The matter comes before this court upon a petition for a writ of habeas corpus presented by the warden of the Eastern State Penitentiary in the name of James Fraley, who was a prisoner duly convicted and sentenced to that institution, the petition averring that said prisoner was unlawfully detained by the district attorney of Philadelphia County. A rule was entered to show cause why the writ should not be issued. An answer was filed by the district attorney. From the petition and answer we glean the facts which are here enumerated.

The grand jury made a report to the Court of Oyer and Terminer, Philadelphia County, that they had visited the Eastern State Penitentiary and had been informed by some of the prisoners that one James Fraley had been unmercifully beaten by the guards and was confined to the hospital with a broken jaw and broken arm; that they visited said Fraley in the hospital of the institution, but did not ascertain the extent of his injuries nor could they elicit any information from him. The grand jury suggested a thorough investigation, and thereupon was discharged. This ended the grand jury’s connection with the matter. The district attorney presented his petition to the court for a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum, reciting that James Fraley was confined in the Eastern State Penitentiary and was a material witness for the Commonwealth and that a hearing on said matter referred to in the report of the grand jury would be held Friday, November 30,1923, at 12:30 p. m. There had been no information laid against any one, or warrant of arrest issued. The writ of habeas corpus was issued and Fraley was produced as directed, *175 but nothing could be elicited from him. He was then taken from the custody of the warden (the district attorney giving a receipt for him) and kept at the direction of the court in the city hall police station from November 30th to the date when the matter came before this court for hearing, to wit, December 5th. The district attorney at the direction of the court, in the meanwhile, made an investigation, had a conversation with the prisoner in the presence of his counsel and others and secured from him a statement which was reduced to writing. Finally a warrant was issued upon the oath of James Fraley charging one Charles Santee with aggravated assault and battery. The hearing was fixed for December 5,1923,12 o’clock noon, the same day on which the rule to show cause why the writ of habeas corpus should not be issued by this court was returnable. At the hearing on the rule this court directed the writ to issue returnable at 2 o’clock of the same day and when the writ was returned and the prisoner produced the district attorney informed the court that after the hearing had been held by Judge Monaghan, sitting as committing magistrate, Fraley had been returned to the custody of the warden.

When the grand jury reported the matter to the court for investigation, the court had no power to pursue the inquiry in the manner above set forth or to employ process in aid thereof. Under the Constitution, criminal cases are begun by oath or affirmation subscribed to by the affiant. Where an investigation is desired as to matters of general concern where there is no particular person charged, the grand jury is the proper party to make the investigation. In Com. v. Smith, 185 Pa. 553, 568, the Supreme Court had this to say referring to the judges who were investigating the general subject of bribery of councilmen: “This proceeding was wholly without legal authority. There was no definite charge against any specified person, still less any affidavit subscribed by the affiant as required by the Constitution. The high official *176 and personal, character of the judges conducting it cannot make up for the want of jurisdiction. They were not sitting as judges of the court of quarter sessions, but in their ex officio capacity of justices of the peace, and their acts must be tested by exactly the same standard as if they had been the acts of any police magistrate or justice of the peace throughout the Commonwealth. It is needless to say how soon such an officer would be checked if he undertook .any such proceeding. The legal tribunal for inquiry and investigation, based on rumor, or common report, or general charges, is the grand jury, as its official name indicates, the grand inquest of the Commonwealth inquiring for the County of Philadelphia, and its jurisdiction and methods are such as to afford ample security to the public interest without the sacrifice of individual rights.”

There were two courses open to the district attorney in this matter; the one was to have some one swear out a warrant for the arrest of the offender if he was known, or if he deemed an investigation necessary for the ascertainment of the persons responsible for offenses or crimes committed against prisoners, he could request the court to give the matter in charge to a subsequent grand jury.

The issuing of the habeas corpus ad testificandum was also irregular. There is a clear distinction between the writ of habeas corpus as ordinarily understood, technically known as the writ “ad subjiciendum” which Blackstone describes as “the great and efficacious writ” issued for the purpose of inquiring into the validity of the relators detention or of fixing bail, and those writs bearing the name of habeas corpus which are issued for .the purpose of bringing a witness into court who is under restraint or which were employed for the removal of proceedings from the inferior court for review and for various other purposes enumerated by the law writers. The writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum does not take the custody of the party who is desired to be brought into court from the custody of the person or institution to which he has been committed. The purpose of the writ *177 is to bring tbe witness into court. When he is produced tbe writ is executed. He is still in charge of tbe warden or other officer who is designated as bis custodian: Com. v. Ross, 28 Co. Ct. Report 276. Tbe right of custody is not in question, tbe writ is merely in tbe nature of a subpoena, tbe difference between tbe two being that a subpoena is served upon tbe person whose presence is desired, whilst tbe writ is served upon tbe one who is able to bring in bis custody tbe person desired into court. In order that such writ may be issued, there must be a pending suit or a lawful proceeding. It cannot be issued to keep a witness when there is no trial pending. Tbe issuing of it was, therefore, irregular in this case and tbe taking of tbe custody from tbe Eastern State Penitentiary was unauthorized by law.

It was argued that this court bad no' right by writ of habeas corpus to supersede a habeas corpus issued by another court, citing in support of this principle tbe recent case of Craig. Petitioner v. Hecht U. S. Marshal (In tbe Supreme Court of United States, October Term, 1923, No. 82). We do not think that case has any application. Tbe action of tbe lower court in that case was embodied in a judgment of tbe court entered in contempt proceedings and tbe proper method to test that was by appeal. In this case we are dealing merely with tbe process of a court, and are pursuing the inquiry pertinent to all habeas corpus cases as to whether the relator is legally committed or lawfully held. As stated before, a writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum is not a high prerogative writ, but is the process of tbe court from which it is issued: In re Thaw, 166 Fed. 71; 40 Cyc. 2173. Tbe detention of tbe prisoner being unauthorized, tbe court having exceeded its powers in issuing tbe writ, this court has tbe right to remand tbe prisoner into tbe care of bis proper custodian. When tbe court has exceeded its power in issuing tbe writ to secure tbe presence of a prisoner, tbe person in charge of tbe prisoner is tbe proper person to object: People v. Sebring, 36 N. Y. Sup. 237.