Leathers v. City of Burns
Leathers v. City of Burns
Opinion of the Court
This case involves the constitutionality of two ordinances of the City of Burns, Oregon, regulating the storage and delivery of gasoline. The plaintiff, who operates a gasoline service station in the city, sought, by his complaint, a declaration that the ordinances vio
Ordinance No. 350, so far as pertinent, provides :
“WHEREAS, the unloading of large quantities of petroleum fuels at other than bulk distribution plants is considered by the Common Council of the City of Burns to be extremely dangerous because of probable conflagration, * * * “* * *, now therefore,
“BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY OF BURNS:
“Section 1. No vehicle having a conbined [sic] maximum capacity of over 2200 gallons shall be allowed to unload petroleum fuel with a flash point of less than one hundred degrees Fahrenheit within the corporate limits of the City of Burns except at bulk distributing plants now in existence or hereafter authorized by the Common Council of the City of Burns.
“Section 2. The term ‘vehicle’ or ‘Unit of Vehicles’ shall include a truck and trailer, or any other vehicle of whatever construction or any truck, vehicle, unit of truck and trailers or any other combination of vehicles.”
Following a preamble similar to that above quoted from Ordinance No. 350, Ordinance No. 349, as amended, so far as pertinent, provides:
“No underground tank shall be kept or maintained for the storage of flammable liquids if such tank has a capacity in excess of 3,000 gallons, and no more than 4,000 gallons total capacity for all*209 tanks shall be maintained by any one garage, service station, residence or other business. * * *”
The challenged ordinances were purportedly enacted in the municipality’s exercise of the police power as safety measures to prevent or minimize the danger of disastrous fires. Plaintiff alleges in his complaint that the ordinances are not reasonably related to this purpose, but, on the contrary, that they “create conditions which are injurious to the public safety and welfare.”
As to the ordinance limiting the capacity of vehicles unloading gasoline, the complaint alleges that if smaller vehicles are used nearly four deliveries are needed to deliver the same quantities of gasoline as can be delivered by one large vehicle, that exposure to traffic hazards will be for much longer periods of time and there will be added danger because of the increased frequency of changing hose connections and opening and closing valves. The ordinance is further alleged to be discriminatory because it does not apply to deliveries of gasoline to bulk plants.
There are similar allegations with respect to ordinance No. 349, as amended, which limits the capacity of gasoline tanks in service stations. The complaint further alleges that the ordinances cause heavy financial losses to the plaintiff.
Plaintiff is a resident of Gresham in the Portland area. Burns is an Eastern Oregon city with a population of 4,100. There are six bulk plants for the storage of gasoline in Burns, but plaintiff does not get his gasoline supply from any of them. Instead, he gets it from the Texaco bulk plant in Portland and transports it to Burns by tank truck and trailer. The truck has a ca
During the winter months plaintiff sells an average of 20,000 gallons a month and he estimated that his sales would average 27,000 to 30,000 gallons per month during the summer. It is obvious that his cost of doing business is increased as the result of the larger number of transfer procedures and additional miles of transportation made necessary by the ordinances.
. To support his claim of unconstitutionality, plaintiff called witnesses whose qualifications to testify as
The evidence shows that gasoline does not burn, but its vapors do. Gasoline is highly volatile and when vapors escape and are mixed with the air in the right proportions and a source of ignition is present, a spark for example, there will be a fire. If the proportion of vapor to air is less than one and one-half per cent it will not burn because it is too lean; if it is above seven per cent it will not burn because it is too rich. The major cause of fire from tank vehicles is crashes on
As to the ordinance limiting the capacity of underground storage tanks, the parties are agreed that the safest place to store gasoline is in underground tanks. Defendant’s brief frankly so concedes. There cannot be a fire in an underground tank which is in use, because the ratio of the vapor in the tank to air is far above seven per cent and it will not burn. A fire at the fill pipe cannot spread into the tank because gasoline vapor is heavier than air and the vapor is far too rich
It is the defendant’s theory that, whatever value the testimony of plaintiff’s expert witnesses might have in other contexts, it has little application to this case. As the reply brief puts it, analysis of the issue whether the ordinances are a reasonable exercise of the city’s police power “requires that the evidence be reviewed to determine whether there is a sufficient relationship between local conditions in Burns and the regulations contained in the ordinances to support the regulations.” We proceed to an examination of these local conditions and the other evidence.
Burns does not have a fire department adequate to cope with a major conflagration. The city has a volunteer fire department with 28 volunteers. There are two pumper trucks equipped with fog nozzles, which are commonly used in containing gasoline fires, but no foam equipment, which is employed to save aircraft, a ship, or the like. Under an arrangement with the nearby city of Hines, the latter’s volunteer fire department would respond to a call from Burns with one pumper truck. The next nearest fire department is at John Day, 69 miles distant.
There are 11 gasoline service stations in Burns, seven of them on Broadway, a north and south street, 56 feet wide from curb to curb, and the main thoroughfare through the business district. Broadway is also
Broadway, going south, is a downhill street for about seven or eight blocks through the business district. A number of buildings on the street have bo arded-over coal chutes. There are no underground storm sewers except catch basins and culverts at the intersections. A witness for the plaintiff testified that spilled gasoline which enters a storm drain is not likely to result in a fire because there is nothing to ignite it and the mixture with the air would be too rich to burn.
Gasoline spilled at a service station on Broadway in the business district and running down the Broadway hill would not go underground except at the intersections. John G. Mingle, Jr., Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Oregon State University, testified to the probable results of a spillage of 5,000 gallons of gasoline at or near the top of the Broadway hill. He was of the opinion that if this occurred in hot weather there would be a destructive and widespread fire in a matter of minutes due to evaporation of the gasoline as it flowed swiftly down the gutter. He also pointed out the danger that the vapor, being heavier than air, could find its way into basements through the boarded-over coal chutes where there would likely be sources of ignition. His testimony supports the claim that the Burns Fire Department could not effectively fight such a fire. But he further testified that the department could not contain a fire if the quantity of gasoline involved were 2,000 gallons. Oregon State Fire
Due to the slope of the ground at the plaintiff’s service station, gasoline spilled there would flow in the direction of a built-up residence district. Four of the five bulk plants in the industrial area are located on level ground betAveen a ditch and roadbeds of railroad tracks, forming a sort of dike, and a spillage of gasoline there would be largely contained. Spillage from the other bulk plant in the industrial area would threaten only some old cabins. The bulk plant not in the industrial area is next to a motel and, admittedly, is a “dangerous situation.” The bulk plant tanks are partly underground and partly above ground. There is a potential danger in filling a storage tank above ground not encountered at an underground tank, for gasoline goes into the latter by gravity, while the former is filled under pressure.
Plaintiff’s station faces Hines Boulevard, a continuation of HighAvay 20. It is on the south side of the street. The paved portion of the street there is 24 feet Avide, 4,500 cars per day pass the station and the designated speed at that point is 40 miles per hour. Traffic in the vicinity of the bulle plants, on the other hand, is very light.
A tank truck and trailer combination is usually more than 60 feet in length. The plaintiff’s measures 60Vo feet. According to the testimony of Lloyd Larsen, Chief of Police of Burns, the city has only two service stations (one of them being the plaintiff’s) that “are
In Burns the majority of traffic accidents are caused by stopping, starting and turning.
The National Fire Protection Association recommends a regulation requiring that tank trucks which distribute gasoline to service stations and whose total capacity is in excess of 3,000 gallons be divided into compartments, no one of which shall exceed 2,500 gallons. The regulation does not apply to trucks which make deliveries to bulk plants. According to Mr. Prussing, the regulation has both an economic and a safety aspect; the operators of the trucks favored it because it facilitated unloading; the fire services favored it because they felt it reduced the hazard in case of an overturning or collision within a city by reducing the quantity of gasoline spilled.
Another regulation of NFPA requires a tanker to be equipped with what is called a “tight-fill” connection. This is a safety device which, coupled to the hose, makes overflow impossible when unloading a cargo of gasoline. Plaintiff’s large truck tank and trailers are not eompartmented and none of his vehicles is equipped with a tight-fill connection.
The following witnesses for the defendant expressed the opinion, taking into account local conditions, that the ordinances do in fact promote the public safety of the City of Burns: Howard Eddy, Manager of the Traffic Safety and Education Division of the Oregon Department of Motor Vehicles, Stan Phillips, Deputy to the Oregon State Fire Marshal, Chief of Police
As to the ordinance regulating deliveries, the basis of their opinions is that there is added danger of traffic accidents to large tankers, and consequent spillage of large quantities of gasoline and large fires, if these tankers are permitted to go in and out of service stations to deliver gasoline.
A large transport cannot execute a turning movement in order to enter a service station without invading the lane of opposing traffic, and it takes longer to turn than a small tanker with its shorter wheel base. Mr. Eddy expressed the opinion that, as between a 2,200 gallon truck making four or five deliveries to a service station in Burns, and a truck and trailer sixty feet or more in length making one delivery, under the same circumstances, the latter would constitute a greater traffic hazard.
Fire Marshal Stickney testified that the basic danger in underground storage is leakage, which is difficult to detect. In answer to the question whether a large tank constitutes a greater hazard than a smaller one, he answered: “I don’t think it does where it’s properly regulated, but then without comprehensive regulations, to some degree it probably would.” He indicated that these regulations should include “inventory controls.”
Leakage may be caused by corrosion which develops into a pencil hole. Large tanks are less subject to corrosion than the small ones because they are built of heavier metal. The leakage would be discovered before a full discharge from the tank by “ordinary inventory methods”—that is, the loss of gasoline would be discovered when the supply is metered. Moreover, as Mr. Ainlay testified, it is not the size of the tank,
We will consider first the plaintiff’s contention that Ordinance No. 350, regulating the delivery of gasoline to service stations, violates the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the United States Constitution. What we hold applies equally to plaintiff’s claim of violation of comparable provisions of the Constitution of Oregon.
Plaintiff concedes that his business is subject to regulation by the municipality, but asserts that the ordinance is arbitrary and discriminatory.
The ordinance was enacted in the exercise of the city’s police power, ostensibly to protect the public safety. In considering the claim of a violation of Due Process it is no part of the court’s function to inquire whether the legislation is wise or unwise: Joseph E. Seagram & Sons v. Hostetter, 384 US 35, 47, 86 S Ct 1254, 16 L ed 2d 336; Ferguson v. Skrupa, 372 US 726, 728-730, 83 S Ct 1028, 10 L ed 2d 93, 95 ALR2d 1347; Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 US 483, 488, 75 S Ct 461, 99 L ed 563; Berman v. Parker, 348 US 26, 32, 75 S Ct 98, 99 L ed 27. And see Oregon City v. Hartke, 240 Or 35, 47, 400 P2d 255. Before a court can strike down a regulation enacted in the exercise of the police power it must be able to say, and that beyond a reasonable doubt, that it “has no rational relation” to its objective: Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., supra, 384 US at 491. “[W]here legislative action is within the scope of the police power, fairly debatable questions as to its reasonableness, wisdom and propriety are not for the determination of courts, but for that of the legislative body on which rests the duty and responsibility of decision.” Standard Oil Co. v. Marysville, 279 US 582, 584, 49 S Ct 430, 73 L ed 856.
The Common Council of the City of Burns could have been legitimately concerned with the danger of large and disastrous fires caused by spillages of large quantities of gasoline and could reasonably have determined that this danger would be to some extent controlled or averted by the ordinance. Putting to one side the opinion evidence of the city’s expert witnesses, the NPPA eompartmenting regulation and Mr. Prussing’s testimony with reference to it are enough to justify the reasonable belief that the spillage of a large quantity of gasoline is a danger to be specially guarded against and that one way to guard against it is to limit the capacity of the tankers unloading gasoline at retail service stations. Of course, it could be argued that the NFPA regulation accomplishes its purpose without increasing the number of tanker trips required to deliver a given quantity of gasoline. • To avoid this argument the city says that it lacks the employees to enforce a eompartmenting ordinance. Plaintiff disputes this. We do not decide the question, for we think that, granted the danger, it is not for this court to say that the city should have taken a better way to deal with it. And, although it is not to be doubted that the more frequently motor vehicles are on the road and the further they travel the greater is the risk of accident, the Council could reasonably have determined that, due to their size and lesser maneuverability, large tankers going in
Candor compels the statement that the ordinance, insofar as it necessitates a greater number of deliveries of gasoline, can hardly be justified as a safety measure, for there can be no reasonable doubt about the proposition that the more frequently gasoline is handled, the greater is the risk of fire. The city argues, however, that there might be an accident to a truck unloading in a service station with possibility of a larger fire if a large truck is involved. Upon that subject Mr. Ainlay testified:
“* * * I have been checking on accidents for years and years and I, in all my experience, have never heard of a gasoline truck ever being struck or tipped over or anything while unloading at a service station. To my knowledge, I don’t believe that it has ever happened.”
He further testified that a large truck will withstand a greater impact than a small one because it is built of heavier material.. Fire Marshal Stickney testified that there is a “potential” of an accident to a truck unloading in a service station, that he had no statistics about it, but could develop them, and referred to one instance where a concrete truck ran into a city delivery truck while it was in a station unloading gasoline.
We think it was within the province of the Burns Common Council to weigh the evidence of the competing risks—the additional exposures to accidents, whether to vehicles or in the transfer of gasoline, on the one hand, and the danger of large and disastrous fires on the other, and to make a choice. That the choice
It is true, as the plaintiff asserts, that the ordinance does not bar from the streets of Burns large tank trucks carrying gasoline, and that occasionally such trucks pull into a service station for some purpose other than unloading or turn off into a side street. There is no evidence that these are common practices and the Council might well have regarded instances of this sort as of comparatively minor consequence. As the Supreme Court of the United States said in Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 US 483, 489:
“Evils in the same field may be of different dimensions and proportions, requiring different remedies. Or so the legislature may think. Tigner v. Texas, 310 U. S. 141. Or the reform may take one step at a time, addressing itself to the phase of the problem which seems most acute to the legislative mind. Semler v. Dental Examiners, 294 U. S. 608. The legislature may select one phase of one field and apply a remedy there, neglecting the others. A. F. of L. v. American Sash Co., 335 U. S. 538.”
Passage of the trucks through the city could not, of course, be prohibited. The trucks that serve the bulk plants are on a different footing. We have already seen in the discussion of the NFPA compartmenting regulation that the storage of gasoline at bulk plants is treated differently than at retail service stations. Mr. Ainlay testified that in the application of safety rules “there’s a logical classification between a bulk plant on one hand and a service station on the other hand.” Bulk plants are usually, as is the case here, differently located than retail service stations, are not on busy streets, and are not patronized by the general public.
Here the case merges into the plaintiff’s claim
We hold that Ordinance No. 350 is a valid exercise of the police power and does not offend either the Due Process or the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The question of the constitutional validity of Ordinance No. 349, the storage ordinance, has received scant attention in the briefs and appears to be a subordinate one. In view of our holding that the delivery ordinance is valid, it would seem to be of small moment to the plaintiff whether he can have a 3,000 gallon tank or a 10,000 gallon tank at his service station. The question is here, however, and must be decided.
The defendant, in addition to generalizations re
These reasons may be summarized as follows: A leakage caused by corrosion may go on for a long time if it is not detected through inventory control and if the operator is careless, and there have been numerous instances of such leakages.. The danger to be apprer hended is that the gasoline will find its way- through the ground into basements or under structures and there be ignited. Inventory control should therefore be enforced by regulation. Burns has no such regulation. The danger is greater in the case of a large tank than a small one because in the latter “the quantity that might leak and the distance that it might go would be of lesser degree than if it was a larger tank.”
We observe first that inventory control, if needed at all, is needed for all tanks regardless of size. There is no evidence or argument to the contrary.
The contention that there is greater danger of fire when gasoline leaks from a large tank than from a small one, because the former will travel farther, will not bear analysis. We are concerned with tanks in use, in which the gasoline supply is replenished from time to time as needed. In any tank of whatever size the gasoline will continue to leak as long as it remains above the level of the hole. In any tank of whatever size the amount of the leakage over a given period of time will depend on the size of the hole, not on the size of the tank. And in any tank of whatever size the leak will continue and, presumably, the gasoline will travel an increasingly greater distance, until the leak is de
The weight to be given to experts’ judgments depends upon “the reasonableness of their conclusions and the force of their reasoning.” Market Street R. Co. v. Comm’n, 324 US 548, 560, 65 S Ct 770, 89 L ed 1171. Upon the question now being considered the opinions of the defendant’s experts are not entitled to weight because they are not supported by valid reasoning. On the other hand, the defendant concedes frankly, as we have said, that an underground tank is the safest place to store gasoline, and it is the uncontradicted evidence that there is less danger of corrosion in a large tank because it is built of heavier metal than in a small one. The whole of the evidence compels the conclusion that there is no greater danger of fire from gasoline stored in a tank of 10,000 gallons capacity than in a tank of 3,000 gallons capacity, and that there is no connection between the public safety and this underground storage ordinance. We, therefore, hold that the ordinance is an unwarranted regulation of a legitimate business and a violation of plaintiff’s rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The decree of the circuit court holding Ordinance No. 350 unconstitutional is reversed; the decree holding Ordinance No. 349 unconstitutional is affirmed.
No costs or disbursements will be allowed.
Defendant points out in its brief that the increased expense would be less if plaintiff had selected a location to the west of the city for transferring his load to the Dodge delivery wagon. This is true, but, as there would be substantial additional expense anyway, plaintiff would still have standing to raise the constitutional question. ' ■ • ' -
An exhibit introduced by the defendant shows that during the past several years fifty per cent of tank vehicle fires were the result of crashes on the highway. About twelve per cent were caused by faulty transfer procedures. Almost half of the traffic accidents were collisions with other vehicles; a fourth, collisions with railroad locomotives or stationary objects; and the remainder were caused by loss of control of the vehicle. As between small and larger tankers there is evidence that a survey disclosed that on a mileage basis tankers having a capacity of more than 3,000 gallons had far fewer accidents than smaller equipment, while on a gallon-delivered basis the accident ratio is from 8-1 to 10-1 in favor of the large tankers.'
It is oí interest to note that 40 years ago Standard Oil Company attacked as unconstitutional a municipal ordinance requiring all tanks used for the storage of gasoline and other inflammable liquids to be underground. Standard Oil Company v. Marysville, supra, 279 US 582. Standard argued, among other things, the difficulty of discovering a leak in an underground tank. The court held the ordinance constitutional.
Concurring in Part
dissenting in part and concurring in part.
While I concur fully in the majority opinion with respect to Ordinance No. 350, I would also reverse as to Ordinance No. 349. The majority opinion reveals that the question of the constitutionality of No. 349 is a close one. I would resolve that doubt in favor of the city, not because the city’s reasons for the ordinance are necessarily the more convincing, but because the
To my mind, the most convincing reason for staying our hand with reference to Ordinance No. 349 is that the ordinance was intended to be an integral part of a legislative package. With No. 349 on the books, No. 350 may be more easily enforced. Indeed, if one could, read the minds of the drafters of such legislation, it is éntirely possible that their principal reason for enacting. Ño. 349 was to make Ño. 350 more or less self-enforcing and thus to eliminate a potential enforcer ment problem. This would clearly be a legitimate legislative purpose.
For the foregoing reasons I dissent from the part of the decision which' holds Ordinance No. 349 .to be unconstitutional.
Reference
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- LEATHERS, Respondent, v. CITY OF BURNS, Appellant
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