflict,” instead of “cause,” indicates that

something more than but-for causation is required to prove the harm element of

6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

aggravated robbery under R.C. 2911.01(A)(3). The word “inflict” “implies some

direct action by one person upon another.” State v. Bates, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

97APA02-171,

, *12 (Dec. 2, 1997); see State v. Laurence,

3d Dist. Crawford No. 3-14-05,

, ¶ 28.

{¶13} Thus, in Bates, the Tenth Appellate District concluded that the

evidence was insufficient to support an aggravated-robbery conviction where the

injury (a severe laceration to the victim’s arm) resulted from the victim punching at

the defendant through a broken window. Bates at *14. The court reasoned that the

victim’s injury was caused indirectly by the defendant as opposed to any direct action

of the defendant upon the victim.

{¶14} Likewise, we conclude that Lawson’s injuries were not caused by any

direct action on the part of Morris. Rather, they happened indirectly as a result of her

jump. When considering a sufficiency claim, we must determine, after viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the state, whether a rational trier of fact could

have found the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks,

,

(1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. We find the

state did not present sufficient evidence that Morris inflicted harm on Lawson.

Morris’s first assignment of error is sustained as to the aggravated-robbery

conviction charged in count six of the indictment and overruled in all other respects.

III. Merger

{¶15} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Morris argues that the trial court

erred when it failed to merge the count for kidnapping Gates with the count for

aggravated-robbery with a deadly weapon. Because he did not object below, Mr. Morris

waived all but plain error. See Crim.R. 52(B).

7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

{¶16} Under R.C. 2941.25(B), a defendant may be convicted of multiple

offenses arising from the same conduct if any one of the following is true: (1) the conduct

constitutes offenses of dissimilar import, (2) the conduct shows that the offenses were

committed separately, or (3) the conduct shows that the offenses were committed with

separate animus. State v. Ruff,

,

,

,

syllabus.

{¶17} Commission of an aggravated robbery necessarily involves at least a brief

restraint of the victim. State v. Jenkins,

,

(1984),

fn. 29 (a kidnapping is implicit within every aggravated robbery); State v. Chaffer, 1st

Dist. Hamilton No. C-090602,

, ¶ 11. The Ohio Supreme Court has

recognized that the primary question when determining whether kidnapping merges

with another offense “is whether the restraint or movement of the victim is merely

incidental to a separate underlying crime or, instead, whether it has a significance

independent of the other offense.” State v. Logan,

,

(1979). “Thus, when a kidnapping is committed during another crime, there exists

no separate animus where the restraint or movement of the victim is merely incidental

to the underlying crime.” Grant, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-971001,

at *16. But where the restraint is prolonged, the confinement is secretive or

the movement is substantial, the kidnapping and aggravated robbery are committed

with a separate animus.

{¶18} Here, the restraint of Gates was prolonged. Mr. Morris persuaded Gates

to follow him from the grocery store to carry out a drug deal. He then ordered Gates out

of his car, up the stairs and into the house at knifepoint. After keeping Gates in the

house, Mr. Morris held a knife to Gates’s throat demanding money. He further

restrained Gates with the threat of violence before leaving with Gates’s keys. Mr. Morris

8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

detained Gates far longer than the time necessary to complete the aggravated robbery.

We find Morris’s prolonged restraint of Gates, both before and after retrieving the keys

from Gates’s pocket, demonstrates a separate animus for the kidnapping offense. See

State v. Houston, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130429,

. Mr.

Morris’s second assignment of error is overruled.

IV. Ineffective Assistance

{¶19} In his third assignment of error, Mr. Morris alleges he was denied the

effective assistance of counsel because his attorney did not move for dismissal of the

kidnapping charges or request merger of the kidnapping count involving Gates and the

count of aggravated-robbery with a deadly weapon. For the reasons explained above,

neither argument would have been successful. As a consequence, we overrule the third

assignment of error. See Strickland v. Washington,

,

,

(1984); see also State v. Pickens,

,

,

.

V. Conclusion

{¶20} We vacate Morris’s conviction for aggravated robbery involving the harm

to Lawson as charged in count six of the indictment, and we discharge Morris from

further prosecution on that count. In all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is

affirmed.

Judgment accordingly.

HENDON, P.J., concurs. MOCK, J., concurs in part and dissents in part.

MOCK, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.

{¶21} While I agree with the analysis of most of the majority opinion, I cannot

agree with the determination that Morris’s conduct did not constitute the crime of

9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

aggravated robbery. The aggravated-robbery statute under which he was charged

required a showing that Morris recklessly inflicted or attempted to inflict serious

physical harm on Lawson. See R.C. 2911.01(A)(3). But while we have concluded that it

was perfectly reasonable for her to attempt to escape, such that her injuries were

“knowingly caused” by Morris for the purposes of felonious assault, we conclude that it

is legally impossible for that same conduct to have recklessly inflicted those same

injuries.

{¶22} I understand the logical appeal of following the 1997 decision from the

Tenth Appellate District. See Bates, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 97APA02-171,

at *12-13. But I have found no other case in Ohio that has cited Bates

for the proposition that “inflict connotes more than simple ‘but for’ causation, but

implies some direct action by one person upon another,” and thereafter used that

analysis to discharge a defendant.

{¶23} The second definition of “inflict” listed on the Merriam Webster website

indicates that the word also means “to cause (something unpleasant) to be endured.”

Merriam-Webster Online, available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

inflict (accessed August 16, 2016). Lawson suffered devastating physical injuries as a

result of attempting to flee from the precarious position that Morris put her in, an

attempt that we have concluded was reasonable and foreseeable. He set these events in

motion, and the connection between his conduct and her serious injuries is not so

attenuated that we can say that the injuries were not recklessly inflicted as a matter of

law.

{¶24} I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority’s analysis and

determination of that portion of the first assignment of error. I agree with the opinion in

all other aspects.

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Please note:

The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.

11