{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant, Joseph Martin, appeals from the judgment of the Stow Municipal Court, denying his motions to suppress. This Court affirms.

I.

{¶ 2} Late one evening, Officer Max Westfall responded to Akron-Peninsula Road based on a report that a female had jumped from a moving car. Upon his arrival, he found Mr. Martin on the roadside next to the injured female, who had been the only passenger in the car Mr. Martin had been driving. Officer Westfall spoke with Mr. Martin and detected a strong odor of alcohol coming from his person. Because he also detected several other indicia of impairment and Mr. Martin admitted that he had been drinking, he asked Mr. Martin to submit to field sobriety testing and a portable breath test. Mr. Martin, however, refused both tests. Based on the strong odor of alcohol he detected, the other indicia of impairment he observed, Mr. Martin's admission to drinking alcohol, and his refusal to undergo sobriety tests, Officer Westfall then arrested Mr. Martin.

{¶ 3} After arresting Mr. Martin, Officer Westfall transported him to the Richfield Police Department so that a breath test could be administered. Mr. Martin initially refused to take that test as well, but agreed after Officer Westfall and another officer explained the consequences that could result from his refusal. It was then determined that Mr. Martin had a blood alcohol level of .172.

{¶ 4} Mr. Martin was charged with two counts of operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol ("OVI"), in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and 4511.19(A)(1)(h). He filed several motions to suppress, and the court held a hearing on his motions. Following the hearing, the court denied the motions, and Mr. Martin pleaded no contest to the charges. The court sentenced him to 90 days in jail, a year of community control, a fine, and a license suspension.

{¶ 5} Mr. Martin now appeals and raises one assignment of error for this Court's review.

II.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY DENYING HIS MOTIONS TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE.

{¶ 6} In his sole assignment of error, Mr. Martin argues that the trial court erred by denying his motions to suppress. He argues that his motions had merit because Officer Westfall lacked reasonable suspicion to detain him for field sobriety testing, lacked probable cause to arrest him, and implied coercive tactics when obtaining his consent to submit to a breath test. This Court does not agree that the trial court erred when it denied the motions to suppress.

{¶ 7} A motion to suppress evidence presents a mixed question of law and fact. State v. Burnside , 100 Ohio St.3d 152 , 2003-Ohio-5372 , 797 N.E.2d 71 , ¶ 8. "When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses." Id. , citing State v. Mills , 62 Ohio St.3d 357 , 366, 582 N.E.2d 972 (1992). Thus, a reviewing court gives deference to and "must accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence." Burnside at ¶ 8, citing State v. Fanning , 1 Ohio St.3d 19 , 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). "Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine, without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the applicable legal standard." Burnside at ¶ 8, citing State v. McNamara , 124 Ohio App.3d 706 , 710, 707 N.E.2d 539 (4th Dist. 1997).

Reasonable Suspicion to Detain

{¶ 8} "Encounters with police span a continuum from consensual encounters to investigatory stops to seizures tantamount to an arrest." State v. Mason , 9th Dist. Summit No. 27715, 2016-Ohio-7081 , 2016 WL 5723972 , ¶ 20. "A 'minimal intrusion of simple questioning of a person not in custody does not constitute a 'seizure' requiring Fourth Amendment protection.' " (Emphasis sic.) State v. Curran , 9th Dist. Medina No. 16CA0021-M, 2016-Ohio-8502 , 2016 WL 7626176 , ¶ 9, quoting State v. Robinette , 80 Ohio St.3d 234 , 240, 685 N.E.2d 762 (1997). If a consensual encounter becomes an investigatory detention, however, the detention is constitutional only if it is supported by reasonable suspicion. See Curran at ¶ 9. Accord State v. Helmick , 9th Dist. Summit No. 27179, 2014-Ohio-4187 , 2014 WL 4724760 , ¶ 9-10. " '[R]easonable suspicion exists if an officer can point to specific and articulable facts indicating that [an individual] may be committing a criminal act.' " State v. Osburn , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 07CA0054, 2008-Ohio-3051 , 2008 WL 2485160 , ¶ 9, quoting Wadsworth v. Engler , 9th Dist. Medina No. 2844-M, 1999 WL 1215151 , *3 (Dec. 15, 1999). "Reasonable suspicion is based on the totality of the circumstances."

State v. Hochstetler , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 16AP0013, 2016-Ohio-8389 , 2016 WL 7597900 , ¶ 10.

{¶ 9} The trial court found that Officer Westfall first made contact with Mr. Martin when he responded to the scene of an accident. The accident involved Mr. Martin's passenger, who had apparently jumped from their moving car as Mr. Martin was driving. The court found that, while investigating the accident, Officer Westfall surmised that both Mr. Martin and his injured passenger had recently consumed alcohol. Specifically, the court found that Mr. Martin admitted he had consumed alcohol and "demonstrated physical indicia of over consumption." Because Officer Westfall wished to investigate further, he continued to detain Mr. Martin and asked him to undergo field sobriety testing. By denying Mr. Martin's motions to suppress, the court rejected his argument that Officer Westfall lacked reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigatory detention.

{¶ 10} Mr. Martin does not take issue with any particular factual finding that the trial court made. Instead, he argues that the court erred as a matter of law when it denied his motions to suppress. He notes that there was no evidence he drove in an unsafe manner, had any difficulty with his speech, or struggled when responding to questions. Accordingly, he argues that Officer Westfall lacked reasonable suspicion to detain him after their initial encounter.

{¶ 11} Upon review, this Court accepts the trial court's factual findings as true. See Burnside , 100 Ohio St.3d 152 , 2003-Ohio-5372 , 797 N.E.2d 71 , at ¶ 8. Officer Westfall testified that he responded to Akron-Peninsula Road based on reports that Mr. Martin's passenger had jumped from their moving car. When he arrived on scene, Mr. Martin was with the injured passenger, who was lying on the roadside about fifty feet from their car. He testified that he detected a "strong odor of alcohol" in their vicinity and, when paramedics arrived, he and Mr. Martin walked back over to the car Mr. Martin had been driving. While speaking with Mr. Martin, Officer Westfall continued to detect a strong odor of alcohol coming from his person, so he asked Mr. Martin how much he had to drink. Mr. Martin then replied that he had "had three within the last two hours." Officer Westfall noted that Mr. Martin had red and watery eyes and was swaying back and forth during their conversation. He testified that, in his experience, Mr. Martin exhibited signs of impairment. Because his testimony serves as competent, credible evidence in support of the trial court's factual findings, this Court accepts those factual findings and considers them in light of the applicable legal standard. See id.

{¶ 12} As noted, when a consensual encounter later results in an investigatory detention, that detention must be supported by reasonable suspicion. See Curran , 2016-Ohio-8502 , at ¶ 9. See also State v. Sunday , 9th Dist. Summit No. 22917, 2006-Ohio-2984 , 2006 WL 1627375 , ¶ 30 (officer must have reasonable suspicion to conduct field sobriety testing). "This Court has held that even a mild odor of alcohol can provide reasonable suspicion for field sobriety testing when paired with other factors * * *." State v. High , 9th Dist. Medina No. 17CA0019-M, 2017-Ohio-8264 , 2017 WL 4779556 , ¶ 14. Here, Officer Westfall detected a strong odor of alcohol coming from Mr. Martin and saw that he was swaying back and forth and had red, watery eyes. Moreover, Mr. Martin admitted that he had consumed three alcoholic beverages within the last two hours. The combination of his admission and the observations that Officer Westfall made "was sufficient to provide [the officer] with reasonable suspicion to detain [Mr. Martin] to investigate a possible violation of Ohio's laws prohibiting [OVI]." State v. Tomko , 9th Dist. Summit No. 19253, 1999 WL 1037762 , *3 (Nov. 3, 1999). See also State v. Osburn , 2008-Ohio-3051 , at ¶ 9. Accordingly, this Court rejects Mr. Martin's argument to the contrary.

Probable Cause to Arrest

{¶ 13} "[I]n [OVI] prosecutions, the [S]tate is not required to establish that a defendant was actually impaired while driving, but rather, need only show an impaired driving ability." State v. Slone , 9th Dist. Medina No. 04CA0103-M, 2005-Ohio-3325 , 2005 WL 1530358 , ¶ 9. An officer has probable cause to arrest an individual for impaired driving if, "at the time of arrest, the officer had sufficient facts derived from a reasonably trustworthy source to cause a prudent person to believe the suspect was driving under the influence." State v. Hopp , 9th Dist. Summit No. 28095, 2016-Ohio-8027 , 2016 WL 7131119 , ¶ 8. "This inquiry requires consideration of the totality of the circumstances known to the officer at the time of arrest." State v. Rogers , 9th Dist. Wayne, 2017-Ohio-357 , 83 N.E.3d 238 , ¶ 9. The State may rely " 'on physiological factors (e.g., odor of alcohol, glossy or bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, confused appearance) to demonstrate that a person's physical and mental ability to drive was impaired.' " Slone at ¶ 9, quoting State v. Holland , 11th Dist. Portage No. 98-P-0066, 1999 WL 1313665 , at *5 (Dec. 17, 1999). " 'Virtually any lay witness, without special qualifications, may testify as to whether or not an individual is intoxicated.' " State v. Zentner , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 02CA0040, 2003-Ohio-2352 , 2003 WL 21040664 , ¶ 19, quoting State v. DeLong , 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 02 CA 35, 2002-Ohio-5289 , 2002 WL 31185809 , ¶ 60.

{¶ 14} The trial court determined that Officer Westfall had probable cause to arrest Mr. Martin based on the totality of the circumstances. Those circumstances included Mr. Martin's admission to having consumed alcohol, the signs of impairment he exhibited, and the fact that he refused to participate when Officer Westfall attempted to investigate further. This Court has already determined that the record supports the trial court's findings that Mr. Martin admitted drinking alcohol and exhibited signs of impairment. As to its finding that Mr. Martin refused to participate in Officer Westfall's investigation, this Court likewise concludes that the trial court's finding is based on competent, credible evidence. Officer Westfall testified that Mr. Martin refused field sobriety testing, claiming he was too upset, and refused a portable breath test on the basis that "he would be over [the limit]." Thus, the record supports the trial court's findings, and this Court accepts them as true. See Burnside , 100 Ohio St.3d 152 , 2003-Ohio-5372 , 797 N.E.2d 71 , at ¶ 8.

{¶ 15} Upon review, this Court must conclude that Officer Westfall had probable cause to arrest Mr. Martin for an OVI. Based on his extensive training and experience, Officer Westfall testified that Mr. Martin was intoxicated and unfit to operate a motor vehicle. See Zentner at ¶ 19, quoting DeLong at ¶ 60. There was evidence that Mr. Martin admitted to consuming "three within the last two hours" and otherwise exhibited several physiological indicators of impairment, including a strong odor of alcohol, red eyes, and an inability to stop swaying while speaking with Officer Westfall. See Slone at ¶ 9, quoting Holland at *14. He also refused to take a breath test on the basis that "he would be over." See State v. Filip , 9th Dist. Medina, 2017-Ohio-5622 , 94 N.E.3d 125 , ¶ 39 (suspect's refusal to submit to breath test probative of his impairment). The totality of the circumstances support the conclusion that Officer Westfall had probable cause to believe Mr. Martin was driving under the influence. See Hopp at ¶ 8. As such, this Court rejects Mr. Martin's argument to the contrary.

Consent to Breath Testing

{¶ 16} "As part of obtaining the privilege to drive in Ohio, a driver implicitly consents to a search, through means of a chemical test, to determine the amount of intoxicating substances in the driver's body, upon the driver's arrest for [OVI]." State v. Hoover , 123 Ohio St.3d 418 , 2009-Ohio-4993 , 916 N.E.2d 1056 , ¶ 14. Accord State v. Hamrick , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 16CA010935, 2017-Ohio-4211 , 2017 WL 2541204 , ¶ 7, citing R.C. 4511.191(A)(2). The implied consent statute, as it applied to Mr. Martin at the time of his arrest, 1 required law enforcement officers to ask him to submit to a chemical test of his "whole blood, blood serum or plasma, breath, or urine * * *." Former 4511.191(A)(5)(a). The statute provided, in relevant part:

A law enforcement officer who makes a request * * * that a person submit to a chemical test * * * is not required to advise [him] of the consequences of submitting to, or refusing to submit to, the test * * * and is not required to give [him] the form described in [ R.C. 4511.192(B) ], but the officer shall advise [him] at the time of the arrest that if [he] refuses to take a chemical test the officer may employ whatever reasonable means are necessary to ensure that [he] submits to a chemical test of [his] whole blood or blood serum or plasma.

Id. "The Ohio Supreme Court has determined that the implied consent statute is constitutional, violating neither the search and seizure requirements of the Fourth Amendment nor the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination." State v. Walters , 9th Dist. Medina No. 11CA0039-M, 2012-Ohio-2429 , 2012 WL 1970450 , ¶ 20, citing Hoover at ¶ 17.

{¶ 17} The trial court found that, after his arrest, Mr. Martin was taken to the Richfield Police Department so that a breath test could be administered. After officers read him a BMV Form 2255, he initially refused to submit to the test. The trial court found that Officer Westfall then informed Mr. Martin that he might be subject "to higher degrees of crime" if they had to transport him to the hospital for a blood test. Following further discussion, Mr. Martin consented to the breath test. The trial court found that his breath sample was not obtained as a result of coercion. The court, therefore, refused to suppress the results of the breath test.

{¶ 18} Mr. Martin argues that the trial court erred by not suppressing the results of his breath test because he did not voluntarily submit to the test. According to Mr. Martin, he only submitted to the test as a result of coercive measures that the police employed; namely, threatening to charge him with additional crimes. He relies heavily on Birchfield v. North Dakota , 579 U.S. ----, 136 S.Ct. 2160 , 195 L.Ed.2d 560 (2016), to support the proposition that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated when he was compelled to take the breath test.

{¶ 19} In Birchfield , the United States Supreme Court considered "whether motorists lawfully arrested for drunk driving may be convicted of a crime or otherwise penalized for refusing to take a warrantless test measuring the alcohol in their bloodstream." Birchfield at 2172,. The Supreme Court determined that motorists "cannot be deemed to have consented to submit to a blood test on pain of committing a criminal offense" due to the fact that blood tests are invasive and implicate significant privacy concerns. (Emphasis added.) Id. at 2184-2186 . The Supreme Court also held, however, that "the Fourth Amendment permits warrantless breath tests * * *" because "[t]he impact of breath tests on privacy is slight * * *." Id. at 2184 . Additionally, the Supreme Court noted that its decision only pertained to implied consent statutes that imposed criminal penalties for chemical test refusals. Id. at 2185 . It specified that its opinion should not be read to cast doubt on prior opinions that "referred approvingly to the general concept of implied-consent laws that impose civil penalties and evidentiary consequences on motorists who refuse to comply." Id.

{¶ 20} Though Mr. Martin attempts to rely on Birchfield , he was not criminally charged with a refusal to undergo chemical testing. Compare id. at 2170-2172 . The results of his chemical test simply would have had evidentiary consequences for him in the prosecution of his OVI conviction. See id. at 2185 . Moreover, he submitted to a breath test, not a blood test. Compare id. at 2186 . The Birchfield Court specifically drew a distinction between blood tests and breath tests and found that "the Fourth Amendment permits warrantless breath tests * * *." Id. at 2184 . Accordingly, while he relies upon Birchfield , the case actually bodes against his argument on appeal.

{¶ 21} Although the trial court found that Mr. Martin's breath sample was not obtained as a result of coercion, this Court need not determine whether Mr. Martin voluntarily or involuntarily submitted to his breath test. See State v. Mason , 9th Dist. Summit No. 27715, 2016-Ohio-7081 , 2016 WL 5723972 , ¶ 25 ("An appellate court shall affirm a legally correct judgment, including the denial of a motion to suppress, even if the trial court's reasoning was flawed."). That is because, even assuming he was compelled to take the test, Mr. Martin had no constitutional right to refuse it. See Hoover , 123 Ohio St.3d 418 , 2009-Ohio-4993 , 916 N.E.2d 1056 , at ¶ 22. See also Birchfield at 2184,. Officers were authorized to require him to submit to a breath test. See Hoover at ¶ 22 ; Birchfield at 2184. Accordingly, this Court rejects his argument to the contrary. Mr. Martin's assignment of error is overruled.

III.

{¶ 22} Mr. Martin's assignment of error is overruled. The judgment of the Stow Municipal Court is affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.

HENSAL, P. J.

TEODOSIO, J.

CONCUR