386

Argued and submitted November 26, 2019, affirmed May 12, petition for review allowed September 30, 2021 (

) See later issue Oregon Reports

In the Matter of the Suspension of the Driving Privileges of Michael Thomas MURDOCH, Petitioner-Respondent, v. DRIVER AND MOTOR VEHICLE SERVICES DIVISION (DMV), a Division of the Department of Transportation, Respondent-Appellant. Columbia County Circuit Court 17CV49033; A169189

Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) appeals a circuit court judgment reversing an administrative law judge’s affirmation of DMV’s decision to suspend petitioner’s driving privileges for refusing to submit to a chemical breath test. DMV argues that the circuit court erred, contending (1) that ORS 813.130 merely requires that a driver be informed of his rights and the consequences of refusal prior to the actual performance of the test, not necessarily prior to the request, and (2) that the trooper’s threat of obtaining a search warrant as a consequence of petitioner’s refusal did not invalidate adherence to the rights and conse- quences procedure for purposes of the statute. Held: The circuit court did not err. Regarding the first argument, the plain text of ORS 813.100(1) indicates that an officer need not inform a driver of his rights and consequences before asking him to submit to the test. As for the second argument, the trooper’s modification of the “rights and consequences” as described on the Implied Consent Combined Report form was a legally unauthorized administrative procedure and, as such, the administrative sanction levied based on those invalid procedures was itself invalid. Accordingly, the administrative law judge’s order affirming the imposed license suspension was appropriately reversed by the circuit court. Affirmed.

Cathleen B. Callahan, Judge. Colm Moore, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause for appellant. Also on the briefs were Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman, Solicitor General. John Henry Hingson III argued the cause and filed the brief for respondent. Cite as

(2021) 387

Before Ortega, Presiding Judge, and James, Judge, and Landau, Senior Judge. JAMES, J. Affirmed. 388 Murdoch v. DMV

JAMES, J. Before the Oregon Department of Transportation, Driver and Motor Vehicles Services Branch (DMV) can administratively suspend a person’s driving privileges for a refusal to submit to a breath test, that person must be informed of the rights and consequences of refusal, pursu- ant to ORS 813.100. In this case, a state trooper requested that petitioner take a chemical breath test, and petitioner refused. After that initial request and refusal, the trooper asked, “Are you going to take the breathalyzer?” The trooper then stated: “No? Okay. I’m going to read to you and I will go straight on to write a search warrant then. That’s what we do in this county. We write search warrants if you are going to refuse.” The trooper then read petitioner the rights and consequences described in ORS 813.130 from the back of the Implied Consent Combined Report (ICCR). Petitioner again refused. As a result, DMV sought to suspend his license. Petitioner requested a hearing regarding the sus- pension, wherein he challenged the suspension on two alter- native grounds: (1) that the trooper was required to inform petitioner of the rights and consequences prior to, not after, his initial request to submit to the breathalyzer, or alter- natively that (2) the trooper’s inclusion of language about obtaining a warrant, which does not appear in the DMV- approved ICCR, modified the administrative scheme, and therefore failed to comply with the requirements of ORS 813.130. An administrative law judge (ALJ) affirmed the suspension, focusing solely on the second argument concern- ing the effect, if any, of the trooper’s threat to obtain a war- rant. The circuit court reversed, focusing solely on the first argument concerning the timing of the giving of the rights and consequences. DMV appeals, arguing that the circuit court erred, and that the statute merely requires that the driver be informed prior to the actual performance of the test, not the request. On that point, as we explain, we agree with DMV. As to the argument taken up by the ALJ, DMV argues that the trooper’s inclusion of a warrant threat did not invalidate his adherence to the rights and consequences procedure for purposes of ORS 813.130. We disagree. We Cite as

(2021) 389

conclude that the ALJ’s order lacked substantial evidence, and the administratively imposed license suspension must be reversed for that reason. Accordingly, we affirm the cir- cuit court’s judgment. Although this appeal is from the circuit court, we review the ALJ’s final order directly for substantial evidence and errors of law. ORS 813.450(4); Davis v. DMV,

,

(2006), rev den,

(2007). We state the facts consistently with the ALJ’s factual findings, which are not contested by the parties. A witness initially reported petitioner’s vehicle traveling at erratic speeds and failing to maintain his driv- ing lane. After receiving that report, a state trooper saw petitioner’s vehicle, which matched the witness’ descrip- tion, drifting across traffic lanes. The trooper initiated a traffic stop based on the observed traffic violations and for suspicion of driving under the influence of intoxicants (DUII). Once stopped, the trooper began to explain to the driver the reason for the stop, but the driver, who was later identified as petitioner, interjected, telling the trooper, “I’m hammered,” as he handed his keys to the trooper. Petitioner also told the trooper that he drank three whiskeys that night, in addition to other things. The trooper observed that petitioner had bloodshot, watery eyes, with dilated pupils. She also detected a strong odor of alcoholic beverage com- ing from petitioner’s breath and observed that petitioner’s speech was slurred. The trooper concluded that, more likely than not, petitioner had committed the offense of DUII. Although petitioner initially agreed to perform standardized field sobriety tests (SFSTs), when the trooper asked petitioner to stand in the instructional position, peti- tioner said, “I’m going to waive those,” which the trooper understood to mean that petitioner refused to perform the SFSTs. The trooper then read to petitioner, from a prepared card, the Rohrs admonishment, which described the conse- quences of refusing to take the SFSTs, before asking peti- tioner a second time whether he would perform the SFSTs. Petitioner refused a second time. The trooper then arrested petitioner for DUII and transported him to the Columbia County Jail. 390 Murdoch v. DMV

At the jail, the trooper read the Miranda warnings to petitioner, and petitioner subsequently indicated that he understood. The trooper then asked petitioner “Are you going to take the breathalyzer?” Without waiting for a reply, the trooper continued, “No? Okay. I’m going to read [the rights and consequences from the ICCR] to you, and I will go straight on to write a search warrant then. That’s what we do in this county. We write search warrants if you are going to refuse.” The trooper then informed petitioner of his rights and consequences as described in ORS 813.130, by read- ing from the ICCR. The trooper then requested, for a sec- ond time, that petitioner submit to a chemical breath test. Petitioner responded, “No.” Following the refusal, the trooper provided petitioner with notice of the suspension of his driv- er’s license and the opportunity for a hearing before an ALJ to contest the validity of the suspension. Upon receipt of the ICCR stating that petitioner had refused to take the breath test, DMV proposed to suspend petitioner’s driving privi- leges for one year. We begin with the argument that formed the basis of the circuit court’s reversal: the timing of the advice of rights and consequences. As required under Oregon’s implied con- sent statute, “[a] [chemical breath] test shall be administered upon the request of a police officer having reasonable grounds to believe the person arrested to have been driving while under the influence of intoxicants in violation of ORS 813.010 or of a municipal ordinance. Before the test is administered the person requested to take the test shall be informed of consequences and rights as described under ORS 813.130.” ORS 813.100(1). In accordance with that statute, we have previ- ously highlighted the importance of timing in providing the rights and consequences to a person before the test is administered. See State v. Sanchez-Cacatzun,

,

(2020), rev den,

(2021) (“Before the breath test is administered, the person shall be informed of [the] [rights and consequences] as described Cite as

(2021) 391

under ORS 813.130.” (Brackets in original; internal quota- tion marks omitted.)). Notably, however, the statute, and our repertoire of case law, are both silent regarding any interpretation regarding what exactly the “administration” of that test encompasses. Accordingly, the resolution of the issue at hand in this case—whether an officer must provide rights and consequences to the driver before asking him to submit to a chemical breath test—turns on what the legisla- ture intended when it described the “administration” of the chemical test. As with all matters of statutory construction, our “paramount goal” is to determine the legislature’s intent. State v. Gaines,

,

(2009). In determining the legislature’s intent, we give “primary weight” to the statute’s text and context.

Thus, because “there is no more persuasive evidence of the intent of the legislature than the words by which the legislature under- took to give expression to its wishes[,]” we begin with the plain meaning of the text of the statute.

(internal quota- tion marks omitted). The term “administered” is not itself defined in Oregon’s DUII statutory scheme. “When the legislature does not provide a definition of a statutory term, we ordinarily look to the plain meaning of the statute’s text to deter- mine what particular terms mean.” State v. Dickerson,

,

(2015); see also PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries,

,

(1993) (“[W]ords of common usage typically should be given their plain, natural, and ordinary meaning.”). In searching for the plain and ordinary mean- ing of an undefined statutory term we consider dictionary definitions to aid in our understanding. Central Oregon LandWatch v. Deschutes County,

,

(2016). The verb “administered,” as it is used here, is defined as “to direct or superintend the execution, use, conduct of,” “to mete out : dispense,” “to give ritually” or to “tender,” as exemplified in the following phrases: “voca- tional interest tests are administered to all students,” the priest “administer[ed] the last rites of the church,” “the for- mal oath of office was administered to him,” or “the following 392 Murdoch v. DMV

questions were first administered by the Archbishop of Canterbury.” Administered, Unabridged.Merriam-Webster. com (last updated Dec 2019) (emphases in original). In construing statutes, however, we do not sim- ply “consult dictionaries and interpret words in a vac- uum.” State v. Cloutier,

,

(2011). Dictionaries, after all, do not tell us what words mean, only what words can mean, “depending on their context and the particular manner in which they are used.” Id.; see also State v. Gonzalez-Valenzuela,

,

(2015) (“[A] dictionary definition—although providing some evidence of meaning—should not be relied on to resolve a dispute about plain meaning without critically examining how the definition fits into the context of the statute itself.”). Rather, context determines which of multiple definitions is the one the legislature intended, thus, “We look to the con- text in which the word appears to determine which meaning the legislature intended.” Larsen v. Board of Parole,

,

(2009), rev den,

(2010); see also State v. Stewart,

,

, rev’d on other grounds,

,

(2016); see also Gonzalez-Valenzuela,

(relevant dictionary definition is the one that makes sense in the context of the statute). Contextually, we note that ORS 813.100(2) provides: “If a person refuses to submit to a test under this section or if a breath test under this section discloses that the person, at the time of the test, had a level of alcohol in the person’s blood that constitutes being under the influence of intoxi- cating liquor under ORS 813.300 [(Use of blood alcohol per- centage as evidence)] and the person has been informed of rights and consequences as provided under ORS 813.130 [(Rights of and consequences for person asked to take test)], the person’s driving privileges are subject to suspension under ORS 813.410.” Additionally, ORS 813.150 provides: “In addition to a chemical test of the breath, blood or urine administered under ORS 813.100 [(Implied consent to breath or blood test)] or 813.140 [(Chemical test with con- sent)], upon the request of a police officer, a person shall Cite as

(2021) 393

be permitted upon request, at the person’s own expense, reasonable opportunity to have any licensed physician and surgeon, licensed professional nurse or qualified techni- cian, chemist or other qualified person of the person’s own choosing administer a chemical test or tests of the person’s breath or blood for the purpose of determining the alcoholic content of the person’s blood or a chemical test or tests of the person’s blood or urine, or both, for the purpose of deter- mining the presence of cannabis, a controlled substance or an inhalant in the person.” The statutory scheme implicates three distinct con- cepts: request, administration, and submission. Although it is not an absolute truism, generally, the legislature’s use of different terms usually is taken to connote different mean- ings. State v. Lane,

,

(2015); State v. Connally,

,

(2005) (so stating). Here, DMV asserts that the plain text of ORS 813.100(1) indicates that an officer need not inform a driver of his rights and consequences before asking him to submit to the test. We agree. The plain text of ORS 813.100 provides that “[a] [chemical breath] test shall be administered upon the request of a police officer[,] * * * [and] [b]efore the test is administered the person requested to take the test shall be informed * * *.” (Emphasis added.) Under that statutory scheme, the “administration” of the test is distinct from the request to submit to the test. We construe “administration” as the giving of the test. The statute requires the advice prior to the administration—i.e., the giving of the test—not the request. We turn now to the second argument in this case— the one discussed by the ALJ—the effect of the trooper’s threat to get a warrant. In Hays v. DMV (Hays I), we con- sidered a challenge to a DMV suspension of the petitioner’s driving privileges for failing a breath test.

, 691,

, modified on recons,

,

(2009). On appeal, the petitioner argued that the trooper who informed him of the consequences of refusing to take a breath test exceeded his authority by adding a consequence omitted by the statutes. In particular, after the petitioner refused to take a breath, blood, or urine test, 394 Murdoch v. DMV

the arresting trooper told the petitioner that he would get a warrant for petitioner’s blood and urine.

Petitioner then agreed to take a breath test, which he failed. On appeal, this court concluded that the officer “could not, in fact, have obtained a warrant allowing him to perform a urine test” because such requests are not autho- rized unless the officer has specific training to recognize drug impaired drivers and has reasonable suspicion that the arrested driver was impaired by something other than alcohol.

. Because the officer’s threat involved something that was not “legally possible,” we concluded that the “supplemental inducement” violated the implied consent laws.

. We remanded to the ALJ for the ALJ to determine as a factual matter whether the officer’s threat caused the petitioner’s “recantation.”

. On appeal in this case, DMV argues that Hays I only prohibits modifications to the rights and consequences that are themselves unlawful. According to DMV, “Hays I stands for the proposition that, if an officer induces a per- son to take a breath test by threatening to do something that was not legally possible, a suspension that results from the failure of that breath test may be invalid.” That narrow reading of Hays I, however, does not square with our recon- sideration of that case in Hays v. DMV,

,

(2009) (Hays II). Upon reconsideration in Hays II, we clarified our holding, concluding that, “[f]irst, ORS 813.410(5)(e) provides that a license suspension ‘is valid’ if—among other things—the driver failed a breath test after being ‘informed under ORS 813.100 of rights and consequences as described under ORS 813.130.’ Although that statement (‘if the driver is informed according to the statute, the breath test failure requires suspension’) does not necessarily, as a matter of pure logic, imply its converse (‘if the driver is not informed according to the statute, the failure does not lead to suspension’), the latter statement is strongly implied nonetheless. Second, in Moore v. Motor Vehicles Division,

,

(1982), the Supreme Court (in dictum) stated, ‘An administratively Cite as

(2021) 395

imposed penalty based on [a legally unauthorized] proce- dure would be invalid.’ ” Hays II,

(emphasis and brackets in original). Accordingly, and as Hays II clarified, Hays I did not turn on the lawfulness, or unlawfulness, of the officer’s indi- cation he would get a warrant. Rather, the operative inquiry is whether his statement about a warrant—lawful or not— was part of the authorized administrative procedure.

ORS 813.130 provides that “[t]he information about rights and consequences shall be substantially in the form prepared by the Department of Transportation,” and fur- ther sets forth in subsections (2) and (3) of the statute what that information “shall be substantially.” The department “may establish any form it determines appropriate and con- venient,” ORS 813.130(1), and subsection (4) of the statute makes clear that DMV can provide “additional information concerning rights and consequences that the department considers convenient or appropriate.” The ICCR form, pre- pared by DMV in accordance with administrative procedure, sets forth the rights and consequences to be read to drivers. It is those rights and consequences that serve to “coerce submission to a breath test” by “nonforcibly enforc[ing] the driver’s previous implied consent.” State v. Kirsch,

,

(2007). That form makes no men- tion of obtaining a warrant—consistent with ORS 813.130, which likewise makes no mention of a warrant being among the possible consequences related to administration or refusal of the test.

In this case, the trooper’s statements “I’m going to read to you and I will go straight on to write a search war- rant then. That’s what we do in this county. We write search warrants if you are going to refuse” added an additional consequence—beyond those contained in the approved ICCR—to “coerce” the driver in this case. The fact that the trooper was legally authorized to obtain a warrant as part of his criminal investigation is not determinative of whether he followed the administrative procedures for the DMV suspension. The administrative scheme at issue vests the authority, not with individual officers, but solely with 396 Murdoch v. DMV

the DMV, which defines the rights and consequences read to drivers. Accordingly, the trooper’s modification of those rights and consequences was a “legally unauthorized proce- dure” and, as such, the administrative sanction levied based on those invalid procedures is itself invalid. Affirmed.