[Cite as CUC Properties VI, L.L.C. v. Smartlink Ventures, Inc.,

.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

CUC PROPERTIES VI, LLC, : APPEAL NO. C-210003 TRIAL NO. A-2002292 Plaintiff-Appellee, :

: O P I N I O N. VS. :

SMARTLINK VENTURES, INC., :

Defendant-Appellant. :

Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed in Part, Vacated in Part, and Cause Remanded

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: September 29, 2021

Finney Law Firm, Chris Finney and Julie Gugino for Plaintiff-Appellee,

Thomas Law Offices and Louis C. Schneider for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

BERGERON, Judge.

{¶1} Neither snow nor rain nor gloom of night can stop our trusted mail

carriers from completing their rounds. Unfortunately, however, Covid-19 prevented

them from getting close enough during those deliveries to obtain signatures on

certified mail. When plaintiff-appellee CUC Properties attempted to serve

defendant-appellant Smartlink Ventures with a summons and complaint via certified

mail during the pandemic, the mail carrier failed to obtain a signature from the

recipient. Instead, the postal employee jotted down “Covid 19” and “C19” on the

return receipt. At issue is whether such a notation constitutes a valid signature to

effectuate certified mail service under Civ.R. 4.1. We conclude that it does not on the

record before us. Because we find deficiency in service of process, we vacate the trial

court’s entry of default judgment for a lack of personal jurisdiction.

I.

{¶2} The relevant facts in this case are straightforward and largely

undisputed. Smartlink leased office space from CUC Properties, but vacated the

property during the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. With no rent checks coming in,

CUC sued Smartlink, electing to have the clerk of courts serve the summons and

complaint via certified mail consistent with Civ.R. 4.1(A)(1)(a). The clerk dutifully

sent the summons and complaint to Smartlink’s registered agent and to its principal

place of business, but no person at either location ever signed for the certified mail.

Rather, the mail carriers handwrote “Covid 19” and “C19” on the respective signature

lines, in contravention of the United States Postal Service (“USPS”) guidelines put in

place for the exigent circumstances created by the Covid-19 pandemic.

2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

{¶3} To reduce health risks during the pandemic, the postal service

modified mail procedures for services that normally required carriers to venture in

close proximity to customers. United States Postal Service, Covid-19 Continuity of

Operations Update (Mar. 20, 2021), https://about.usps.com/newsroom/service-

alerts/pdf/usps-continuity-of-operations-03-20-2020.pdf (accessed Sep. 16, 2021).

In lieu of face-to-face signatures, USPS instructed its carriers to maintain a safe

distance, ask the recipient for their first initial and last name, enter that information

on the return receipt, and then have the customer step back while the employee

placed the mail in an appropriate place. CUC alleges the postal employee followed

this practice at Smartlink’s principal place of business by signing the receipt “C19”

and “Covid 19.”

{¶4} Smartlink did not respond to the lawsuit until a few months later—the

very day that the trial court granted a default judgment in CUC’s favor. Smartlink

now appeals that default judgment with a single assignment of error, arguing the

trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter the default judgment due to improper service.

II.

{¶5} This case requires us to tour several foundational principles of civil

procedure. “Under Civ.R. 55, when a party defending a claim has ‘failed to plead or

otherwise defend,’ the court may, upon motion, enter a default judgment on behalf of

the party asserting the claim.” Ohio Valley Radiology Assoc., Inc. v. Ohio Valley

Hosp. Assn.,

,

(1986), quoting Civ.R. 55(A).

But to possess power to issue a valid judgment, it is well settled that the trial court

must have jurisdiction over the parties. See MB W. Chester, L.L.C. v. Butler Cty. Bd.

of Revision,

,

,

, ¶ 29 (“[A] ‘trial

3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

court is without jurisdiction to render judgment or to make findings against a person

who was not served summons, did not appear, and was not a party in the court

proceedings.’ ”), quoting State ex rel. Ballard v. O’Donnell,

,

(1990), paragraph one of the syllabus. Moreover, “[s]ervice of the

summons and complaint ‘ “is the procedure by which a court having venue and

jurisdiction of the subject matter of the suit asserts jurisdiction over the person of the

party served.” ’ ” During v. Quoico,

,

, ¶ 25 (10th

Dist.), quoting Omni Capital Internatl., Ltd. v. Rudolf Wolff & Co., Ltd.,

,

,

(1987), quoting Mississippi Publishing Corp. v.

Murphree,

, 444–445,

,

(1946). Thus, “[i]n the

absence of service of process or the waiver of service by the defendant, a court

ordinarily may not exercise power over a party the complaint names as a defendant.”

Williams v. Gray Guy Group, L.L.C.,

,

, ¶ 18 (10th

Dist.), citing Murphy Bros. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc.,

,

,

(1999). See Goering v. Lacher, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-

110106,

(“Proper service of process is a prerequisite to a court

exercising personal jurisdiction.”).

{¶6} Moreover, service of process in Ohio cannot be proper unless it

complies with the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure (along with due process concerns).

“When service is not properly made under Civ.R. 4 to 4.6, the trial court lacks

jurisdiction over the defendant who was not properly served; consequently, any

judgment issued against that defendant is void.” Treasurer of Lucas Cty. v. Mt. Airy

Investments Ltd., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-18-1254,

. See In re

X.Q., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107851,

, ¶ 12 (“A valid court judgment

4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

requires both proper service under the applicable Ohio rules and adequate notice

under the Due Process Clause.”); Portfolio Recovery Assoc., L.L.C. v. Thacker, 2d

Dist. Clark No. 2008 CA 119,

, ¶ 22 (“Where service of process is not

made in accordance with the Rules of Civil Procedure, the trial court lacks

jurisdiction to consider the complaint, and any judgment on that complaint is void

ab initio.”); see also Hubiak v. Ohio Family Practice Ctr.,

,

, ¶ 11 (9th Dist.) (holding that service via Federal Express would be improper

when it had not yet been authorized by the civil rules in spite of a standing order by

the court permitting service by commercial carrier).

{¶7} The issue before this court is a narrow one: does a mail carrier’s “Covid

19” or “C19” mark on the certified mail receipt constitute a valid signature under

Civ.R. 4.1(A)(1)(a), thereby granting the trial court personal jurisdiction over the

defendant? Because this question is purely a legal one, we review that determination

de novo. See Name Change of Rowe,

,

, ¶ 16 (4th

Dist.); Fraley v. Estate of Oeding,

,

,

(“Personal jurisdiction is a question of law that appellate courts review de

novo.”); compare In re Guardianship of Swartz,

, 2011-Ohio-

4179,

(3d Dist.) (“The issue of whether service was properly

perfected pursuant to R.C. 2111.04 involves the probate court’s proper application of

law. Thus, our standard of review is de novo.”).

{¶8} “Civ.R. 4.1 outlines the methods for obtaining service of process within

this state, including service via certified mail.” TCC Mgt., Inc. v. Clapp, 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 05AP-42,

. Pursuant to Civ.R. 4.1(A), service by

certified mail must be “[e]videnced by return receipt signed by any person[.]” Civ.R.

5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

4.1(A)(1)(a). The entire purpose of certified mail service (and commercial carrier

service under Civ. R. 4.1(A)(1)(b)) is to ensure that proof exists that someone actually

received the service, which explains why both subsection (1)(a) and (1)(b) emphasize

the signature requirement.

{¶9} The “any person” language in Civ.R. 4.1 is not limited to the defendant

or its agents, but is a flexible concept construed broadly. See Finnell v. Eppens,

S.D.Ohio No. 1:20-CV-337,

, *5 (June 4, 2021) (“Ohio case law

confirms that ‘any person’ should be understood broadly.”); Jardine v. Jardine, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 27845,

(“Valid service of process is

presumed when the envelope is received by any person . . . [and] the recipient need

not be the defendant or an agent of the defendant.”) (Internal quotations omitted.);

Starr v. Ohio Dept. of Commerce Div. of Real Estate & Professional Licensing, 10th

Dist. Franklin No. 20A

(same); see also Brownfield v.

Krupman, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-294,

, ¶ 16 (“Notably, Civ.R.

4.1(A) does not require that delivery is restricted to the defendant or to a person

authorized to receive service of process on the defendant’s behalf.”).

{¶10} That said, whether Ohio law is broad enough to allow a mail carrier to

notate in a manner that provides no indication of who (if anyone) received the

delivery is another matter. CUC maintains that USPS delivery persons were

authorized during the pandemic to sign on behalf of the recipient with the “Covid 19”

or “C19” notation. Yet CUC points to nothing in Civ.R. 4 that would permit imputing

this type of apparent agency to postal employees. In fact, Civ.R. 4.1(A)(1)(a) directs

the clerk of courts to deliver the summons and complaint “with instructions to the

delivering postal employee to show to whom delivered, date of delivery, and address

6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

where delivered.” (Emphasis added.) When the carriers in this case marked “Covid

19” or “C19” on the return receipt, they assumed the role of both the deliverer and the

recipient. By extension, the mail carrier is the only person we can say with certainty

knew the certified mail even existed. But Civ.R. 4 directs the postal employee to

identify the person at the address who received the certified mail—not the one who

delivered it. In any event, we cannot see how “Covid 19” or “C19” constitutes a

“signature” or a receipt “signed” by a person. Black’s Law Dictionary defines the verb

“sign” as “[t]o identify (a record) by means of a signature, mark, or other symbol with

the intent to authenticate it as an act or agreement of the person identifying it,” and

“signature” as “[a] person’s name or mark written by that person or at the person’s

direction[.]” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th Ed. 2019). No matter how creatively we

construe “Covid 19” or “C19,” those notations do not comport with any common

understanding of “signed” or “signature.”

{¶11} Although not binding, we are mindful that federal authority appears

consistent with our interpretation of Rule 4’s signature requirement. In Finnell v.

Eppens, the district court disagreed with the magistrate’s determination that “Covid

19” satisfied service because it was unconvinced that Ohio law permitted the change

to the signature requirement at issue here (although it stopped short of definitely

deciding the question). See

(“The Court is unable to locate any specific

Ohio law implementing a modification to the signature requirement based on

COVID-19. Thus, while ‘any person’ may be broad, the Court cannot be confident

that it would extend to a mail carrier’s signature.”). While “any person” represents a

broad concept, the Finnell court explained that “it may be that this broad scope

extends only to others residing (or working) at the indicated address, and not

7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

necessarily to mail carriers who deliver the materials to the address—COVID-19

pandemic notwithstanding.” Id. at *5, citing Indian Creek Condominium Property

Owners Assn. v. Team Equity, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28369,

(“Valid service of process is presumed when the envelope is received by any

person at the defendant’s residence; the recipient need not be the defendant or an

agent of the defendant.”) (Internal quotations omitted.); see also Dumphord v.

Gabriel, E.D.Ky No. 5:20-461-DCR,

, * 2 (Aug. 12, 2021)

(“[Plaintiff] has offered no argument or evidence that a certified mail return receipt

that simply states ‘Covid-19’ constitutes proper service. * * * Without more, the Court

cannot rely on the certified mail return receipt to conclude that [defendant] was

properly served via certified mail.”). Allowing the mail carrier to unilaterally

substitute himself as an agent of the intended recipient frustrates the very purpose of

Civ.R. 4.1’s accepted methods of service. The reason the signature provision exists is

to substantiate that someone actually received the summons and complaint—and the

notations in this case fail to offer that assurance.

{¶12} Nor can CUC look to the USPS decree in order to salvage service here.

Compliance with USPS instructions called for the mail carrier to write the recipient’s

first initial and last name on the receipt. CUC insists the mail carrier followed USPS

procedures because the return receipt “notes the initials of the individual that

received delivery.” But this is inaccurate because the only notations appearing on the

return receipts were “Covid 19” and “C19” (both referencing the pandemic, rather

than a person), and the cryptic reference “Rt 12”—which might reference a carrier’s

route but not anyone’s name. We are not faced with a circumstance where the postal

employee adhered to USPS instructions, and thus we have no occasion to consider

8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

how such facts might impact our analysis. In this scenario, the return receipt lacked

the requisite first initial and last name dictated by the USPS internal memorandum.

As a result, that guidance has no bearing on our analysis.

{¶13} Nonetheless, CUC insists that administrative action taken by the Ohio

Supreme Court validated the service at issue here. Specifically, CUC claims the

administrative action gave lower courts, including the Hamilton County Court of

Common Pleas, the power to waive any rule requiring in-person service of process.

See In re Tolling of Time Requirements Imposed by Rules Promulgated by the

Supreme Court & Use of Technology,

, 1448,

,

(“Any requirement in a rule of the Court that a party appear in person

or requiring in-person service may be waived by the Court, local court, hearing panel,

board, or commission, as applicable.”). Based on that order, some courts in the state

promulgated a variety of rules to accommodate alternative certified mail signatures.

The Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, Probate Division, for instance,

decreed that the “delivery shall be treated as successful” where the mail carrier

obtained a first initial and last name instead of a signature as confirmation of

delivery (echoing USPS guidance discussed above). In contrast, the Knox County

Court of Common Pleas ordered that the “Covid-19” signature “shall be deemed to be

perfected service” if the party served later makes an appearance in the case or other

evidence shows the party indeed resides at the location. See Finnell, S.D. Ohio No.

1:20-CV-337,

, at *6 (describing the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Ohio’s General Order 20-39, which is to similar effect).

{¶14} But we have no occasion to address these scenarios either because

Hamilton County issued no such order. While the Ohio Supreme Court granted

9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

power to local courts to waive the in-person service of process, nothing in the record

suggests the trial court exercised that power or even analyzed whether service was

proper in light of USPS changes or the Supreme Court’s administrative action.

Despite CUC’s contention otherwise, the trial court’s granting of a default judgment

cannot be read as a waiver of the in-person service of process.1

{¶15} The Covid-19 pandemic certainly demanded innovation and flexibility,

and courts around the state (and country) admirably exhibited great creativity in

keeping the courthouse doors open while also ensuring public safety. The

challenging nature of the pandemic aside, we cannot simply dispense with the rules

and due process protections. This is particularly so when the record contains no

indication that service was otherwise validly achieved. On this record, therefore, we

hold that a notation of “Covid 19” or “C19” does not constitute a valid signature

under Civ.R. 4.1(A).

* * *

{¶16} In light of the foregoing analysis, we sustain Smartlink’s assignment of

error. The judgment of the trial court granting CUC’s motion for default judgment is

reversed, the default judgment is vacated, and the cause is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Judgment accordingly.

ZAYAS, P. J., and WINKLER, J., concur.

Please note:

The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion

1Such a theory would also raise serious due process concerns, which is presumably the reason various courts promulgated rules or orders to give parties notice of the modification to the service procedure. 10