In re the Estate of Dunn

As a rule, where services have been rendered by one person to another, the law presumes a promise on the part of the one who has received the benefits of such services, to pay what they are reasonably worth. This however, may be rebutted by any proof that shows an intention to give and receive without compensation. The relationship, by consanguinity or affinity, is a fact which tends to rebut the presumption which the law raises, that a promise to pay is intended where personal services are rendered ; but this alone, does not overcome the presumption, except in the case of parent and child. Smith vs. Milligan, 43 Pa. St. 107. Poorman vs. Kilgore, 26 Pa. St. 365, 372.

Where a parent goes to live with a child, the law implies no promise on the part of the parent to pay for boarding and necessaries furnished by the child. Without an express contract there can be no recovery in such case. Lynn vs. Lynn, 29 Pa. St. 369.

Where a son continues in the employ of his father after his majority, the law implies no contract on the part of' the father to pay the son for his services ; *300the position of the parties being accounted for by the relation existing between them. So, where a father, after his son had been in his employ many years, declared to witnesses that he intended to pay his son for his work • it was held that this was not evidence of the existence of a contract for wages between the parties; and that it was error to permit the jury to infer a contract from such declarations. Hertzog vs. Hertzog, 29 Pa. St. 465.

It has also been held that the relationship of grandfather and grandchild excludes the implication of a promise, and the grandparent will not be permitted to recover for the maintenance of grandchildren from the estate of their father, unless there be proof of a previous request, contract, and an express promise on the part of the father to pay for it. Duffey vs. Duffey, 44 Pa. St. 399.

It was held in Amey’s Appeal, Hipwell's Estate, 49 Pa. St. 126, that though the relationship of father-in-law and son-in-law is not in itself sufficient to rebut the presumption of a promise to pay for services rendered, yet where a father-in-law went with his two sons to live upon a small farm, bought by his son-in-law partly for a home for them, and there remained until the death of his son-in-law, domesticated, and occupying the house as a part of the family, the father and sons being clothed, and the sons and daughters educated at the expense of the son-*301in-law, who was for the greater part of the time absent, but no debt or credit account was kept, nor any contract made b}^ the son-in-law to pay his father-in-law for services, nor" liability admitted by him, these facts were sufficient to rebut the presumption that there was an understanding that one was to pay, and the other to receive compensation for services rendered.

It has also been held that the relation of parent and child, step-parent and step-child, brother and sister, and the like, existing between persons living together in the same household, creates a strong presumption that no payment nor compensation was intended to be made for services rendered by one to the other, beyond that received at the time they were rendered. The person claiming pay for services in such a case, must overcome this presumption by clear, direct and positive proof that the relation between the parties was not merely the ordinary one of parent and child, or brother and sister, but was that of debtor and creditor, or servant and master, and must show some arrangement or contract to that effect. Hall vs. Finch, Adm'r. 29 Wis. 278.

Counsel have not cited any case where a child was entitled to recover for services rendered a parent nor have we been able to find any case.

The rule is, that the father is entitled to such services while the child lives with him and is maintained *302by him. This rests upon the parental duty of maintenance, and furnishes some compensation to the father tor his own services rendered the child.

Numerous cases may be found where a father was held entitled to recover for the support and maintenance of his child, and all of the cases cited by counsel bear upon that subject. It would now appear that the old rule has been relaxed to the extent, at least, that if the father be without means to maintain his children according to their future expectations, or if he have the means, but the income of the children is larger than his own, an allowance may be made to the parentfor their maintenance. Trimble vs. Dodd, Guard., 2 Tenn. Ch. 502, and cases cited.

But we do not see what bearing such cases can have upon the question whether a child can recover for personal services rendered such parent.

There is a wide distinction between the right of a parent to recover for the maintenance of a child, and of a child from a parent for services rendered such ' parent. The former depends upon conditions. In the latter it is absolutely denied unless there be an express contract. The relationship by consanguinity, rebuts the presumption which the law raises, that a promise to pay was intended. Smith vs. Milligan, 43 Pa. St. 107.

We do not mean to be understood as saying that the relation by consanguinity or affinity precludes a right to *303a recovery (except in the case of parent and child), .but that the presumption which the law raises, must be overcome by clear, direct and positive proof that the relation between the parties was that of debtor and creditor, and that some arrangement or contract existed between them'to that effect.

Louisa and Catharine were related in the second degree of consanguinity. Has she overcome by-testimony the presumption that the law raises' in such case? We think not. When we take into consideration, also, that they lived together in the same household, that Catharine was not married, that Louisa would be entitled to part of Catharine’s estate at her death, and knew that she had an estate at the time, in the hands of a guardian, who could have made a contract for the payment of such services, these circumstances create a strong presumption that no payment nor compensation was intended to be made for such services.

The allowance of this claim must be denied for want of proof of a contract,- or understanding as to payment for such services.