State v. Lien
State v. Lien
Opinion of the Court
Defendants appeal separate judgments convicting them of the delivery of illegal drugs. Defendants executed conditional pleas in the trial court following that court’s denial of defendants’ motions to suppress. Defendant Lien conditionally pleaded guilty to one count of unlawful delivery of heroin, ORS 475.850, and no contest to one count of unlawful delivery of methamphetamine, ORS 475.890. Defendant Wilverding conditionally pleaded guilty to one count of unlawful delivery of methamphetamine, ORS 475.890. As part of their conditional pleas, defendants reserved the right to challenge the denials of their motions to suppress in this appeal.
The only issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in denying defendants’ motions to suppress because, defendants contend, the police did not have authority under Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution to conduct a warrantless search of defendants’ garbage. The police searched the garbage after defendants’ garbage cart had been picked up by their sanitation company, but the pickup had been made somewhat earlier than typical, in a slightly different manner than usual, and not by the same truck that otherwise emptied defendants’ cart. Defendants acknowledge that this case may be controlled by the Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Howard/Dawson, 342 Or 635, 157 P3d 1189 (2007), but contend that either that case was wrongly decided or it is distinguishable from this case because, here, defendants’ garbage was removed “outside the ordinary course of business.” Because we conclude that Howard /Dawson controls our decision and is not distinguishable in any way that is meaningful to our constitutional analysis—indeed, the facts are nearly completely indistinguishable from Howard/Dawson-—-we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying defendants’ motions to suppress. Accordingly, we affirm the judgments.
The pertinent facts are not disputed. Defendant Lien resided in a home in Lebanon, Oregon, for approximately
The Lebanon Police Department asked Republic to collect the contents of defendants’ garbage cart separately from the garbage of the rest of the private residences Republic served so that defendants’ garbage could be searched by police officers. On the day that defendants’ garbage was usually picked up, the police parked down the street to observe Republic’s collection of defendants’ trash. The police arrived at 7:00 a.m. and noticed that defendants’ garbage cart had already been placed by the sidewalk. On that morning, a manager for Republic drove to defendants’ residence in a white pickup truck ahead of the larger mechanical sanitation truck that would normally collect defendants’ garbage. The manager arrived outside defendants’ residence around 8:00 or 9:00 a.m. The manager timed his drive to make sure that he showed up before the company’s larger mechanical truck emptied the cart. The manager grabbed defendants’ cart and placed it in his company pickup truck. The manager then provided defendants with an empty replacement cart from the back of his truck.
The manager drove defendants’ bin and garbage to a Republic company lot where Republic stored its extra garbage carts. The manager then handed control of the cart to the police, who searched it and found, among other things, evidence of illegal drugs, including drug bindles.
No party disputes that the manager’s actions deviated in minor ways from the company’s typical collection routine. As noted, the manager collected defendants’ cart before the larger mechanical truck would normally empty
Defendants later moved to suppress, among other things,
We turn to the standard of review. When we review a denial of a motion to suppress evidence, we are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact “if there is constitutionally sufficient evidence in the record to support the findings.” State v. Ehly, 317 Or 66, 75, 854 P2d 421 (1993). We are not bound by the trial court’s ultimate legal conclusions and review those for legal error. State v. Vasquez-Villagomez, 346 Or 12, 23, 203 P3d 193 (2009).
Defendants do not contend that the trial court’s findings of fact were supported by constitutionally insufficient evidence, and, as noted, the parties agree on the relevant facts. Defendants only contend that the trial court erred in its ultimate legal conclusion that the police search of defendants’ garbage was permissible under Article I, section 9.
We turn to defendants’ alternative argument that this case is sufficiently distinguishable from Howard/ Dawson such that a different result must be reached under an Article I, section 9, analysis. For the reasons that follow, while we recognize at least one minor factual difference in this case, we hold that this case is not distinguishable from Howard/Dawson in any manner that affects the constitutional analysis or rule stated in that case. Accordingly, we also reject defendants’ alternative argument.
In Howard/Dawson, as occurred here, the police spoke with the sanitation company that regularly hauled garbage from the defendants’ residence. 342 Or at 638. The police asked the company to turn the defendants’ garbage over to them after the company had collected it. Id. The company did so on the regularly scheduled collection day. Id.
“The manager of the company agreed to permit police to inspect [the] defendants’ garbage on the next scheduled collection day. On that day, the manager followed the garbage collection truck in a pickup truck. [The defendants’] trash can had been set on the curb and was ready for collection. With a police detective observing, a sanitation employee placed the trash can into the manager’s pickup truck, rather than dump the contents into the regular garbage collection truck, and left a replacement can at the curbside. The detective followed the manager, who then drove to a remote location. There, the detective inspected the contents of the can [where the detectives found evidence relating to methamphetamine possession and production].”
State v. Howard/Dawson, 204 Or App 438, 440-41, 129 P3d 792 (2006), aff'd, 342 Or 635, 157 P3d 1189 (2007). The facts in Howard/Dawson as stated above are indistinguishable from the facts in this case save for the fact that, in Howard/ Dawson, the manager collected the defendants’ garbage immediately before the larger collection truck reached the defendants’ residence, whereas in this case the manager collected defendants’ garbage some uncertain amount of time before the larger collection truck normally would have emptied defendants’ garbage cart.
Because we do not merely “fact match” in undertaking our constitutional analysis, we next examine whether slightly different facts in this case matter in any constitutionally meaningful manner based on our Article I, section 9, analysis or whether the rule announced in Howard/Dawson might not apply here for some other reason. See State v. Senn, 145 Or App 538, 545, 930 P2d 874 (1996) (stating that, in search and seizure law, “fact matching can be a fool’s errand”). As discussed below, we see no reason to distinguish Howard/Dawson on either basis.
Whenever the police undertake a search or seizure without a warrant, the state must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the search or seizure did not violate Article I, section 9. State v. Cook, 332 Or 601, 608,
In Howard/Dawson, we first addressed the defendants’ argument that the state interfered with their posses-sory interest in their garbage when the sanitation company collected the defendants’ garbage cart and turned it over to police at the police officer’s request. Id. at 442. In deciding Howard /Dawson, we distinguished it from an earlier case where we held that the state had interfered with the defendants’ possessory interest when the police themselves seized the defendants’ garbage from closed containers on the sidewalk and at the end of a driveway before the sanitation company arrived to collect those containers. Id. at 442-43 (citing State v. Galloway, 198 Or App 585, 109 P3d 383 (2005)). We noted in Howard/Dawson that what distinguished the earlier Galloway decision was that a person “retained protected possessory interests in the contents of their garbage cans until that collection occurred.” Howard/Dawson, 204 Or App at 442-43 (emphasis in original). In Howard /Dawson, we held that the defendants had no possessory interest after
Our rule in Howard/Dawson applies equally here.
We turn next to whether the state unconstitutionally interfered with defendants’ privacy interest in their garbage in violation of Article I, section 9, by asking the sanitation company to retrieve defendants’ garbage cart in the manner accomplished here and hand it over to the police for a search. On review before the Supreme Court, the defendants in Howard/Dawson argued solely that the state had interfered with their privacy right when directing the sanitation company to grab defendants’ garbage cart on the regular pickup day and bring it to the police. 342 Or at 640. The Supreme Court rejected that argument and affirmed our decision when it concluded that the defendants had abandoned their privacy rights when they “turned the garbage over to the sanitation company without any restriction on its disposition” because “a person retains no constitutionally protected privacy interest in abandoned property.” Id. at 641-42 (citing State v. Purvis, 249 Or 404, 410-11, 438 P2d 1002 (1968)). For the same reasons stated above, we do not view this case as distinguishable from Howard/Dawson either on the facts or with respect to the principle that the Supreme Court announced there.
For those reasons, the trial court properly denied defendants’ motions to suppress.
Affirmed.
Defendants were separately indicted and filed their own motions to suppress, but those motions were largely identical on the legal issue before us and arose from the same set of facts. Following the entry of separate judgments and the filing of different notices of appeal, we consolidated the two appeals.
Defendants also moved to suppress evidence obtained from a subsequent search warrant. The probable cause for that warrant was dependent on the evidence that the police found in their prior warrantless search of defendants’ garbage.
Article I, section 9, provides, in part, “No law shall violate the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search, or seizure!.]”
The state contends that defendants only preserved their argument that the state violated their constitutionally protected privacy interests and did not sufficiently preserve their argument that the state violated their possessory interests. We reject the state’s preservation argument without further discussion and conclude that defendants preserved both of their arguments below.
On review before the Supreme Court, the defendants in Howard/Dawson did not argue that they retained any possessory interest in their garbage after collection by the sanitation company, even when that collection occurred at the request of the police. 342 Or at 640. Thus, our holding on that point remained undisturbed. Id. Rather, the defendants argued solely that they retained a privacy interest that the state unconstitutionally violated. Id.
In their briefing, defendants also relied on State v. Barnthouse, 271 Or App 312, 350 P3d 536 (2015), aff’d, 360 Or 403, 380 P3d 952 (2016), which the Supreme
Reference
- Full Case Name
- STATE OF OREGON, Plaintiff-Respondent v. TRACY LYNN LIEN, Defendant-Appellant STATE OF OREGON, Plaintiff-Respondent v. TRAVIS ALLEN WILVERDING
- Cited By
- 2 cases
- Status
- Published