The respondent has violated Canons 29 and 32 of the Canons of Professional Ethics, as charged. The board found that the respondent had violated paragraph (5) (a) of Rule XXVII, as adopted by this court, in that he had been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude. Respondent contends that he is not guilty of moral turpitude.

The question is whether the conviction, in itself, of an attorney for willful failure to file a federal income tax return constitutes moral turpitude so as to be in violation of paragraph (5) (a) of Rule XXVII.

There are two lines of cases on this subject — one holding that such conduct involves moral turpitude, and the other, that it does not. See annotation, 59 A. L. R. (2d), 1398.

In re Hallinan (1954), 43 Cal. (2d), 243, 272 P. (2d), 768, is the leading case supporting the theory that such conduct does not necessarily involve moral turpitude.

The court determined that the conviction, in itself, of an attorney for willfully and knowingly filing a false and fraudulent income tax return was not conclusive proof of the commission of an act involving moral turpitude.

It should be noted that in In re Hallinan the charge was for “filing a false and fraudulent return,” whereas, in the instant case, the charge is for “failure to file.”

A review of the cases in other jurisdictions leads this court to the conclusion that each of those cases was considered individually upon its merits, including mitigating circumstances involved and the previous standing and record of the attorney involved, and the court’s appraisal of his future conduct in the light of his past record.

Without expressing an opinion upon the question of whether the failure to file a return in one year, coupled with the mitigating circumstances in this case, would involve moral turpi*547tude, this court is of the opinion that the continued failure to file returns for the years 1955, 1958 and 1959, including the failure to file a return during a period when respondent was on probation resulting from his conviction for a similar offense, is such intentional, willful and fraudulent conduct on the part of the respondent as to justify the discipline recommended.

The court in this case has also had the opportunity to observe and question the respondent during his oral argument before this court.

The objections to the recommendation of the board are overruled, and the recommendation of the board is confirmed.

Report confirmed and judgment accordingly.

dissenting. Section 6 of Rule XXVII of this court provides that each attorney and counselor at law or judge found guilty of misconduct shall be disciplined. Section 5 of of the same rule states that “the commission or conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude” is misconduct. The question in this case then is whether the crime for which the respondent was convicted involved moral turpitude.

As stated in the facts, the respondent failed to file federal income tax returns for the years 1955, 1958 and 1959. He was charged and convicted in each case of violating Section 7203, Title 26, U. S. Code, which provides:

“Any person required under this title to pay any estimated tax or tax, or required by this title or by regulations made under authority thereof to make a return * * * who willfully fails to pay such estimated tax or tax, make such return, keep such records, or supply such information, at the time or times required by law or regulations, shall * # # be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $10,000, or imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both, together with the costs of prosecution.” (Emphasis added.)

*548As might reasonably be expected, state courts have reached different answers as to whether a failure to make a federal income tax return is an offense involving moral turpitude. See annotation, 59 A. L. R. (2d), 1398. One of the reasons for the different conclusions reached by courts is the difficulty of defining “moral turpitude”. See Cincinnati Bar Association v. Massengale (1961), 171 Ohio St., 442; Words and Phrases, under the heading, “Moral Turpitude”. It certainly means something extremely bad since turpitude is derived from the Latin word, “turpis,” meaning vile. In re McBride (1956), 164 Ohio St., 419, 425. The Oxford English Dictionary defines ‘‘ turpitude ’’ as “base or shameful character; baseness, vileness; depravity, wickedness.” Not all crimes involve moral turpitude. See In re Jacoby (1943), 74 Ohio App., 147, 155. But as a general rule it could reasonably be said that those crimes classed as mala in se, e. g., murder, rape, robbery, larceny, burglary, involve moral turpitude. The real area of difficulty lies where the act or omission is criminal only because ordered or prohibited by statute.

The mere fact that a person acts so as to violate the positive statutory law does not necessarily mean that the conduct is base or vile. Today, as always, we live in a time when men have deliberately acted contrary to statutory law and yet no reasonable person would deem every such action infected with moral turpitude. See the article by Professor Charles Frankel entitled, “Is It Ever Right to Break the Law?”, in the New York Times Magazine, January 12, 1964, page 17.

There is nothing inherently good or bad about filing or not filing an income tax return. Only within the last 50 years has there been a federal income tax. In the early days there were serious questions as to the policy and constitutionality of a federal income tax. The number of men who have at some time sought to evade the payment of this tax or another, or some part thereof, is legion. Even within the past decade some persons have built substantial public careers by willfully and deliberately refusing to pay federally imposed income or other types of taxes.

To say that one who knowingly fails to file a federal income tax return is base or vile or depraved is to misuse words. ■ Apparently, state courts in disciplinary proceedings against attor*549neys at law most often have viewed the crime of tax evasion as one not necessarily involving moral turpitude. 59 A. L. E. (2d), 1398, 1401. In this connection, how is the respondent’s failure to file a federal income tax return on three occasions any more base, vile or depraved than his failure to file such return on a single occasion? Such conduct certainly does not involve any fraud.

Just how the previous standing and record of respondent or how our appraisal of his future conduct in the light of his past record affects in any respect a determination as to whether he was convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude escapes me. These factors may and should, however, be considered in determining the discipline to impose if, and only if, the respondent has committed or has been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude.

I do not condone respondent’s conduct, but it would seem that the statutorily prescribed penalties for failure to file a federal income tax return are sufficient. Presumably Congress has determined that the penalties prescribed are adequate for the offense and sufficient to secure compliance with the law. There is no question that, in addition to the other tax penalties provided by law, the respondent should be punished after conviction, as he was, by criminal sentence.

Since in my opinion the crime of knowingly failing to file federal income tax returns pursuant to the requirements of Section 7203, Title 26, U. S. Code, does not involve those qualities of baseness, vileness, or depravity necessary to constitute moral (turpitude, there is no basis for indefinitely suspending respondent from his sole means of livelihood, the practice of law. As the complaint against the respondent involves no other charge of misconduct and the only evidence of misconduct presented consisted of certified copies of the information and judgments of the federal court against him, I would dismiss the complaint.

It is worthy of note that the crime for which this court indefinitely suspends the respondent from his profession and sole means of livelihood, when considered by the federal court, which had authority to impose a fine of $10,000 and a year in prison, or both, for each violation, was deemed to warrant a sentence, covering all three counts, of only $500 and three months in prison.