Opinion by

The appellant is a corporation organized under the laws of this commonwealth, the constitution and by-laws of which provide, inter alia, article III. section 7: “ The business of the association shall be conducted by a board of six directors, three of whom shall constitute a quorum.. They shall select a chairman and secretary from their own number, and shall report at least once a year at one of the semiannual meetings of the association, and oftener if required. In case of a vacancy occurring in the said board, occasioned by death, resignation or otherwise, it shall be the duty of the secretary of the same to report such *293vacancy to the president of the association, who shall thereupon call a special meeting of the stockholders to elect one of their number to fill the vacancy.” Section 2 of the same article provides : “ The president shall preside over all the meetings of the stockholders, call for the reading of the minutes, preserve order, put all motions, announce results, sign all contracts, accounts, orders and papers of the association, and require the same to be attested by the secretary when necessary to be authenticated, call all special meetings when required by a majority of the stockholders, the board of directors, or when in his judgment the business of the association may require it, and perform all other acts and duties required by the nature of his office, also to preside over all meetings of the board of directors, and shall have the right to vote in case of a tie.”

Section 4, of the same article, is as follows: “ The secretary shall keep faithful and accurate minutes of the transactions of all meetings of the association and the proceedings of each, the date of the same, countersign and attest all official papers and documents and papers, and perform all other duties required by the nature of his position.” The association was incorporated under the Act of May 14, 1891, P. L. 61, which amends the Act of April 29, 1874, P. L. 73, entitled “ An act to provide for the incorporation and regulation of certain corporations ” which provides specifically: “ Section 5. The by-laws of every corporation created under the provisions of this statute, or accepting the same, shall be deemed and taken to be its law subordinate to this statute, the charter of the same, the constitution and laws of this commonwealth, and the constitution of the United States ” and under the title of “ officers and their duties. ” it is explicit in limiting the power of the corporation through its board of directors. “. . . . The number of directors or trustees shall not be less than three; one of them shall be chosen president by the directors, or by the members of the corporation. The members of said corporation may at a meeting to be called for that purpose, determine, fix or change the number of the directors or trustees that shall thereafter govern its affairs, and a majority of the whole number of such directors or trustees shall be necessary to constitute a quorum.” The language in this particular is the same in the original and amendatory statutes, and must be taken as mandatory.

*294In the fall of 1894, for some reason not fully disclosed by the record, three members of the board of directors did not attend the meetings of the board, and a dispute arose as to the administration of the affairs of the association.

One I. F. Seamon had been for several years the superintendent of the cemetery grounds, and on December 29,1894, he was notified by the president and secretary to remove from and deliver up the possession of the building and books of the association ; which notice was based on the action of a meeting, at which three of the directors, the president and secretary were present.

Based on the same authority, similar notices were served on Seamon, on December 31,1894 and March 25,1895. The minutes of a meeting of the same persons on March 23, 1895 were admitted under objection as follows : “ President McLain in the chair, directors present, Dennison, McConehey and Campsey. Directors met at above named time, on motion E. H. Derinison, that Frank Curry be elected to the office of superintendent of the Claysville Cemetery Association, .... which motion was carried and said Curry was elected to the office of superintendent on motion of J. C. McConehey,” — “whereas I. F. Seamon, superintendent of the Claysville Cemetery Association, has since October, 1894, refused to recognize the president and secretary and board of directors of said association by withholding from them all papers rightfully belonging to said officers, although by direction of a resolution of the board of directors, the secretary made personal demand on said superintendent, for such papers, and he has .refused and therefore be it resolved that we hereby discharge said Seamon from the employ of the association, and authorize and direct the secretary to notify Mr. Seamon to vacate the premises he now occupies, and give to his successor all papers, books, and maps, and any other property he has in his possession belonging to said association on April 1,1895, which was adopted.” It was not shown that the three nonacting directors had notice of this meeting, and they denied the right of their codirectors to act in this matter, because there was not present a quorum for the transaction of business, and acting under the advice of counsel, Seamon refused to recognize or to act upon the action taken by the three directors and president, and continued to act as superintendent for the year beginning *295April 1,1895. At the end of that year Seamon surrendered all property in his possession to a successor, who was elected at a meeting of a board of directors composed of the whole number. B. F. Ourry, the plaintiff, brought this suit to recover, under a contract as claimed by him, made -through Campsey, the secretary, and McLain, the president, by his signing a written contract which he gave to Campsey; and also under a subsequent ratification of the contract by the board of directors. He did not render any service to or for the association, and both Campsey and McLain denied the existence of the written contract, and the three directors, who assumed to act in the matter, testified that the employment of Curry was conditioned always on the fact that Seamon would vacate the premises in obedience to the notice served upon him.

While there are seventeen assignments of error in the case, the second, third, twelfth and thirteenth present the question as submitted in defendant’s first point. (Twelfth assignment) : “ The uncontradicted testimony being that the contract, whatever its nature, on which plaintiff seeks to recover, was not accepted or ratified-by a majority of the directors of the defendant association, at any meeting duly convened; said contract is accordingly illegal so far as the defendant is concerned, and not binding upon it, and there can be no recovery by the plaintiff in this case; ” which was answered by the court below, viz: “ This point is refused subject to what we have said to you in our general charge: that is to say, if it was not legally in force, was not a legally constituted board,” and in the general charge the court said, “Now, gentlemen of the jury, something has been said about the other three directors consenting to or acquiring this claim, or to his alleged contract, that they are not here protesting against the payment of damages. We instruct you that you are not to consider the silence or nonparticipation of those directors who withdrew from the meetings and have not been working, or were not actively with this board of directors at that time ■ as cutting any figure in the case, that is for the plaintiff or for anybody else. They are under the evidence here apparently noncombatants. They have withdrawn from the association, that is perhaps not in the legal way, but they do not meet with what has been declared by one branch of this court to be a legally constituted board of directors to run the *296corporation under the circumstances including the three gentlemen, Mr. Dennison, Mr. McConehey and Mr. Campsey with their president, Mr. McLain acting under a by-law of the association, -which gives the president the right to vote with them and act with them in all matters that are not in conflict with the act of assembly under which it is created.” (Fourth assignment.)

Quo warranto proceedings had been instituted against the then nonacting directors, but no decree was made therein, on which it could be claimed that the right of the three named directors to act as a board for the association had been established.

The controverted action of the three directors and the president was not in regard tó or about an emergency matter, requiring the prompt assertion of authority to preserve from loss or destruction any property of the association.

It was merely the attempted substitution of one superintendent for another, the latter having been employed and having been acting in similar work for a number of preceding years. Tire right of the president to vote is rightly denied, as there was not a quorum of the whole board present at any of these meetings, hence, there could not be a tie vote, which under the by-laws was a prerequisite to his right to vote.

A quorum is necessary for the transaction of business of this and like corporations. The act of assembly under which it has existence provides in plain language the necessary number — a majority of the whole number of such directors, and the action of the three directors, on which the plaintiff’s claim is founded was unauthorized.

Neither the president nor secretary of the association was shown by the evidence to have had any authority to act as agent for the association, or in addition to the power conferred by the by-laws defining their duties.

The three directors did not have authority to create a vacancy in the office of superintendent, nor to make a contract for the employment of another to fill his place.

The minutes of the meeting of March 23, 1895, show the meeting was unauthorized, for the reason that less than a majority of the whole board of directors was present; and that the office of superintendent was at that time filled by one who had been regularly elected and was then acting in said office.

*297While the by-laws fix three directors as a sufficient number to constitute a quorum, these by-laws must yield to the direction of the statute, which prescribes a majority of the whole number of six directors as necessary. “We may settle down with confidence upon this principle — that in all matters involving the exercise of what might be termed legislative or judicial discretion, and which the directors cannot therefore delegate to others, they can only bind the corporation by acting together as aboard:” 3 Thomp. Corps., sec. 3913; 1 Spelling on Corps., sec. 375; 1 Waterman on Corps., sec. 68; 1 Morawitz on Corps., sec. 531; Taylor on Corps., sec. 260.

As the directors of a private corporation form a definite body this statement points to the conclusion that a majority of the directors of a corporation must be present at any meeting to constitute a board competent to transact business, unless the charter, articles of incorporation or a valid by-law confers that power upon’ a less number, and this is the law of the case independent of the statutes of 1874 and 1891, which only declare the imperative necessity in all corporations created, thereunder of having present a majority of the whole number of the board of directors to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and without a subsequent ratification by the corporation, all acts attempted to be done in defiance of this salutary rule are void.

The alleged ratification of the Curry contract, rises no higher than the original transaction, as at no time did a duly constituted board of directors take action thereon.

The independent action of several members of the board of directors, outside of a board meeting, was not sufficient, unless followed by proof of agency to act therein, or in the usual course of business authorized by the corporation in their office.

This was not done, and the evidence of ratification is as deficient as that in support of the original contract: 2 Waterman on Corps., sec. 269; Allegheny County Work House v. Moore, 95 Pa. 408, and a number of later cases adopt it as the law, that “ corporation rights are not to be frittered away by loose and unauthorized declarations made by persons who at the time had no authority to bind the corporation; and this principle applies to individual directors and employees of a corporation as to strangers. Unless they are authorized, the individual mem*298bers of a corporation cannot bind it by an express promise, nor can corporate engagements be implied from their unauthorized and unsanctioned acts or. declarations.”

The acts or declarations of a director in a.corporation will not bind or in any manner affect it, unless they are shown to be within the scope of his ordinary powers, or of some special agency: Twelfth Street Market Co. v. Jackson, 102 Pa. 269; 1 Waterman on Corps., sec. 103; 1 Spelling on Corps., chap. 14.

Nor did the corporation derive any benefit, profit or advantage from the alleged Curry agreement by which it would be equitably liable, as it paid to Seamon the whole of his claim for services during the time the Curry contract was to run.

In the view we take of this appeal, it is not necessary to consider the other assignments of error, and we prefer to reverse on the vital question in the case. The third, twelfth and thirteenth assignments of error are sustained, and the judgment is reversed.