Satterfield v. Gov't Emps. Ins. Co.
Satterfield v. Gov't Emps. Ins. Co.
Opinion of the Court
On June 22, 2016, plaintiff Chanelle Satterfield filed suit in the District Court for Garfield County, Oklahoma, against Kailee Taylor. See Doc. 1-2. Satterfield alleged that she was a passenger in an automobile that was struck by an automobile driven by Taylor and as a result of Taylor's negligent operation of her vehicle, she (Satterfield) sustained injury. See id.
Satterfield and Taylor "settled all issues[,]" Doc. 1-7, between them, and on June 21, 2017, Satterfield dismissed her claim against Taylor with prejudice. See Doc. 1-9. On July 18, 2017, Satterfield, *1290with leave of court, filed an amended petition and named as defendant, her insurer, Government Employees Insurance Company ("GEICO").See Doc. 1-10.
In her second amended petition filed on November 22, 2017, see Doc. 1-12, Satterfield alleged that on July 24, 2014, the date of the accident, she was insured by GEICO under an automobile policy, No. 4163-72-30-10 ("Policy"), which provided uninsured/underinsured motorist ("UM") benefits
GEICO removed the action on November 22, 2017, see Doc. 1, and asserted in the Notice of Removal that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction under title 28, section 1332 of the United States Code because the citizenship of the parties is diverse
The matter now comes before the Court on GEICO's Motion to Dismiss. Satterfield has responded, and GEICO has filed a reply in support of its argument that dismissal of this action is warranted under *1291Rules 12(b)(2) 5 and 12(b)(3), F.R.Civ.P., and title 28, section 1406(a) of the United States Code because the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over GEICO and venue is improper and in support of its alternate argument that transfer of this matter is warranted under title 28, section 1404(a) of the United States Code.
"[J]urisdiction of the person traditionally has been analyzed in terms of two different elements[.]" 1 R. Casad & W. Richman, Jurisdiction in Civil Actions at 6, § 1-1[2][a] (3d ed. 1998)("JCA"). The first element-process-pertains to the "officially prescribed procedural steps [that] must be taken to connect the party to the [C]ourt's authority[,]" Id. at 8, § 1-1 [2][b]; "[t]he act of performing the prescribed steps [constitutes] ... service of process." Id. (emphasis deleted). That is to say, " 'service of process ... provides the mechanism by which [this] ... [C]ourt having ... jurisdiction over the subject matter of [the] ... action asserts jurisdiction over the person of the party served.' " Hukill v. Oklahoma Native American Domestic Violence Coalition,
Because there is no issue regarding whether GEICO has been properly served in this case, see Doc. 1-13, the Court has considered the second element of jurisdiction over the person-basis, e.g., JCA at 6, § 1-1 [2][a], which refers to "the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation ...." Shaffer v. Heitner,
"To obtain personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant in a diversity action, a plaintiff must show that jurisdiction is legitimate under the laws of the forum state[.]" Far West Capital, Inc. v. Towne,
Because the applicable Oklahoma statute provides that
[a] court of this state may exercise jurisdiction on any basis consistent with the Constitution[s] of this state and ... the United States,
12 O.S. § 2004(F), that two-part test has "collapse[d] into a single due process analysis[.]" Rambo,
In this context, due process requires a nonresident defendant to "have certain minimum contacts with ... [the forum] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend 'traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.' International Shoe Co. v. Washington,
"Specific jurisdiction calls for a two-step inquiry: (a) whether the plaintiff has shown that the defendant has minimum contacts with the forum state; and, if so, (b) whether the defendant has presented a 'compelling case that the presence of some other considerations would render jurisdiction unreasonable.' " Old Republic Insurance,
Thus, critical to the Court's specific jurisdiction inquiry (and dispositive of that inquiry in this case) is "whether [Satterfield's] ... injuries 'arise out of [GEICO's] ... forum-related activities."
Satterfield is not an Oklahoma resident; she resides in Virginia, see Doc. 1-2 at 2, ¶ 1; Doc. 13-2 at 5, and GEICO issued the Policy to Satterfield in that state. See Doc. 12-3. After Satterfield was injured in an automobile accident in Oklahoma,
Thus, while Satterfield's burden at this stage "is light[,]" Doe v. National Medical Services,
As stated, the first step of the Court's specific jurisdiction analysis-the minimum contacts test-also encompasses the distinct requirement "that the defendant must have 'purposefully directed its activities at residents of the forum state,' " Old Republic Insurance,
A. This policy applies only to accidents and losses which occur:
1. During the policy period as show in the Declarations; and
2. Within the policy territory.
B. The policy territory is:
1. The United States of America ....
To the extent, if any, Satterfield has met her burden of showing minimum contacts based on this provision,
In this connection, the Court "determine[s] whether jurisdiction is reasonable by considering the following factors: '(1) the burden on the defendant, (2) the forum state's interest in resolving the dispute, (3) the plaintiff's interest in receiving convenient and effective relief, (4) the interstate judicial system's interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies, and (5) the shared interest of the several states in furthering fundamental social policies.' "
Based on the record, the Court finds that GEICO has made the necessary showing. " '[A] state may ... have an interest in adjudicating a dispute between two non-residents where the defendant's conduct affects forum residents[, or] ... where resolution of the dispute require a general application of the forum state's laws.' " Employers Mutual Casualty Co. v. Bartile Roofs, Inc.,
As to the third factor-whether Satterfield's interest in receiving convenient or effective relief is enhanced by litigation in this forum, the Court finds that while Oklahoma law may differ from Virginia law and that such difference may affect the monetary relief Satterfield may recover, Satterfield has not argued that her claims will be completely foreclosed if the Court declines to exercise jurisdiction over GEICO.
*1296"The fourth factor [of the Court's reasonableness inquiry further] asks 'whether the forum state is the most efficient place to litigate the dispute[,]' " TH Agriculture & Nutrition, 488 F.3d at 1295 (quotation omitted); " '[k]ey to this inquiry are the location of witnesses, where the wrong underlying the lawsuit occurred, [and] what forum's substantive law governs the case
In assessing the burden on a nonresident defendant, which the United States Supreme Court has deemed "the 'primary concern[,]' " Bristol-Myers,
"The fifth factor of the reasonableness inquiry 'focuses on whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction by [this Court] ... affects the substantive social policy interests of other states ....' " TH Agriculture & Nutrition, 488 F.3d at 1297 (quotation omitted). The Court finds that its exercise of jurisdiction could affect a policy interest of another state, such as Virginia, since the plaintiff is a resident of that state and "Virginia has a compelling interest in providing a forum for its residents when insurers refuse to pay a claim." Rossman v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.,
The second type of jurisdiction-"general jurisdiction"-refers to a court's power to hear claims against a nonresident corporate defendant when that defendant's "affiliations with the State in which suit is brought are so constant and pervasive 'as to render [it] essentially at home in the forum State.' "
*1297Daimler AG v. Bauman,
In doing so, the Court has " 'impose[d] a more stringent minimum contacts test,' " Old Republic Insurance,
"The 'paradigm' forums in which a corporate defendant is 'at home[ ]' ... are the corporation's place of incorporation and its principal place of business[,]" BNSF Railway Co. v. Tyrrell, --- U.S. ----,
To demonstrate GEICO's contacts in Oklahoma,
In any event, the Court's "general jurisdiction inquiry does not 'focu[s] solely on the magnitude of the defendant's in-state contacts.' " Daimler, 134 S.Ct. at 762 n.20 (quotation omitted). Rather, as the United States Supreme Court has held, "[g]eneral jurisdiction instead calls for an appraisal of a corporation's activities in their entirety, nationwide and worldwide[,]" id., and to aid the Court in its appraisal, Satterfield has directed the Court to the allegations in the second amended petition: GEICO "boasts that it is the second-largest private passenger auto insurer in the United States and employs more than 36,000 associates; maintains 16 major offices around the country, has [7] affiliated companies to meet insurance needs of drivers; and has more than 24 million auto policies in force." Doc. 1-12 at 3, ¶ 4.
*1298Satterfield has not however demonstrated by these allegations that GEICO is "heavily engaged in activity in [Oklahoma,]" BNSF Railway, 137 S.Ct. at 1559 ; instead, she has only shown that GEICO "operates in many places." Daimler, 134 S.Ct. at 762 n.20 ; e.g., id. ("[C]orporation that operates in places can scarcely be deemed at home in all of them. Otherwise, 'at home' would be synonymous with 'doing business[.]' "). Because Satterfield has not shown that GEICO is any more "at home" in Oklahoma than it is "at home" in any other state where it conduct operations, the Court finds Satterfield has not made a prima facie showing of general jurisdiction over GEICO.
The Court has next considered whether venue in proper in this district. Title 28, section 1391(b) of the United States Code provides in pertinent part that a civil action may be brought in
(1) a judicial district in which any defendant resides ...; (2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred ...; or (3) if there is no district in which an action may otherwise be brought as provided in this section, any judicial district in which [the] ... defendant is subject to the court's personal jurisdiction with respect to such action.
To show that venue is proper under subsection (b)(2), Satterfield is required to show that "a substantial part of the events ... giving rise to [her] claim[s] [against GEICO] occurred [in the Western District of Oklahoma] ...."
GEICO has urged the Court transfer the matter under title 28, section 1406(a) of the United States Code. That statute provides that a
court of a district in which is filed a case laying venue in the wrong ... district shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of *1299justice, transfer such case to any district ... in which it could have been brought.
"Although ... [section]1406(a) ... contain[s] the word 'shall,' ... [the Tenth Circuit] ha[s] interpreted the phrase 'if it is in the interest of justice' to grant [a] ... district court discretion in making [the] ...decision to transfer an action or ... to dismiss the action without prejudice." Trujillo v. Williams,
Based on the foregoing, the Court
(1) having determined that it lacks in personam jurisdiction over GEICO and that venue in the Western District of Oklahoma is improper,
(2) FINDS in the interest of justice that this matter should be transferred to the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia pursuant to
(3) DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to transfer this action to the Clerk of that judicial district.
The Policy issued by GEICO provided UM benefits in the amount of $300,000.00 per person/$300,000.00 per accident. See Doc. 13-4. Satterfield paid premiums for three vehicles as evidenced by the Declarations relevant to the coverage period, May 5, 2014, to November 5, 2014. See
At the time of the accident, Taylor had in effect a policy of insurance with State Farm Insurance Company. Liability for bodily injury under that policy was limited to $100,000.00. See Doc. 1-16. It was GEICO's opinion that Satterfield was not entitled to UM benefits because, as it advised Satterfield by letter dated May 17, 2016, Satterfield's "claim [was] ... within ... [Taylor's policy] limits."
GEICO's decision on May 17, 2016, regarding UM benefits, see
While GEICO stated in its Notice of Removal that Satterfield is a resident of the State of Virginia, see Doc. 1-10 at 1, ¶ 1, it did not include any allegations regarding Satterfield's citizenship. See Siloam Springs Hotel, L.L.C. v. Century Surety Co.,
GEICO is incorporated under the laws of the State of Maryland and maintains its principal place of business in Chevy Chase, Maryland. See Doc. 1-17. For purposes of diversity jurisdiction, GEICO is deemed to be a citizen of that state. See
Certain circuits have stated " 'that the determination of specific personal jurisdiction is a claim-specific inquiry.' " Grynberg v. Ivanhoe Energy, Inc.,
While the Tenth Circuit has not mandated a claim-by-claim jurisdictional analysis, it has observed that "[t]he first element [of the Court's specific jurisdiction analysis] can appear in different guises. In the tort context, [courts] ... often ask whether the nonresident defendant 'purposefully directed' its activities at the forum state; in contract cases, meanwhile, [courts] ... sometimes ask whether the defendant 'purposefully availed' itself of the privilege of conducting activities or consummating a transaction in the forum state. Dudnikov,
"The purposeful direction and 'arising out of' requirements together comprise the minimum contacts analysis. Courts do not always address these requirements separately or in the same sequential order."
"[T]he relationship between a defendant and the forum State 'must arise out of contacts that "the defendant himself" creates with the forum State,' and those contacts must be 'with the forum State itself, not ... with persons who reside there[.]' " Anzures,
That Satterfield was injured in an automobile accident in Oklahoma and briefly treated for those injuries in this forum is happenstance. The forum itself must be the focal point of the plaintiffs claims; in this instance, it is GEICO's decision that Satterfield's was not entitled to UM benefits that gives rise to this lawsuit, and not the automobile accident.
To the extent Satterfield has relied on GEICO's communications with its own counsel or with her counsel in this state, again, the Court "looks to the defendant's contacts with the forum State itself, not the defendant's contacts with persons who reside there." Walden,
See Walden,
GEICO's claims handling process involved individuals located in among other places San Diego, California, see, e.g., Doc. 13-2 at 1-3, 7, 9-10, and Dallas Texas. See id. at 11-15.
See TH Agriculture & Nutrition, LLC v. Ace European Group Ltd.,
Even if a "defendant's contacts satisfy[y] the minimum contacts test (which includes the purposeful direction [or purposeful availment] requirement), [the Court may] ... nevertheless h[o]ld that specific jurisdiction [is] ... improper based on the fair play and substantial justice (or reasonableness) prong of the due process analysis." Old Republic Insurance,
As the Tenth Circuit has stated, in discussing McGee: "[t]he presence of the plaintiff [in the forum is]... not the substantial connection[ for purposes of specific jurisdiction;] rather it [is] ... the insurance company's purposeful acts soliciting business in the forum state. In contrast, there is no substantial connection between [an] ... insurance contract ... and the state of Oklahoma [where the contract is delivered in another state, the claim was filed by a resident of another state and no premiums were mailed from Oklahoma]." Rambo,
Although Satterfield has argued that the laws of the State of Virginia differ in some respects from the laws of the State of Oklahoma, the issue of the applicable state law has not yet been resolved and Satterfield has advanced no argument that a court in another forum could not properly apply Oklahoma law, if necessary and appropriate. Compare 15 O.S. § 162 (contract is to be interpreted according to law and usage of place where it is to be performed, or, if contract does not indicate place of performance, according to law and usage of place where it is made) with Buchanan v. Doe,
See n.16, supra.
lf the Court's inquiry did focus solely on "practical problems [that would] result[ ] from litigating in th[is] forum," Bristol-Myers, 137 S.Ct. at 1780, the Court would find that GEICO would suffer little, if any, prejudice if obligated to defend this case in this State.
See Daimler, 134 S.Ct. at 761 (inquiry under Goodyear is not whether foreign corporation's in-forum contacts can be said to be in some sense "continuous and systematic," but rather, whether that corporation's " 'affiliations with the State are so "continuous and systematic" as to render [it] essentially at home in the forum State' ").
See BNSF Railway, 137 S.Ct. at 1558-59 (fourteenth amendment due process constraint described in Daimler applies to all state-court assertions of general jurisdiction over nonresident defendants and does not vary with type of claim asserted or business enterprise sued).
For purposes of section 1391(b), a corporate defendant is deemed to reside "in any judicial district in which such defendant is subject to the court's personal jurisdiction with respect to the civil action in question."
In determining whether venue is proper under section 1391(b)(2), the Court must first "examine the nature of the plaintiff's claims and the acts or omissions underlying those claims." Employers Mutual Casualty,
See Martin v. Gray,
"A court may ... cure jurisdictional and venue defects by transferring a suit under the federal transfer statutes,
"[F]actors warranting transfer rather than dismissal, at least under [28 U.S.C.] § 1631, include finding that the new action would be time barred, that the claims are likely to have merit, and that the original action was filed in good faith rather than filed after 'plaintiff either realized or should have realized that the forum in which ... she filed was improper[.]' " Trujillo,
Because GEICO's arguments under Rules 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(3), supra, and section 1406(a) are dispositive, the Court has not considered GEICO's alternate argument that transfer of this action is warranted under section 1404(a).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Chanelle SATTERFIELD v. GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES INSURANCE COMPANY
- Cited By
- 6 cases
- Status
- Published