This action is based upon the theory of negligent entrustment of a motor vehicle. The theory set forth is that the negligence of the defendant in entrusting the vehicle to the driver was a proximate cause of the death of the decedent, and that the defendant’s liability for her negligent entrustment arose from the negligent operation of the vehicle by the driver to whom defendant entrusted the vehicle, resulting in the death of the decedent who was a passenger in the vehicle as a guest of the driver.

The defendant was not a passenger in the vehicle at the time of the accident.

The plaintiff relies upon the case of Williams, an Infant, v. Husted, 39 Ohio Law Abs., 589, 54 N. E. (2d), 165.

The defense asserted to this action is based upon Section 4515.02, Revised Code, known as the guest statute. The defendant relies upon the ease of Cunningham, a Minor, v. Bell, 149 Ohio St., 103, 77 N. E. (2d), 918.

The question presented in this case is whether Section 4515.02, Revised Code, provides a defense to a wrongful death action against an automobile owner for the negligent entrustmont of his automobile to an incompetent driver where the decedent was a nonpaying guest passenger and invitee of the driver, and where wilful or wanton misconduct is not alleged.

There are 21 states which do not have guest statutes. There are five states, in addition to Ohio, which have guest statutes using the language of the Ohio statute that “the owner, operator or person responsible for the operation of a motor vehicle shall not be liable for loss or damage arising from injuries to or death of a guest.” Eighteen states extend protection to the “ owner or operator” of a motor vehicle against liability for damages, injury or loss to or death of guests.

California and Illinois have similar guest statutes, but the persons to whom the protection of the guest statutes is afforded are described in different language.

An examination of the guest statutes in all the jurisdictions *523which have adopted such statutes reveals that in no such jurisdiction is the owner of a motor vehicle, who entrusted such motor vehicle to an incompetent person, held liable for injury, death or loss suffered by a guest of the driver, in the absence of an allegation and proof of wilful or wanton misconduct by the owner which resulted in the injury or loss to or death of the passenger. The entrustment of the motor vehicle to such incompetent person does not, in itself, constitute wilful or wanton misconduct.

The reason for this rule was succinctly stated, as follows, by Justice Griffin in Benton v. Sloss (Cal. App.), 234 P. (2d), 749:

“It would defeat the purpose of the guest law to hold that merely because an owner, was not driving the car at the time, he would be liable for ordinary negligence to a guest, when if he were driving, he would not be liable to the guest for such ordinary negligence.”

Judge Matthias, in his opinion in Cunningham v. Bell, supra, at page 107, said:

“The rule is well settled in this state that the negligent entrustment of an automobile to an incompetent driver may impose upon the owner liability for the driver’s negligent operation of such automobile. Elliott v. Harding, 107 Ohio St., 501, 140 N. E., 338, 36 A. L. R., 1128; Wery v. Seff, 136 Ohio St., 307, 25 N. E. (2d), 692; and Williamson v. Eclipse Motor Lines, Inc., 145 Ohio St., 467, 62 N. E. (2d), 339, 168 A. L. R., 1356.

“However, although under those authorities there may be recovery against the owner of the automobile, based upon his negligence in such improper entrustment, such rule of liability has never been extended to a situation where the person injured was a passenger in the motor vehicle upon the invitation of the driver and was transported by him without payment therefor. Even if we assume the plaintiff was a guest of the defendant, he clearly would be barred from recovery unless the petition contained averments showing facts on its face revealing the element of wilfulness or wantonness by the defendant and was supported by competent evidence.

“The provisions of Section 6308-6, General Code [now Section 4515.02, Revised Code], are applicable not only to the *524driver but also the owner of a motor vehicle. That section reads as follows:

“ ‘The owner, operator or person responsible for the operation of a motor vehicle shall not be liable for loss or damage arising from injuries to or death of a guest while being transported without payment therefor in or upon said motor vehicle, resulting from the operation thereof, unless such injuries or death are caused by the wilful or wanton misconduct of such operator, owner or person responsible for the operation of said motor vehicle.’ See Vecchio v. Vecchio, 131 Ohio St., 59, 1 N. E. (2d), 624.

“It is clear, therefore, that any claim of the plaintiff that he was a guest of the defendant would defeat his recovery in the absence of averments in the petition showing wilfulness or wantonness. The entrustment of the motor vehicle to such incompetent person did not, in itself, constitute wilful or wanton misconduct. See Wery v. Seff, supra; Universal Concrete Pipe Co. v. Bassett, 130 Ohio St., 567, 200 N. E., 843, 119 A. L. R., 646.

“It must be conceded that under the facts of this case the provisions of the ‘guest statute’ would prevent a recovery against the driver. It would seem a strange doctrine that would permit a recovery against the owner where as to him the plaintiff held the position of trespasser.”

Williams v. Husted, supra, relied upon by plaintiff, is contra to the Cunningham case. It can not be distinguished on the basis that it involved a bailment relationship rather than an employer-employee relationship, because the judgment in the Cunningham case was not grounded upon and did not depend upon an employer-employee relationship.

The majority of this court approves and follows the decision in the Cunningham case.

It follows that the judgment of the Court of Appeals reversing the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas should be, and it hereby is, reversed, and the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

Judgment reversed.

concurring. Since there is no allegation in the petition of wilful or wanton misconduct on the part of the operator of the motor vehicle, I concur in paragraph one of the syllabus and in the judgment but dissent from paragraph two of the syllabus. I would have paragraph two of the syllabus read as follows:

“In an action against the owner of an automobile for the wrongful death of a decedent, caused by the negligent operation of the owner’s automobile by her minor son, while the decedent was being transported without payment therefor in the owner’s automobile as an invitee of the driver, a petition which alleges that the minor son was using the automobile with the permission of the mother, the owner, who was not a passenger, and that the decedent was killed by reason of the combined negligence of the owner of the automobile and the driver thereof in that the owner negligently entrusted her automobile to her minor son, an incompetent driver, does not state a cause of action against the owner in the absence of averments of facts showing that the injury resulted from the wilful or wanton misconduct of the operator. In such case, the decedent was a guest and invitee of the driver and the operator’s duty was only not to wilfully or wantonly injure him.” (Emphasis added, the word, operator, substituted for the word, owner.)

Paragraph two of the syllabus clearly departs from the theory of negligent entrustment and adopts a theory in a guest-statute case of wilful or wanton misconduct in the entrustment.

That, I do not believe to be the theory of the law.

The usual theory of negligent entrustment is expressed in the case of Cunningham, a Minor, v. Bell, 149 Ohio St., 103, 77 N. E. (2d), 918, as follows:

“The rule is well settled in this state that the negligent entrustment of an automobile to an incompetent driver may impose upon the owner liability for the driver’s negligent operation of such automobile”; “that, therefore, the plaintiff’s injury resulted from the combined negligence of the owner and driver; the negligence of the owner in entrusting the vehicle *526to an incompetent driver and the negligence of the driver in the manner of its operation.”

In a case involving the question of liability of the owner for the injury to the guest of the operator, I would adopt the following rule:

Under the theory of negligent entrustment of an automobile to an incompetent driver, liability may be imposed on the owner for injury to the guest of the driver. The liability of the owner is based upon the negligent entrustment of his motor vehicle to an incompetent driver combined with the wilful or wanton misconduct of the driver in the operation of such vehicle.

The Cunningham case, supra, was based on the case of Union Gas & Electric Co. v. Crouch, a Minor, 123 Ohio St., 81, 174 N. E., 6, 74 A. L. R., 160, which was based on the theory that the guest of the operator was a trespasser under the facts in that case. It was written before the guest statute.

Paragraph two of the syllabus of the Grouch case reads:

‘ ‘ 2. Where the owner of an automobile entrusts the same to a servant in the course of the business of the owner, without authority to carry passengers, a guest of the servant riding in the automobile is neither an invitee nor a licensee of the owner, but on the contrary is a trespasser to whom no duty is owing by the owner, except not to wilfully injure him.” (Emphasis added.)

There is nothing in the petition in the instant case to give the guest of the operator of the motor vehicle the status of trespasser.

Liability of the owner under the negligent entrustment theory should be similar to the liability of a parent or guardian under the Ohio minor automobile operators responsibility statute. (Section 4507.07, Revised Code.)

In Tighe, a Minor, v. Diamond, 149 Ohio St., 520, 80 N. E. (2d), 122, in paragraph two of the syllabus, the court held:

“2. To entitle a guest riding in a motor vehicle operated by a minor host to recover damages from the parent, guardian or other person having custody of such minor host holding a minor automobile operators license granted by reason of a joint application of such minor and such parent, guardian or person, for injuries resulting from the improper operation of *527the motor vehicle by such minor, the guest must, under the Ohio minor automobile operators responsibility statute, Section 6296-10, General Code, establish wilful misconduct on the part of such minor, as the proximate cause of such injuries.”