Lewis v. Wal-Mart Stores East, L.P.
Lewis v. Wal-Mart Stores East, L.P.
Opinion of the Court
' 1 Latricia Lewis appeals from the district court's order granting summary judgment. The appeal has been assigned to the accelerated docket pursuant to Oklahoma Supreme Court Rule 1.36(b), 12 0.8. Supp.2008, ch. 15, app. 1, and the matter stands submitted without appellate briefing. Based on our review of the record on appeal and applicable law, we find that there are material issues of fact that preclude summary judgment and, therefore, reverse and remand for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND FACTS
12 On September 2, 2005, Lewis's five-year-old son went to the Chandler, Oklahoma, Wal-Mart with his aunt and sister. While there, he went into the men's restroom. His aunt waited outside the restroom door for him. Inside the restroom, the child was sexually assaulted by Steven Knudson. Knudson pled guilty and was convicted of the crime. Knudson was not a Wal-Mart employee but was on the premises apparently for the purpose of soliciting donations for the New Life Church.
13 Lewis sued Wal-Mart based on a premises lability theory of negligence, alleging that Wal-Mart (1) breached its duty to maintain its premises in a reasonably safe condition; (2) knew or should have known of the risk of harm created by Knudson's presence on the property; and (8) failed to protect her son from a known danger. Wal-Mart moved for summary judgment, asserting that the molestation incident was "an intervening criminal act of a third party," that it had no control over or duty to prevent. Following a hearing, the district court granted summary judgment to Wal-Mart. Lewis appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
I 4 We review a trial court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Carmichael v. Beller, 1996 OK 48, ¶ 2, 914 P.2d 1051, 1053. On review, we examine the pleadings and evi-dentiary materials submitted by the parties to determine whether there exists a genuine issue of material fact. Id. This Court bears "an affirmative duty to test all evidentiary material tendered in summary process for its legal sufficiency to support the relief sought by the movant." Copeland v. The Lodge Enters., Inc., 2000 OK 36, ¶ 8, 4 P.3d 695, 699. The summary process requires that we determine whether the record reveals only undisputed material facts supporting only a single inference that favors the movant's motion for summary judgment. Id. Further, when
T5 The burden of producing "acceptable evidentiary material" to support every material fact is on the movant, Okla. Dist. Ct. R. 13(b), 12 O.S. Supp.2007, ch. 2, app., and the trial court has the burden "to insure that the motion is meritorious." Spirgis v. Circle K Stores, Inc., 1987 OK CIV APP 45, ¶ 10, 743 P.2d 682, 685 (approved for publication by the Oklahoma Supreme Court). If evidentia-ry materials have not been submitted to support each material fact, the motion should be denied. Id. Further, the opposing party need not respond to or challenge material facts asserted by the moving party that are not supported by acceptable evidentiary material. Id. at ¶ 9, 743 P.2d at 684.
DISCUSSION
I. The Child's Entry Status On The Property
16 "Duty is the threshold question in any negligence action." Bray v. St. John Health Sys. Inc., 2008 OK 51, ¶ 6, 187 P.3d 721, 723. The duty of care a property owner must exercise "expands or contracts based on the entrant's status." Pickens v. Tulsa Metro. Ministry, 1997 OK 152, ¶ 10, 951 P.2d 1079, 1083. It is undisputed that Lewis's son, his aunt and his sister were business invitees.
Those cases wherein liability has been held to attach recognize the presence of some physical fact or cireumstance occasioned by an act or omission of the storekeeper which, although obvious and not dangerous within itself, forms an integral part of an eventuality out of which injury arose.
J.J. Newberry Co. v. Lancaster, 1964 OK 21, ¶ 22, 391 P.2d 224, 228. Knowledge of the dangerous condition will be imputed to the storekeeper if he knew of the dangerous condition ... or if the condition was created by him, or by his employees acting within the seope of their employment. Williams v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 1973 OK 119, ¶ 3, 515 P.2d 223, 225.
II. Whether Wal-Mart Demonstrated Entitlement To Judgment As a Matter of Law
T7 In the statement of undisputed facts in its motion for summary judgment, Wal-Mart asserted that it "had no prior knowledge of Knudson or of any similar criminal activity on its premises." Wal-Mart supported this assertion with the January 2008 affidavit of the Chandler store's current manager, Chris Nelson,
1 8 In her response to the motion for summary judgment, Lewis disputed Wal-Mart's asserted lack of prior knowledge. Lewis
T9 Nothing in the record indicates how long Knudson and Moses were on the premises. It may be that Knudson and Moses were not given permission to solicit on the Chandler Wal-Mart premises, or that Wal-Mart officials did not know the two men were associated with the New Life Church. Wal-Mart's summary judgment materials do not address these issues. Nonetheless, viewed in the light most favorable to Lewis, the eviden-tiary materials of record support a contrary inference favorable to Lewis. As the party opposing summary judgment, Lewis is entitled to that inference. Hargrave, 1990 OK 43 at 114, 792 P.2d at 55. Assuming Wal-Mart officials knew or should have known that Knudson posed a security threat, we cannot determine, as a matter of law, that Wal-Mart did not breach its duty of care to Lewis's son.
{10 There is an additional reason why the store manager's narrowly focused affidavit fails to support Wal-Mart's claimed entitlement to judgment as a matter of law. In its motion for summary judgment, Wal-Mart asserted that it had "no legal duty to accompany each minor child on its premises to the restroom to confirm that a sexual predator is not in the restroom," and that it "could not have foreseen [the sexual molestation] occurring." It was not necessary, however, for Lewis to show that Wal-Mart was specifically aware of, or could have foreseen, the exact crime or the specific location on its premises where patrons might be injured by the tortious acts of third persons. The Oklahoma Supreme Court has declined to adopt such a limited scope of foreseeability. Bray v. St. John Health Sys. Inc., 2008 OK 51 at ¶ 12, 187 P.3d at 725 (reversing summary judgment where the facts showed the property owner was aware of criminal activity although the exact crime for which plaintiff sued had not previously occurred).
¶ 11 It is true, as Wal-Mart argued to the district court, that a business owner is not "an insurer against eriminal attack." Cordes v. Wood, 1996 OK 68, ¶ 10, 918 P.2d 76, 78. Although business owners have no general duty to protect others from the criminal activities of third persons, this rule "is not absolute." Taylor v. Hynson, 1993 OK 93, 120, 856 P.2d 278, 282. Business owners have a duty to implement reasonable measures to protect their patrons from criminal acts when those acts are foreseeable. Bray, 2008 OK 51 at ¶ 13, 187 P.3d at 725.
¶ 12 To determine the foreseeability issue, the Oklahoma Supreme Court has adopted the approach of the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 3844 (1965). Bray at 112, 187 P.3d at 724. Section 344 provides, at comment f;
Duty to police premises. Since the possessor is not an insurer of the visitor's*10 safety, he is ordinarily under no duty to exercise any care until he knows or has reason to know that the acts of the third person are occurring, or are about to occur. He may, however, know or have reason to know, from past experience, that there is a likelihood of conduct on the part of third persons in general which is likely to endanger the safety of the visitor, even though he has no reason to expect it on the part of any particular individual. If the place or character of his business, or his past experience, is such that he should reasonably anticipate careless or criminal conduct on the part of third persons, either generally or at some particular time, he may be under a duty to take precautions against it, and to provide a reasonably sufficient number of servants to afford a reasonable protection.
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 emt. f (1965)(emphasis added). Thus, if a landowner knows or has reason to know from past experience that it should reasonably anticipate criminal activity on its premises, the landowner may be required to afford reasonable protection to its business invitees. See Bray, 2008 OK 51 at ¶¶ 13-14, 187 P.3d at 725.
Wal-Mart's summary judgment motion does not address the material issue of its knowledge of previous criminal incidents on the premises. The store manager's affidavit addresses only the specific crime of sexual molestation and does not mention any other type of predatory or violent crime directed against store patrons. Further, the affidavit is limited to the Chandler store. It does not address Wal-Mart's general corporate knowledge regarding such matters.
III. Assumption Of The Risk And/Or Contributory Negligence
114 In the third undisputed fact set forth in its summary judgment motion, Wal-Mart asserted that Lewis's son was allowed to go into the restroom "unattended."
Plaintiff assumed all normal or ordinary risks incident to the use of the premises which included allowing a five year old child use the restroom unattended. Defendant Wal-Mart is under no legal duty to accompany each minor child on its premises to the restroom to confirm that a sexual predator is not in the restroom or will not assault the child. The adult fnvi-tee with the child must assume that responsibility, if anyone.
To the extent that Wal-Mart may have intended by this assertion to argue that the aunt was negligent in allowing the child to enter the restroom by himself, not only are the facts susceptible of conflicting inferences, but also contributory negligence is a question of fact for the jury, and cannot be resolved on summary judgment. Okla. Const. art. 283, § 6 ("The defense of contributory negligence or of assumption of the risk shall, in all cases whatsoever, be a question of fact, and shall, at all times, be left to the jury."). Further, a young child (under age 7) cannot be guilty of
CONCLUSION
15 "Every civil case subject to summary proceedings must be grounded and considered upon its own peculiar pleadings, affidavits, exhibits, admissions, depositions, and the like, and if reasonable persons in the exercise of fair and impartial judgment might reach different conclusions on consideration of the same, summary judgment must be denied." Spirgis 1987 OK CIV APP 45 at 113, 748 P.2d at 685. As previously discussed, material questions of fact preclude summary judgment in this case. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the case for further proceedings.
{16 REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS.
. In its summary judgment motion,, Wal-Mart did not dispute the child's status.
. It is not clear from the record when Nelson became the store's manager.
. The nature of these "behavior issues" is not identified in the record.
. Lewis disputed this contention, pointing out that the child's aunt was standing outside of the restroom.
. Also material to the issue of duty, and not addressed in its summary judgment motion, is whether Wal-Mart had general corporate policies or procedures related to the safety of its store patrons and, if so, the extent to which the management at the Chandler store did or did not conform to those policies.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Latricia D. LEWIS, individually and on behalf of her minor child, Trey Lewis v. WAL-MART STORES EAST, L.P.
- Cited By
- 7 cases
- Status
- Published