Carter v. Buckingham

The rule is well settled in Ohio, that the husband surviving his wife is not entitled to her choses in action, unless he reduce them into actual possession, or do some equivalent act; as, obtaining-judgment, or taking a new security, in Ms own name’, (either of which merges the original consideration) or, transferring or releasing the same for a valuable consideration. But, the obtaining a judgment in the joint names of himself and wife, does not of itself operate as an extinguishment of the wife’s interest in the original cause of action; nor is it regarded as equivalent to reducing the subject into possession; consequently, if the wife survive the husband in such case, the whole judgment belongs to her, as well at law, as in equity:

On the other hand, if the husband survive the wife, the whole debt at law becomes his by the survivorship; so far forth, that he is entitled to collect the same in his own name; but in the latter case, it must be accounted for to the use of his wife’s representatives; for the debt being in fact uncollected during coverture, remained the wife’s up to the time of her decease, and on his death, the right and duty of such collection, at law, would devolve upon his representatives.

Unless therefore, some other act of appropriation to the sole use of the husband, besides that of obtaining the judgment, can be shown, the plaintiff, as the representative of the wife, having the beneficial interest in the judgment, is entitled under the Code to bring a suit upon it in her own name, and recover the amount due from the original debtors, without waiting for its collection by the representative of the husband.

And first, it is claimed on the part of his representative, *398that the circumstances of the husband’s taking a receipt for the note in his own name, at the time of placing it in the hands of his attorney for collection; of bringing the suit; of receiving interest on the judgment, and part of the principal during the life of his wife; and the making of a contract with the debtors for farther time, and for receiving a higher rate of interest on the debt, than that reserved in the original note; were such acts of appropriation, as reduced the debt in contemplation of law into the possession of the husband. The obvious answer is, that all these acts show nothing more than an effort on the part of the husband, to obtain possession of his wife’s right, and to subject it to his own use,- They only resulted in partial success; and to that extent his right was complete. They did not, however, in any wise change or purport to change, the condition of the original debt, nor of the judgment founded upon it.

2. It is claimed, that the declarations made by the wife to the husband, shortly before her decease, were intended as an appropriation by her of the debt, to his sole use; either, as an absolute gift, inter vivos; or as a donatio mortis causa, to become absolute on her death. Now it does not appear to us, that the language used by the wife on this occasion, can be fairly construed to express an intent to divest herself immediately of all interest in this judgment ; so that if her husband had died first, his representative should have the benefit of it, to the exclusion of herself. The words used by her, were not those of grant, in the present tense as, UI give” but of desire, looking to the future, — “I want you to go and collect that debt, #'c., and have the benefit of it — I want the business settled up;” showing by this last expression her great *399anxiety to have the debt collected, before her decease. In which case, it would belong to her husband by operation of law. This was the language of entreaty, urging the husband for his own sake, to collect and appropriate the debt; not that of gift, looking to an immediate destruction of her own right. A gift, to be valid, must pass by delivery, or that which is equivalent, at the time when made; and must be by words expressing a present change of ownership in the thing given; not, an intention in the future. It must be made by words and acts which are not revocable. Yet it will hardly be pretended, that the words used in the present case were not revocable at any time before the debt was collected; or that they might not have been recalled by the wife, without any breach of good faith, or propriety. If so, there was clearly no gift.

But if, for the reasons thus given, this transaction cannot be supported as a gift, inter vivos, so neither can it be sustained as a donatio mortis causa. To support either, the act of giving and the change of possession must be immediate. 2 Ves. Jr. 120. There is this difference however between the two classes of gifts; the former is absolute; the latter is conditional; to take effect only in the event of the donor’s death. To make a valid transaction of the. latter kind, language must be used, denoting that the gift is not to take effect except in the event of the donor’s death. Tote vs. Hilbeth, 2 Ves. Jr. 121; 2 Bl. Com. 514. But, in the present case, if a gift was intended at all, it was absolute, not conditional. No language was used, from which it can be gathered that the donor intended the gift to be operative, only in the event of her decease. Indeed, the circumstance of her approaching death was only alluded to by the wife, as an inducement to her husband to be active in the collection of the debt.

On the whole, therefore, we are of opinion that the plaintiff is entitled to a recovery against the original debtors ; and that the husband’s representative should be enjoined from further proceeding to collect the judgment.

Judgment accordingly.