L. S. & M. S. Ry. Co. v. Terry

The defendant in error, Laura L. Terry, brought her action in this court to recover damages under sees. 6134 and 6135 Rev. Slat., for the loss which she and her children had sustained by reason of the death of her husband, occasioned by the negligence of the defendant below. The decedent was a brakeman in the employ of the railway company. At the time of his injury he was on a freight train, acting as a rear brakeman. The train was proceeding west, in the state of Indiana, and Terry and the conductor were located upon the caboose of the train. There was a head brakeman upon or near the forward end of the train, and there was an engineer and fireman in the cab of the locomotive. They reached a point on the line of the railway where there came a down grade of a few feet to the mile, and as they entered upon that down grade, or while they were proceeding down it, the freight train broke apart, and the forward part of the train consisting of the locom >tivo and some nineteen cars, separated from the rear portion of the train consisting of nearly as many cars, from two to seven or eight car length». I should say that the weight of the evidence inchoates that the farthest they were apart at any one time was about seven car lengths. There is some evidence that they were not at any one time as far apart as that, but when first noticed by the witnesses of the raTway company they were apart two ear lengths. Soon after it was di -covered that ihey were separated, the rear portion overtook the front part of the train, an'> collided with it with considerable violence, so that the cars that came together were somewhat injured, the evidence showing that the r-ofs were bulged up. At the time of the collision the decedent was in the di-charge of his duty, or had gone in the discharge of his duty, under the orders of the conductor, to set the brakes upon the caboose and upon a passem er coach nest to the caboose, which was being carried in this freight train. To do that he stood upon the inside platform of the caboose, and in some manner, following the collision of the two sections of the train, he wa-i thrown to the ground and received the injuries fr m wVch he died. After the injury, and as soon as the train was stopped, it was found that the brakes on the caboose and passenger coach were set, indicating that *600the deeedent had set them before the shock of the collision came. He was not seen by any witness immediately at the time of the collision.

Among the charges of negligence in the petition there is an allegation that the engineer was negligent, and the petition sought to enable the plaintiff to avail herself of that allegation by alleging that in the state of Indiana there is a- statute which made the defendant responsible for the acts of the person in charge of the locomotive.

During the time of the trial, counsel for the railroad company filed (and as the answer states by leave of court) an amendment and a supplemental answer, alleging that some time during the pendency of the action and since the filing of the original answer, they had learned that the plaintiff had transferred to Messrs. Brumback & Thatcher, her attorneys, a part or whole of her cause of action, or her right of action. To this was filed a reply denying that allegation, and setting forth the execution of a contract by which she agreed that a portion of the amount of money recovered from the defendant after trial and judgment, or by reason of a settlement of the case by her with the company, should be paid to her attorneys for their services rendered in her behalf. A motion was made at the time of the filing of this amended and supplemenfal answer that Brumback & Thatcher be made parties defendant, the answer alleging that they were necessary parties. There is no ruling in the record, either allowing that amended and supplemental answer to be filed, or overruling the motion to make Brumback & Tnatcuer parous, or disposing of the question in any way. The record shows they were not made parties defendant. The amended and supplemental answer and reply simply raised a question of fact to be tried, like any other issue of fact. There is no evidence sustaining the amended and supplemental answer, which was denied in general by the reply. For that reason, there was no error in not bringing any of these alleged parties into court.

It is claimed in the second place that the court erred in the admission of testimony. There are a number of objections throughout the record, none of which it is important to notice, except objections which appear on pages 32 and 33 of the record. As to the other objections to the testimony, we do not find any error in the ruling of the court in those respects.

As I have said, this action was based in part upon the statute of the state of Indiana, making the company responsible to any brakeman or other person in its employ for the acts, among others, of an engineer, and the fact that they were fellow servants would not defeat the right of action, and the case proceeded to trial with the idea on the part of the plaintiff and her attorneys of showing that this collision which resulted in the death of the decedent was the fault of the engineer, in that after he knew or ought to have known that hte train had separated, he had slowed up by either turning off the steam or putting on the air brakes (for this was a train several of the front ears of which were controlled by brakes operated by steam pressure) and thereby slackened up the forward portion of the train enabling the rear portion on this-, downward grade, by the force of gravitation, to run on and overtake it, and cause the collision. A rule of the company was introduced in evidence to the effect that if a train should part while in motion,, great care must be used to prevent the detached parts from coming into collision. The plaintiff below called as a witness — Patrick Carney, who had been *601an engineer for over 20 years upon the Lake Shore. Railroad and the Chicago & Grand Trunk. No objection was made to his testifying on the ground that he had not sufficient experience and knowledge. After some objection and talk between counsel and the court, counsel read the following rule: “If a train should part while in motion, trainmen must use great care to prevent the detached parts from coming into collision.” Then he asked the following question:

Q. “Suppose a train of 35 cars is running over a railroad, at the rate of 12 to 15 miles an hour, and separates near the middle, and there is a rule of the company requiring that ‘If a train should part while in motion, trainmen must use great care to prevent the detached parts from coming into collision, ’ what in your opinion would the engineer do in the exercise of reasonable care, to comply with the rule ? ’ ’

That was objected to by defendant’s counsel; overruled, and excepted to.

A. “Why, he should keep out of the way. He should keep running right along and keep out of the way until he found out that the hind end was stopped and until he got a signal from somebody on the rear end. It has always been customary when a train breaks in two and you find out it is broken in two, you don’t stop but keep running to keep out of the way until you find out that the rear end is stopped; and that is the rule, and most all rules.”

Q. ‘ ‘ Supposing a train of 35 ears is running 12 to 15 miles an hour before the engineer cuts off his steam or applies his brakes, what would he do in order to exercise due care in the operation of the train?” (Objected to; overruled; defendant excepted.) A. “Well, he should generally look back to see if everything is all right — to see if he has got the whole of his train — before he shuts off. ’ ’

I speak about those two questions for the reason that the questions themselves ask for an opinion as to what the engineer would do to exercise due care. That is one of the objections. Another is, that the subject matter sought to be proved was not a matter for an expert to testify about. The question whether expert testimony is competent is not always clear. If, in the opinion of the court, the opinion of one experienced in the particular calling would aid the jury in dealing with the facts of the ease, it is proper to give expert testimony. It has always been held that to a certain extent the calling of expert testimony is discretionary with the court; and if a reviewing court could not say that the expert testimony would have had a biasing effect on the mind of the jury against the rights of the party excepting, the judgment will not be reversed, although the expert testimony was immaterial. In this ease it is somewhat doubtful whether it was a case calling for expert testimony at all. It seems that any juror on that panel knew just about as well how to answer that question as the best expert that could be called. The problem which the plaintiff was solving was, What should be done to avoid a collision? She was seeking to. show in case a train broke apart near the center, on a down grade, what should be done by the engineer in charge of the forward part of it to avoid a collision? It would seem to be very obvious, what should be done? The answer, if the expert answers properly would certainly not prejudice the defendant, in our judgment; but here in the record, instead of asking that questioh — what, in the exercise of due care ought or could have been done to keep these two sections of the train apart — they ask, What should *602tbe engineer do in order to obey tbis rule? and tben, What, in your opinion should the engineer do, in the exercise of due care, in order to comply with the rule? The rule required great care. The rule was not of any importance in this connection as determining the obligation resting upon the engineer. It was proper to put it in evidence to show that defendant had prescribed a duty and a rule, but we think it was of no consequence whatever, nor do we think it was proper, to put a witness upon the stand and ask what this engineer ought to have done, or any other engineer ought to have done, in order to obey the rule of care prescribed in this rule, or to obey the rule of care prescribed by the law, to-wit: reasonable care. They are a class of questions that ought not to be put to witnesses: the jury are to determine those questions. But that does not dispose of this objection. When we come to read the testimony we are disposed to say that it could not by any possibility prejudice the defendant. The answer to these questions is that he should keep out of the way. Every member of the jury knew that this was the thing for him to do. It is for that reason that it is doubtful that expert testimony was required. What should the engineer do to avoid a collision with the following train? Why, keep out of the way. It is not only a philosophic fact, but everybody familiar with the ordinary laws of nature knows it. That is the answer of the witness in substance; that he was simply to keep out of the way.

In the second question he is asked what he should do to exercise due care before he shuts oft steam in going down the grade. Counsel seek to show that it was customary, when they were running on a down grade (and that he should have done so) to look back and see that his train was all together, before he checks, and he puts into the question some objectionable matter, but the answer, we do not think, is objectionable: “The engineer should generally look back to see if everything is all right, to see that he has got the whole of his train, before he shuts off.”

Under these circumstances, we cannot say, in the light of this record, that this evidence was so prejudicial to the defendant that this judgment should be reversed for it.

The next objection is that the court permitted decisions of the state of Indiana to be admitted in evidence. The plaintiff had brought her action, first, under this statute, which established a different ruF of liability — a liability under different circumstances that the law of Ohio as declared by its courts, and in the second place she had brought her action as administratrix for a death occasioned in the state of Indiana, and it is contended that states will not enforce statutes which create rights of action as this statute had, by mere comity. But, however, th're is in the state of Ohio a statute passed in 1894, before this cause of action arose, providing that “Whenever death has been or may be causd by wrongful act, neglect or default in any other state, territory, or foreign country, for which a right to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof is given by a statute of such other state, territory or foreign country, such right of action may be enforced in this state in all cases where such other state,, territory, or foreign country allows the enforcement in its courts of the statute of this state cf a like character. ” There is in Indiana, in the first place, a statute which the court below held to be of like character with this statute in Ohio, which creates ibis right of action. And we do not disagree with the court below in its instruction on that point, although there is an objection to it by plaintiff *603in error. There being such a statute in the state of Indiana authorizing this action by this administratrix against this company, it was incumbent upon the plaintiff to allege, which she did, and to prove by the Jaw of Indiana that they would enforce similar statutes of other stales. And to make that proof, counsel introduced a decision of the Supreme Court of that state — 113 Ind. 169. I shall not stop to read it. In connection with the objection to that evidence, the court charged the jury upon that point, and that is excepted to. The court said that this evidence having been offered it then became the duty of the court to construe the decision. It is urged that the court ought not to have given a construction to the decision, also that the construction which the court placed upon it was not correct. And it is claimed that the jury ought to hav<> hv<m allowed to construe it. We think the decision was properly admitted, and we think the construction which the court placed upon it was correct. It follows that if the construction which the court placed upon it was a true construction, the defendant could not have been prejudiced by the court so stating to the jury. It was the duty of the court to construe the decision. It was a document with which tney were not familiar, which abounded in technical terms and phrases with which they .could not be familiar. Therefore it was peculiarly the province of the court to construe it, and we think the court correctly gave it a construction.

The decision offered by the plaintiff below is, that in Indiana, irrespective of any statute, the courts themselves will enforce these statutes in other states. The case was based upon an injury happening in Michigan and the objection is strenuously urged that been use the case did not arise in Ohio-, it did not come within the provisions of our statute. But the Supreme Court of Indiana have declared that they will enforce actions of a like character arising in other states, regardless of the question whether they enforce like actions for an accident arHng n Indiana. ■ This statute provides that such actions may be maintained in Ohio where the state wherein the right of act'on aro e allows the enforcement of the statutes of this state of a like character. We say the decision in Indiana holds the doctrine that if a ease were to arise coming from Ohio, that it would be enforcible in Indiana. No lawyer for a moment would doubt, having read that decision, if he had such a cht an ! brought it in Indiana, but that it would be enforced in Indiana. So the court having said that to the jury, it is clearly no error to the prejudice of the defendant, either to have admitted the decision or to have e n-strued it as the court did to the jury.

It is not urged particularly, that this verdict is against the weight of evidence, but that claim is made in the petition in error. The evidence offered on the part of the plaintiff, principally by people who were about there at the time of the accident, taken m eormec i m with thefosti-mony of the defendant’s own witnesses — its engineer and war brakemrn —would clearly authorize the jury to find that when the break in this train was first discovered by any of the employees, the parts were mt more than two ear lengths apart, and that that distance increased some four or five ears ’ length, and that after it had increased to six or seven, the engineer having knowledge that the train liad separated, shut off his steam and put on the brakes, and witnesses testify that the forward part of the train came to a full stop before the rear part came upon it, and all the witnesses agree that the shock was very severe. Now then if a fol*604lowing train had overtaken a head train, both running in the same direction, between twelve and' fifteen miles an hour, or possibly eighteen miles an hour, when they had not separated more than seven car lengths, and were substantially running at about the same speed, if that speed had been kept up, and the forward part of the train had slackened only a •little, it is clear to any person of ordinary judgment that a collision could not have resulted in the damage that resulted here. If the forward part of the train, going in the same direction, was moving at almost the same speed, no damage at all would have resulted. Interesting speculations might be made on this proposition. It is nevertheless true that these two parts of the train came together with great force as though the forward part of the train had been at a standstill; and it must be remembered that the evidence is clear and undisputed that before this shock came the brakes on the three rear cars of this latter section were set tight, because the testimony is that the conductor had set the brakes on one freight car, and the brakeman who was killed had set the brakes on the passenger car and on the caboose. That would have tended to delay the following portion of the train, and upon an incline of only a few feet to the mile its velocity could not have been increasmg very rapidly at that time. So we are satisfied that the evidence support ¡ the theory of the plaintiff that this forward part of the train was slacked up by the engineer after he became aware, or ought to have become aware, that the train had parted. He says he was notified that the train was apart, by the forward brakeman, and he looked back and «aw it was apart, and grabbed hold of the lever and started the engine ahead, give it more steam. He had shut off the steam before that, and he gave it more steam when the shock came. It is conceded that the front lr ak •- man, the rear brakeman, and the conductor had all ascertained that i' ' train had separated, so that the statement of the engineer could not be quite true. Considerable time elapsed. The conductor saw the front brakeman running, warning the engineer with the wave of his arm. That attracted his attention. That was after the front brakeman had discovered that the train was broken. He then looked out of the caboose cupola, and saw by the sun shining on the train that the train had -cp - rated. He told the brakeman what had happened, and said to him. must give it to her,” and went out of the cupola window on the roof of the caboose, and went across the roof of the passenger coach to the next freight car, and set the brakes on that ear before the collision came. The brakeman went down from his perch and set the brakes on both cars, the caboose and the passenger car, before the collision came. That must have occupied quite a little time — a much longer time than the engineer indicates by his testimony.

So that, we are satisfied that the defendant is liable for the acts of negligence of the engineer, and that the evidence sustains the verdict.

As to the amount of the verdict, we cannot say it is as large as to make it excessive.