[Cite as State v. Wade,

.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT SENECA COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO, CASE NO. 13-16-23 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,

v.

RICHARD M. WADE, JR., OPINION

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

Appeal from Seneca County Common Pleas Court Trial Court No. 15-CR-0229

Judgment Affirmed

Date of Decision: April 10, 2017

APPEARANCES:

Kenneth J. Rexford for Appellant

Angela M. Boes for Appellee Case No. 13-16-23

WILLAMOWKSI, J.

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Richard M. Wade, Jr. (“Wade”) brings this appeal

from the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Seneca County finding him

guilty of trafficking in drugs and possession of counterfeit controlled substances.

On appeal Wade challenges the denial of his motion to suppress. For the reasons

set forth below, the judgment is affirmed.

{¶2} On October 23, 2015, Officer Nathan Elliott (“Elliott”) observed a

silver car parked on the cul de sac in front of a home from which it was suspected

that drug trafficking was occurring. February 18, 2016, Tr. 13. He had received

information that a person by the name of “Rich” was supplying drugs to dealers in

Fostoria. Id. at 13. He then observed a black male walking from the vicinity of the

home and Elliott suspected that “some type of transaction had taken place.” Id. at

14. When the vehicle subsequently passed Elliott’s location, he noted that the “front

windows were tinted and in such a manner that you couldn’t see anybody.” Id.

Elliott then began following the vehicle. Id. The driver of the vehicle

activated their left turn signal to turn south on Union Street. Once they arrived at the stop sign, they came to a complete stop. They then activated their right turn signal and proceeded northbound onto Union Street.

Id. Elliott then activated his overhead lights and began a traffic stop at

approximately 4:05 p.m. Id. at 14-15. K-9 assistance was requested due to the

suspected drug activity. Id. at 15.

-2- Case No. 13-16-23

{¶3} Upon approaching the vehicle, Elliott learned that the driver was

Brenda Hoose (“Hoose”) and the passenger identified himself as Rich. Id. Elliott

suspected that this was the person about whom the confidential informants had

previously told the drug task force. Id. at 15-16. The passenger later gave his full

name as Richard Wade Jr. Id. at 16. Elliott informed Hoose that he had stopped the

vehicle due to the turn signal change and for the window tint. Id. Hoose told the

officer that she had turned right instead of left because of a train to the left. Id.

Elliott noted that Wade appeared nervous and was very fidgety. Id. at 17.

{¶4} While Elliott was running Hoose’s information to verify that her license

was valid and to issue the citation, Officer Brandon Bell (“Bell”) arrived with his

canine, Ricky, and walked Ricky around the exterior of the vehicle. Id. at 18. Bell

arrived within one minute of the stop being initiated. Id. at 19. Elliott was still

waiting on dispatch to return the results of his inquiries on identity and the vehicle

at that time. Id. at 20. Checking the identity of the driver and the passengers was

standard procedure. Id.

{¶5} During the time Elliott was waiting for dispatch to provide him with the

verification of identity, Ricky alerted to “the presence of narcotic odors inside or

around the vehicle.” Id. Both Hoose and Wade were asked to exit the vehicle and

Elliott conducted a pat down frisk on Wade for the purpose of officer safety. Id.

Elliott testified to the search as follows.

-3- Case No. 13-16-23

When I was conducting the Terry pat on Mr. Wade, I started on the right side. And as I started on the left side, as I was coming up the inside of his leg, I felt an item. My hand hit the item, actually, and made a crunching sound. And then grabbed that item and it was obvious at that time that it was an item that was inconsistent with any type of human anatomy. Then placed [sic] Mr. Wade in restraints and he advised me that I could take the item out. At that time I shook his pants until the item fell out of his pants and I observed that [sic] what appeared to be a large bag of prescription pills. It was in a clear plastic baggie.

Id. at 20-21. The pills were later identified as 230 Percocets and 30 Xanax. Id. at

21-22. When asked, Wade admitted that he did not have a prescription for them.

Id. at 22. Wade was then arrested for drug trafficking. Id. Elliott then further

searched Wade incident to his arrest and found $2,000 in small denomination bills

and four cell phones. Id. The drugs, cash, and phones were confiscated as evidence.

Id. Hoose was issued a citation and released. Id. at 24-25.

{¶6} On October 26, 2015, a complaint was filed in the municipal court

alleging that Wade had committed the offense of trafficking in drugs. Doc. 1. Wade

was bound over to the Seneca County Court of Common Pleas. Id. On December

9, 2015, the Seneca County Grand Jury indicted Wade on two counts: 1) Trafficking

in Drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2),(C)(2)(a), a felony of the fifth degree

and 2) Possession of Counterfeit Controlled Substances in violation of R.C.

2925.37(A),(G), a misdemeanor of the first degree. Doc. 5. Count One was based

upon his transporting Alprazolam and included a specification requesting forfeiture

of the cash and cell phones as being used in the commission of the offense. Id.

-4- Case No. 13-16-23

Count Two alleged that Wade possessed counterfeit Oxycodone. Id. Wade was

arraigned on December 23, 2015, and entered pleas of not guilty to the charges in

the indictment. Counsel for Wade filed a motion to suppress claiming that the stop

was not justified, the detention was beyond the scope of the traffic stop, and the

warrantless search of the vehicle and Wade was not supported by probable cause.

Doc. 2. A second motion to suppress was filed on January 7, 2016. Doc. 20. This

motion alleged the same issues, but provided additional arguments. The State filed

its opposition to the motion to suppress on February 16, 2016. Doc. 23. Two

hearings were held on the motions: one on February 18, 2016, and the other on

March 24, 2016. On May 17, 2016, the trial court denied the motions to suppress.

Doc. 28.

{¶7} On August 9, 2016, Wade changed his plea to one of no contest to the

charges in the indictment, and he was found guilty by the trial court. Doc. 32 and

33. A sentencing hearing was held on September 29, 2016. Doc. 37. The trial court

imposed a prison term of 10 months on Count One and a jail term of 100 days for

Count Two, with the jail term to be served concurrent with the prison term. Id.

Wade filed a timely notice of appeal. Doc. 39. On appeal, Wade raises the

following assignments of error.

First Assignment of Error

The trial court erred in denying the defense motion for suppression of the fruits of an unwarranted and unreasonable stop of the vehicle in which [Wade] was a passenger.

-5- Case No. 13-16-23

Second Assignment of Error

The trial court erred in not suppressing the fruits of an unreasonable extension of the traffic stop to engage in a drug investigation without probable cause.

Third Assignment of Error

The trial court erred by not suppressing the fruits of the search of the vehicle in which [Wade] was a passenger because the canine did not provide sufficient additional indicia to enable a conclusion of probable cause.

{¶8} All of the assignment of errors arise from the denial of the motion to

suppress. “An appellate review of the trial court's decision on a motion to suppress

involves a mixed question of law and fact.” State v. Fittro, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-

14-19,

, ¶ 11.

When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses. State v. Mills (1992),

,

. Consequently, an appellate court must accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Fanning (1982),

, 1 OBR 57,

. Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard. State v. McNamara (1997),

,

.

State v. Burnside,

,

,

.

Reasonableness of the Stop

{¶9} In the first assignment of error, Wade claims that the traffic stop was

unreasonable. “When we review the constitutionality of a traffic stop, we ‘must

-6- Case No. 13-16-23

view the stop in light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances' and determine

whether “specific, articulable facts” in support of the reasonable suspicion existed.

State v. Urdiales, 3d Dist. Henry No. 7-15-03,

,

, ¶

24 quoting State v. Dicke, 3d Dist. Auglaize No. 2-07-29,

. If

an officer’s decision to stop a motorist for a traffic violation is based upon a

reasonable and articulable suspicion considering all the circumstances, then the stop

is constitutionally valid. State v. Mays,

,

,

. According to the testimony of Elliott, he stopped the vehicle for

improper use of its turn signal and for having the windows too heavily tinted.

February 18, 2016, Tr. 14. Ohio law requires that a turn signal be given

continuously for at least one hundred feet before turning. R.C. 4511.39(A). The

question of whether the facts in this action provides probable cause for the stop was

addressed by the Second District Court of Appeals in State v. Wooster, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24855,

. In Wooster, the driver of the vehicle

approached an intersection with the left signal activated. Id. at ¶ 8. The driver, at

the last second, turned off the left signal, activated the right signal, and then turned

right. Id. The appellate court determined that “a driver does not satisfy [the

requirements of R.C. 4511.39(A)] by signaling an intention to turn left for nearly all

of the required one-hundred-foot distance before then making a right-hand turn.”

Id. at ¶ 9. Since the officer had observed a traffic violation, the appellate court held

that he had a lawful basis for the stop. Id. at ¶ 10.

-7- Case No. 13-16-23

{¶10} Similarly, Elliott indicated in this case that he observed Hoose turn on

her left turn signal, reach the intersection, stop, turn off the left turn signal, activate

the right turn signal, and then proceed to turn right. These facts are nearly identical

to those in Wooster. We agree with the Second District Court of Appeals, at least

in part, and hold that these actions provide a basis for a lawful stop.

{¶11} Additionally, Elliott testified that he also stopped the vehicle due to

the excessive tint of the windows. February 18, 2016, Tr. 14. Elliott indicated

that the tint was so dark that he could not see inside the vehicle. Id. “A police

officer who, based upon his observations and experience, has a reasonable,

articulable suspicion that the windows on a motor vehicle are excessively tinted,

may stop the vehicle for purposes of issuing a citation for excessive window

tinting.” State v. Mackey, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22244,

.

Since the evidence presented at the hearing indicated that the officer had reasonable

and articulable suspicion of criminal wrongdoing in that he, based upon his

observations and experience, believed the driver was in violation of two Ohio laws,

the stop was constitutionally valid. The first assignment of error is thus overruled.

Duration of the Stop

{¶12} In the second assignment of error, Wade claims that the stop was

delayed for the purpose of allowing the canine to circle the vehicle. The U.S.

Supreme Court has recently addressed the duration of a traffic stop when a “dog

-8- Case No. 13-16-23

sniff” is being conducted. Rodriguez v. United States,

,

,

(2015). The Court held as follows:

Absent reasonable suspicion, police extension of a traffic stop in order to conduct a dog sniff violates the Constitution’s shield against unreasonable seizures.

A traffic stop is more like a brief stop under Terry v. Ohio,

,

,

, than an arrest, see, e.g., Arizona v. Johnson,

,

,

. Its tolerable duration is determined by the seizure’s “mission,” which is to address the traffic violation that warranted the stop, Illinois v. Caballes,

,

,

and attend to related safety concerns. Authority for the seizure ends when tasks tied to the traffic infraction are – or reasonably should have been – completed. The Fourth Amendment may tolerate certain unrelated investigations that do not lengthen the roadside detention, Johnson,

,

(questioning); Caballes,

,

(dog sniff), but a traffic stop “become[s] unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete th[e] mission” of issuing a warning ticket, id, at 407,

.

Beyond determining whether to issue a traffic ticket, an officer’s mission during a traffic stop typically includes checking the driver’s license, determining whether there are outstanding warrants against the driver, and inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of insurance. These checks serve the same objective as enforcement of the traffic code: ensuring that vehicles on the road are operated safely and responsibly. See Delaware v. Prouse,

,

,

. Lacking the same connection to roadway safety as the ordinary inquiries, a dog sniff is not fairly characterized as part of the officer’s traffic mission.

State v. Rodriguez,

,

,

(2015) at

syllabus.

-9- Case No. 13-16-23

{¶13} In this case, Bell and Ricky arrived on the scene within one minute of

the initial stop and while Elliott was still gathering basic information from Hoose

and Wade to relay to dispatch as part of the initial traffic stop. February 18, 2016

Tr. 19, 51. The free air sniff of the exterior of the car was conducted while Elliott

was awaiting the results of his inquiries to dispatch. Id. at 20, 51. Ricky had only

spent 30 seconds walking around the vehicle before he alerted to the presence of

narcotics. March 24, 2016 Tr. 29. This occurred before the response from dispatch

was received. Id. at 20. From the time of the initial stop until Wade and Hoose

were removed from the vehicle for officer safety, three to five minutes had passed.

Id. at 51. Based upon the testimony before it, the trial court concluded that the stop

was not extended by the free air sniff conducted by Ricky. Doc. 28 at 3. We agree

with the trial court that there was no extension of the stop by allowing Ricky to walk

around the car. The testimony showed that this was done simultaneously with the

completion of the traffic mission. Thus, the second assignment of error is overruled.

Basis for Additional Search

{¶14} In the third assignment of error, Wade claims that the trial court should

have suppressed the results of the search because the alert of Ricky alone was

insufficient to provide probable cause for a search of the individuals. “The

touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness.” Florida v. Jimeno,

,

,

(1991). “Reasonableness, in turn,

is measured in objective terms by examining the totality of the circumstances.”

-10- Case No. 13-16-23

Ohio v. Robinette,

,

,

(1996).

Generally, a warrantless search is considered per se unreasonable unless certain

“specifically established and well delineated exceptions” exist.

at

¶ 28 quoting Coolidge v. New Hampshire,

,

,

(1971). One of these exceptions is a pat down search for the purpose

of officer safety. Terry v. Ohio,

,

,

(1968).

{¶15} In this case, Elliott testified that he had information that drugs were

being sold at 307 South Wood Street by a black male known as “Tone”. Feb. 18,

2016 Tr. 12, 30. He also knew that the drugs were coming into Seneca County from

Wyandot County.

. On October 23, 2015, Elliott saw the vehicle he later

stopped parked in front of the Wood Street house and a black male walking away

from it.

. This drew his attention and he noted that the car windows

were so heavily tinted that he could not see who was inside the vehicle.

.

He also knew that the vehicle was from Wyandot County.

. Elliott then

started to follow the vehicle and observed the traffic violation.

. Suspecting

that there might have been drug activity, Elliott proceeded with the stop and call for

a K-9 unit.

. Elliott testified that Wade was acting very nervous.

at 17-

18. Then Ricky alerted on the car. At that time, Elliott and Bell had Wade and

Hoose exit the vehicle and Elliott conducted a pat down search of Wade for the

purpose of officer safety.

. Elliott felt a wrapped package that made a

-11- Case No. 13-16-23

crunching sound.

. Wade then gave Elliott permission to remove the item.

. The retrieved item was the bag of pills.

{¶16} Based upon the totality of the circumstances at that time, Elliott had

probable cause to suspect that criminal activity was occurring and to continue to

investigate. Contrary to the argument of Wade, the search was not based solely

upon the alert of the Ricky, but upon all of the information available to the officer

at the time. Once Elliott removed Wade from the vehicle, he was permitted to pat

down Wade for weapons. During this search, Elliott felt the baggie. Wade then

gave permission for Elliott to remove the baggie.1 The evidence before the trial

court does not indicate that either the continued investigation nor the warrantless

search of Wade was improper in any way. The trial court did not err in denying the

motion to suppress based upon the warrantless search. The third assignment of error

is overruled.

{¶17} Having found no error prejudicial to the appellant in the particulars

assigned or argued, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Seneca County

is affirmed.

Judgment Affirmed

PRESTON, P.J. and ZIMMERMAN, J., concur.

/hls

1 Although Wade denied at the March 24, 2016 hearing that he gave consent to the removal of the baggie, Elliott testified that he had consented. February 18, 2016 Tr. at 21 and March 24, 2016 Tr. at 53.

-12-