Hicks v. Central Point School District
Hicks v. Central Point School District
Opinion of the Court
Concerned that government jobs were being outsourced to private contractors under circumstances that either drove up costs for taxpayers or, alternatively, saved money for taxpayers solely by sacrificing family-wage jobs, the Oregon legislature amended the Public Contracting Code (the code)
This appeal requires us to assess how, if at all, the Central Point School District’s (the district) cost analysis pertaining to the provision of student transportation services, and its related determination that that cost analysis authorized it to contract out with First Student for the provision of student transportation services, are subject to judicial review and, if they are reviewable, whether the district’s cost analysis complied with statutory requirements. We conclude that the district’s cost analysis, and its determination that that analysis permitted procurement, are subject to review in this action for declaratory relief, under the standard of review established by ORS 279B.145. We further conclude that the district’s cost analysis did not comply with the requirements of the code, specifically, the requirements of ORS 279B.033. Those conclusions require us to reverse and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Before 2009, a public body considering contracting out for the provision of government services was permitted to initiate the procurement
“(1) Except as provided in ORS 279B.036, before conducting a procurement for services with an estimated contract price that exceeds $250,000, a contracting agency shall:
“(a) Demonstrate, by means of a written cost analysis in accordance with ORS 279B.033, that the contracting agency would incur less cost in conducting the procurement than in performing the services with the contracting agency’s own personnel and resources; or
“(b) Demonstrate, in accordance with ORS 279B.036, that performing the services with the contracting agency’s own personnel and resources is not feasible.”
ORS 279B.030(1).
The district is a public body governed by the code and, in particular, by the requirements of ORS 279B.030 and ORS 279B.033. Based on concerns that its bus fleet was aging and would soon need to be replaced, the district decided to explore the option of contracting its transportation services to a private company. The district asked Robinson, its director of business services, to complete a cost analysis, which she prepared and presented to the district’s board of directors at its public meeting in March 2011. In preparing her cost estimate, Robinson did not obtain any information from which to estimate salary or wage and benefit costs for contractors involved in performing student transportation services; instead, Robinson chose to assume that a private contractor would have the same wage, salary, and benefit costs as the district.
At the March meeting of the district’s board of directors, the board approved Robinson’s cost analysis and directed the issuance of a request for proposals (RFP) for student transportation services. Then, in May 2011, after receiving defendant First Student’s RFP, the district hired Fairchild, a transportation consultant, to provide a supplemental cost analysis in light of First Student’s RFP. In his supplemental cost estimate, Fairchild, like Robinson, assumed that a contractor’s wage or salary and benefit costs would be the same as the district’s, and did not collect information from which to estimate those costs. A subcommittee of the board studied the First Student RFP and the Robinson and Fairchild cost analyses and recommended acceptance of First Student’s RFP. After a hearing on June 14, 2011, the board declared its intention to contract with First Student. The district subsequently executed a service contract with First Student. Approximately one week later, the district laid off its student transportation employees, including plaintiff, who had been employed as a bus driver for the district.
Within a few weeks of receiving notice that she was being laid off, plaintiff initiated this action for declaratory and injunctive relief under ORS 28.010 to 28.160.
Plaintiff thereafter moved for partial summary judgment solely on the issue of whether the district’s cost analysis satisfied the requirements of ORS 279B.033.
On appeal, plaintiff assigns error to the trial court’s ruling that the district’s cost estimates satisfy the requirements of ORS 279B.033; she asserts that the trial court erred by granting the district’s motion for summary judgment.
We conclude that the district’s cost analysis and its determination that that analysis authorized procurement were not reviewable by way of writ of review and that the trial court therefore had jurisdiction over this declaratory judgment action. However, we conclude that the trial court erred when it determined that the two cost analyses on which the district relied complied with the requirements of ORS 279B.033 and, therefore, erred when it granted the district’s motion for summary judgment. We therefore reverse the general judgment of dismissal and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
The threshold jurisdictional issue of whether the district actions challenged by plaintiff were subject to review by writ of review under ORS 34.010 to 34.102 (and, correlatively, not subject to review in this declaratory judgment action under ORS 28.010 to 28.160), presents a question of law. See, e.g., Strawberry Hill 4 Wheelers v. Benton Co. Bd.
We generally review a trial court’s ruling on cross-motions for summary judgment to determine “whether there are any disputed issues of material fact and whether either party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Vision Realty, Inc. v. Kohler, 214 Or App 220, 222, 164 P3d 330 (2007). Here, the underlying facts are not disputed; the only question is one of law. Plaintiff argues that the district’s cost analyses must be set aside under ORS 279B.145 as “contrary to law,” asserting that the cost analyses do not satisfy the requirements of ORS 279B.033(1). Whether the cost analyses comply with ORS 279B.033(1) presents a question of statutory construction that we review for legal error, with the goal of determining the intended meaning of the statute by examining the statute’s text in context, considering any relevant legislative history. State v. Gaines, 346 Or 160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009); PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 317 Or 606, 610-12, 859 P2d 1143 (1993).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Jurisdiction
Because it is potentially dispositive, we first address defendants’ cross-assignment of error, in which they contend that the district’s decision to engage in a procurement process was “quasi-judicial” and reviewable only by writ of review and, therefore, not by way of a declaratory judgment action. When a writ of review under ORS 34.010 to 34.102 is available to challenge a local government’s action, the writ of review provides the exclusive mechanism by which such action may be challenged, depriving a court of jurisdiction to review the challenged action under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, ORS 28.010 to 28.160. State ex rel City of Powers v. Coos County Airport, 201 Or App 222, 230, 119 P3d 225 (2005), rev den, 341 Or 197 (2006); League of Oregon Cities v. State of Oregon, 334 Or 645, 652, 56 P3d 892 (2002). As a result, if the district’s cost analyses and
Before analyzing whether the district’s cost analyses and its determination that those analyses authorized procurement would have been reviewable by writ of review under ORS 34.010 to 34.102, we make two observations. First, it is clear to us that the legislature intended that a contracting agency’s cost analysis under ORS 279B.033(1), and its related determination under ORS 279B.030(1) and ORS 279B.033 as to whether procurement is authorized, would be subject to judicial review in some type of proceeding. That is because the legislature expressly supplied a standard of review for those determinations. As noted, ORS 279B.145 provides, in relevant part, “The determinations under ORS 279B.030 [and] 279B.033 *** are final and conclusive unless they are clearly erroneous, arbitrary, capricious or contrary to law.” That provision would serve no purpose if a contracting agency’s cost estimates and related determinations under ORS 279B.030 and ORS 279B.033 were not subject to review at all.
Second, it is equally clear that the legislature provided no specific mechanism for review of determinations under ORS 279B.030 and ORS 279B.033. ORS 279B.400 to 279B.425 describe review procedures for the different types of public contracts and different phases of the contracting process, but the cost analysis under ORS 279B.033 and the decision that procurement is authorized are not among them.
In Strawberry Hill 4 Wheelers, the Supreme Court identified several criteria to guide the determination of whether a decision-making process was quasi-judicial: (1) Was the process, once begun, bound to result in a decision? (2) Was the decision-maker bound to apply preexisting criteria to concrete facts? (3) Was the decision directed at a closely circumscribed factual situation or a relatively small number of persons? 287 Or at 602-03. We have observed that the existence and nature of the procedural requirements governing the determination at issue also inform the determination of whether a process is quasi-judicial. Hood River Valley, 193 Or App at 498-99. The criteria are not “elements” of a quasi-judicial function; instead, they are characteristics that might indicate that a disputed action or decision-making process was judicial or quasi-judicial, as opposed to ministerial or legislative.
Before applying the relevant criteria to the district actions challenged in this proceeding—the district’s cost analyses and its related determination as to whether procurement is authorized—we start by observing that, on their face, those actions (and the process that led to them) have little in common with typical adjudicatory processes. At its core, the process is investigatory in nature, not adjudicatory. A contracting agency considering procurement for a service is charged with gathering information about the different costs associated with providing a service in-house rather than by outsourcing, in order to make an informed decision about how to proceed. Although the results of that investigatory process ultimately may limit the options available to a contracting agency as to how it can provide certain services, nothing that resembles a typical adjudication occurs.
An application of the relevant factors confirms that initial impression. We acknowledge (as defendants argue)
The second factor also points to the conclusion that the district was not engaged in a quasi-judicial function when it prepared the cost analyses at issue here and then determined from them that it could proceed with procurement of student transportation services. Although ORS 279B.033(1)
In sum, we conclude that the district’s preparation of the cost analyses at issue in this case, and its related determination that those analyses authorized procurement, did not involve the exercise of a quasi-judicial function. Accordingly, those actions were not subject to challenge by writ of review. See Koch, 306 Or at 448 (in determining that a writ of review process does not apply it is sufficient to distinguish the agency’s act from acts that are quasi-judicial); White, 258 Or App at 142 (if it is determined that the agency’s act is not quasi-judicial, it is not necessary for the court to determine what other type of action it might be). The trial court therefore had jurisdiction over this matter because, as noted above, plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a justiciable controversy under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act.
Turning finally to the merits, the question presented by plaintiff in her first assignment of error is whether the court erred in granting the district’s motion for summary judgment and rejecting plaintiffs contention that the district violated ORS 279B.030(l)(a) by failing to correctly complete the cost analysis required by ORS 279B.033 before entering into a contract for transportation services with First Student. At the heart of plaintiffs argument is the view that the cost analyses of Robinson and Fairchild do not support the trial court’s ruling on summary judgment because they were incomplete. We agree with plaintiff that, because both cost analyses omitted data that was central to the district’s comparison of costs under ORS 279B.033(2)(a), the district’s determination pursuant to ORS 279B.033(2)(a) that there were cost savings permitting it to proceed to procurement was “contrary to law.” ORS 279B.145 (providing that determinations under ORS 279B.033 may be reviewed to determine whether they are, among other things, “contrary to law”).
ORS 279B.033(l)(a)(A) provides that, “[i]n the cost analysis required under ORS 279B.030, a contracting agency shall:
“(a) Estimate the contracting agency’s cost of performing the services, including:
“(A) Salary or wage and benefit costs for contracting agency employees who are directly involved in performing the services, including employees who inspect, supervise or monitor the performance of the services.”
Additionally, under ORS 279B.033(l)(b), the cost analysis shall “[e]stimate the cost a potential contractor would incur in performing the services, including:
“(A) Average or actual salary or wage and benefit costs for contractors and employees who:
*550 “(i) Work in the industry or business most closely involved in performing the services that the contracting agency intends to procure; and
“(ii) Would be necessary and directly involved in performing the services or who would inspect, supervise or monitor the performance of the services!.]”
Then, under ORS 279B.033(2)(a), the contracting agency is required to compare its own costs with those of the potential contractor, and may proceed with the procurement
“only if the contracting agency would incur more cost in performing the services with the contracting agency’s own personnel and resources than the contracting agency would incur in procuring the services from a contractor.”
But the agency may not proceed with the procurement
“if the sole reason that the costs estimated [for the potential contractor] are lower than the costs estimated [for the contracting agency] is because the costs estimated [for the potential contractor’s salary or wage and benefits] are lower than the costs estimated [for the contracting agency’s salary or wage and benefits].”
ORS 279B.033(2)(a).
In plaintiffs view, neither the Robinson nor the Fairchild cost analysis satisfies the salary, wage, and benefits comparison required by ORS 279B.033(2)(a). The Robinson analysis estimated the district’s personnel costs based on the district’s budget for the previous academic year (2010-2011), for a total of $1,555,735 for all personnel costs related to transportation. The Robinson report then assumed the identical cost for the “potential contractor,” explaining:
“The district cannot determine contractor’s wage and benefit programs until RFP’s have been received. We anticipate a contractor to pay a competitive wage relative to the services offered. Contractors have economies of scale for reduced health benefit costs. Due to this lack of information we are using the assumption that the cost will be equal to that of the District”
(Emphasis added.) The Fairchild cost analysis similarly assumed that First Student would pay its employees the
Plaintiff asserts that this method of “estimating” the potential contractor’s personnel costs is not an estimate at all within the meaning of ORS 279B.033; rather, it is an assumption. Plaintiff further asserts that the district’s reliance on that assumption to prepare its cost analyses renders those analyses, and the related determination that those analyses authorized procurement, contrary to ORS 279B.033 and, thus, “contrary to law.” Defendants do not directly respond to that contention, except to agree with the trial court’s conclusion that it was a “very conservative (and defensible) assumption” in light of the “absence of actual data,” and not “so irrational as to violate the statute.”
We conclude, based on the text of ORS 279B.033, that the district’s reliance on assumptions in preparing the cost analysis required by the statutes rendered that cost analysis “contrary to law.” As noted, ORS 279B.033 describes the cost analysis that must precede a contracting agency’s decision to proceed with a procurement. The contracting agency’s cost analysis “shall”
*551 “[e]stimate the cost a potential contractor would incur in performing the services, including:
“(A) Average or actual salary or wage and benefit costs for contractors and employees who:
“(i) Work in the industry or business most closely involved in performing the services that the contracting agency intends to procure [.]”
*552 “The contracting agency may not proceed with the procurement if the sole reason that the costs estimated in subsection (l)(b) of this section are lower than the costs estimated in subsection (l)(a) of this section is because the costs estimated in subsection (l)(b)(A) of this section are lower than the costs estimated in subsection (l)(a)(A) of this section.”
The statute unambiguously requires an “estimate” of the potential contractor’s personnel costs.
In Oregon Cable Telecommunications v. Dept. of Rev., 237 Or App 628, 636, 240 P3d 1122 (2010), we observed that the term “estimate” encompasses “the act of appraising or valuing: VALUATION, CALCULATION; ‘a judgment made from usually mathematical calculation especially from incomplete data : a rough or approximate calculation[.]’” (Quoting Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 799 (unabridged ed 2002).). That definition is apt here: The “estimates” of personnel costs required by ORS 279B.033 require the act of appraisal or valuation based on calculations based on data. Although data may be incomplete, resulting in calculations that are “rough or approximate,” we believe that, in enacting ORS 279B.033, the legislature intended for a contracting agency to go through the process of creating an “estimate”: collecting data and making calculations and appraisals based on that data.
The legislative history of ORS 279B.030 and ORS 279B.033 confirms that the legislature understood and intended for the term “estimate” in those provisions to encompass the process of collecting information and assessing costs based on that information. The proponents of the
“The bill requires that the contracting agency estimates the costs of wages and benefits of a possible contractor for providing the service. The agency can look to past contracts and also there is extensive information available from the Oregon Employment Department about the average salary of different jobs in different areas of the state. At their website [], an agency can search for the job title by county to get an average wage. In addition, the Employment Department does studies on average benefits.
“It is critical that contracting agencies are taking the time to estimate the costs of potential contractors before they receive bids so that they can compare the different propos- ■ als from contractors to ensure that they are within reason of [] how much the service should cost.”
Testimony, House Committee on Rules, HB 2867, May 27, 2009, Ex 15, pp. 4-5 (written statement of Melissa Unger, on behalf of Service Employees International Union, Local 503) (underscoring in original).
The district’s decision to base its cost estimate for the potential contractor on an assumption circumvented the process intended by the legislature in ORS 279B.033. Because the district relied on assumptions about salary, wage, and benefit costs, and did not include estimates of actual salary, wage, and benefit costs for potential contractors as required by ORS 279B.033(l)(b), its cost analysis did not comply with the statute.
IV. CONCLUSION
The district’s cost analyses were “contrary to law.” The trial court erred in concluding otherwise. The general judgment of dismissal is reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
According to ORS 279A.005, “ORS chapters 279A, 279B and 279C may be cited as the Public Contracting Code.”
“Procurement” is another word for the governmental process of contracting for the purpose of acquiring goods or services. The code defines it as follows:
“‘Procurement’ means the act of purchasing, leasing, renting or otherwise acquiring goods or services. ‘Procurement’ includes each function and procedure undertaken or required to be undertaken by a contracting agency to enter into a public contract, administer a public contract and obtain performance of a public contract under the Public Contracting Code.”
ORS 279A.010(l)(w).
As defined in the code, ‘“[c]ontracting agency’ means a public body authorized by law to conduct a procurement.” ORS 279A.010(b).
Specifically, OES 279B.033(2)(a) provides:
“After comparing the difference between the costs estimated as provided in subsection (l)(a) of this section with the costs estimated as provided in subsection (l)(b) of this section, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection, the contracting agency may proceed with the procurement only if the contracting agency would incur more cost in performing the services with the contracting agency’s own personnel and resources than the contracting agency would incur in procuring the services from a contractor. The contracting agency may not proceed with the procurement if the sole reason that the costs estimated in subsection (l)(b) of this section are lower than the costs estimated in subsection (l)(a) of this section is because the costs estimated in subsection (l)(b)(A) of this section are lower than the costs estimated in subsection (l)(a)(A) of this section.”
The parties originally had not been aware of the estimate prepared by Robinson. First Student discovered it after the summary judgment record had closed and moved for leave to re-open the summary judgment record to submit that estimate in connection with its opposition to plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment and in support of the district’s cross-motion for summary judgment. The trial court granted the motion.
In their motions, the parties did not address the other legal issues raised by plaintiff’s complaint: whether any deficiency in the cost analysis would have the effect of voiding the contract and whether plaintiff would be entitled to reinstatement and back wages if the contract was void, either by virtue of some independent source of law or as a product of the court’s remedial authority under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act. The district also argued that plaintiff’s action was barred by laches.
We note, as we reiterated in Butcher v. McClain, 244 Or App 316, 329 n 2, 260 P3d 611 (2011), that a declaratory judgment action is not properly subject to dismissal, except for want of a justiciable controversy. However, the parties have not raised any issues regarding the form of the trial court’s disposition.
Plaintiff also assigns error to the trial court’s decision to re-open the summary judgment record to permit the submission of the cost estimate performed by Robinson. That decision was within the trial court’s discretion, see Finney v. Bransom, 326 Or 472, 479, 953 P2d 377 (1998) (trial court’s modification of ORCP 47 C time lines reviewed for abuse of discretion), and we reject plaintiff’s challenge to it without further discussion.
The legislative history of the 2009 amendments to the code also supports the conclusion that the legislature contemplated that the cost analysis would be subject to review. Audio Recording, House Committee on Rules, HB 2867, May 27,2009, at 1:29:42 (testimony of Melissa Unger, representative of SEIU and a coalition of bill proponents), https://olis.leg.state.or.us (accessed Jan 13, 2015).
For example, a “class special procurement” by the director of the Department of Administrative Services “constitutes rulemaking and not a contested case under ORS chapter 183,” and may be challenged by “any affected person” under ORS 183.400. ORS 279B.400. A state contracting agency’s approval of a “contract-specific special procurement” or a “solicitation” is reviewable by the circuit court under the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), ORS 183.484. ORS 279B.400(3)(a); see ORS 279B,405(7). A local contracting agency’s approval of a “special procurement” or a “solicitation” is subject to challenge by writ of review under ORS
Generally, before judicial review, a protest relating to any phase of the public contracting process must first be brought to the contracting agency. See, e.g., ORS 279B.400(1) (special procurements); ORS 279B.405(2) (solicitations); ORS 279B.410(2) (contract awards); ORS 279B.425(2) (review of prequalification and debarment decisions).
ORS 279B.420 provides, in part:
“(2) If a contracting agency allegedly violates a provision of this chapter, except a provision of ORS 279B.030, 279B.033, 279B.036, 279B.270, 279B.275, 279B.280 or 279B.400 to 279B.425, and a judicial remedy is not otherwise provided in this chapter or ORS chapter 279A, the alleged violation is subject to judicial review only as provided in this section.
“(3) A person may seek judicial review under this section for a violation described in subsection (1) or (2) of this section only if:
“(a) A public contract is about to be awarded or has been awarded;
“(b) The alleged violation of a provision of this chapter or ORS chapter 279A, except a provision of ORS 279B.030, 279B.033, 279B.036, 279B.270, 279B.275, 279B.280 or 279B.400 to 279B.425, occurred in the procurement process for the public contract and the alleged violation resulted in or will result in an unlawful award of a contract or an unlawful failure to award the contract;
“(c) The alleged violation deprived the person of the award of the contract or deprived the person of the opportunity to compete for the award of the contract;
“(d) The person was qualified to receive the award of the contract under ORS 279B.110;
“(e) The person gave written notice that described the alleged violation to the contracting agency not later than 10 days after the date on which the alleged violation occurred and, regardless of when the alleged violation occurred, not later than 10 days after the date of execution of the contract;
“(f) The person has exhausted all administrative remedies the contracting agency provides; and
“(g)(A) The alleged violation is a violation of a provision of ORS chapter 279A and no other section of ORS chapter 279A, 279B or 279C provides judicial review; or
“(B) The alleged violation is a violation of a provision of this chapter, except a provision of ORS 279B.030, 279B.033, 279B.036, 279B.270, 279B.275, 279B.280 or 279B.400 to 279B.425, and no other section of this chapter or ORS chapter 279A provides judicial review.
*543 “(4) If a state contracting agency allegedly commits a violation, the Circuit Court for Marion County or the circuit court for the county in which the principal offices of the state contracting agency are located may review the alleged violation under ORS 183.484.
“(5) If a local contracting agency allegedly commits a violation, the circuit court for the county in which the principal offices of the local contracting agency are located may review the alleged violation by means of a writ of review under ORS chapter 34.”
Prom our review of the legislative history of the 2009 amendments, we have been unable to discern why the legislature chose to exempt determinations under ORS 279B.030 and ORS 279B.033 from the catch-all review provisions of ORS 279B.420. One possibility is that the legislature recognized that the persons intended to be protected by the new requirements and, thus, most likely to be harmed by a contracting agency’s failure to comply with those new procedures-— taxpayers and public employees—generally would not be eligible to pursue review under ORS 279B.420, which requires that a person seeking review under its provisions be, in effect, a disappointed bidder in the procurement process.
We independently conclude that plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts in the complaint to demonstrate a justiciable controversy under ORS 28.010 by alleging that she has suffered an injury that can be redressed through declaratory relief. See Doyle v. City of Medford, 356 Or 336, 372, 337 P3d 797 (2014) (justiciability requirements for declaratory judgment are satisfied by showing that rights, status, or other legal relations are affected by the relevant statute); see also Morgan v. Sisters School District #6, 353 Or 189, 194-200, 301 P3d 419 (2013) (to allege a justiciable controversy under the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Actions, a plaintiff must allege facts showing that declaratory relief will have practical effect of remedying or preventing some nonspeculative injury to the plaintiff). Here, plaintiff has alleged that she lost her job as a direct result of the district’s erroneous determination under ORS 279B.030 and ORS 279B.033 that it was authorized to contract out for student transportation services, and has further alleged that she would be entitled to court-ordered reinstatement and lost wages and benefits if a court were to determine that the district’s cost estimates did not
In Babcock v. Sherwood School District 88J, 193 Or App 449, 453-54, 90 P3d 1036, rev den, 337 Or 556 (2004), we said,
ORS 279B.033(1) provides:
“In the cost analysis required under ORS 279B.030, a contracting agency shall:
“(a) Estimate the contracting agency’s cost of performing the services, including:
“(A) Salary or wage and benefit costs for contracting agency employees who are directly involved in performing the services, including employees who inspect, supervise or monitor the performance of the services.
“(B) Material costs, including costs for space, energy, transportation, storage, raw and finished materials, equipment and supplies.
“(C) Costs incurred in planning for, training for, starting up, implementing, transporting and delivering the services and costs related to stopping and dismantling a project or operation because the contracting agency intends to procure a limited quantity of services or procure the services within a defined or limited period of time.
*547 “(D) Miscellaneous costs related to performing the services. The contracting agency may not include in the cost analysis the contracting agency’s indirect overhead costs for existing salaries or wages and benefits for administrators or for rent, equipment, utilities and materials except to the extent that the costs are attributable solely to performing the services and would not exist unless the contracting agency performs the services.
“(b) Estimate the cost a potential contractor would incur in performing the services, including:
“(A) Average or actual salary or wage and benefit costs for contractors and employees who:
“(i) Work in the industry or business most closely involved in performing the services that the contracting agency intends to procure; and
“(ii) Would be necessary and directly involved in performing the services or who would inspect, supervise or monitor the performance of the services;
“(B) Material costs, including costs for space, energy, transportation, storage, raw and finished materials, equipment and supplies; and
“(C) Miscellaneous costs related to performing the services, including but not limited to reasonably foreseeable fluctuations in the costs for the items identified in this subsection over the expected duration of the procurement.”
Although we conclude that this action for declaratory and other mandatory relief is an appropriate mechanism by which to seek the relief to which plaintiff has alleged an entitlement, we do not mean to suggest that it is the only mechanism for raising a challenge to a local government’s cost analysis or related determination that a cost analysis authorized the local government to proceed with procurement. In the light of the nondiscretionary nature of the obligation to perform the cost analysis before embarking on the procurement process, and the ministerial nature of the determination whether procurement is authorized once the cost analysis is complete, depending on the circumstances, a mandamus proceeding under ORS 34.110 may also provide an avenue for review of a cost analysis and the nondiscretionary determinations predicated thereon, if all other prerequisites for mandamus relief are met. See generally State ex rel Dewberry v. Kulongoski, 346 Or 260, 269-74, 210 P3d 884 (2009) (discussing circumstances in which mandamus relief is available, and the relationship between declaratory relief and mandamus relief). However, even if mandamus were an available
First Student’s RFP stated that “[n]ew hires will be hired at an alternate wage scale based on other local First Student operation.”
Citing that standard, the trial court considered plaintiffs argument relating to the comparison of personnel costs and rejected it as a basis for invalidating the cost analyses. The trial court explained:
“In this category, the School District’s first cost analysis relied on the very conservative (and defensible) assumption that a private contractor’s personnel costs would be the same as the School District’s in the absence of actual data from either specific contractors or industry data—an assumption not so irrational as to violate the statute. The second cost analysis relied in part on statements made by First Student, a means of estimating explicitly allowed by the statute and related OARs.”
In light of our reversal of the trial court’s judgment based on our conclusion that the district’s cost analysis was contrary to law because it did not include the
We note that because the trial court granted summary judgment to defendants based on its conclusion that the district’s cost analysis complied with statutory requirements, it does not appear to have addressed the district’s alternative ground for summary judgment: that plaintiff’s action was barred by laches.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Stephanie HICKS v. CENTRAL POINT SCHOOL DISTRICT, an Oregon school district and First Student, Inc., a Delaware corporation, Defendants-Respondents
- Cited By
- 8 cases
- Status
- Published